DESCRIPTION IPA SAMPA HTK ts_> ts_> ts_h ts_h d_0Z d_0Z dz ...

Phone set<br />

<strong>DESCRIPTION</strong><br />

Affricates<br />

<strong>IPA</strong> <strong>SAMPA</strong> <strong>HTK</strong> ISIZULU ISIXHOSA SISWATI<br />

Voiceless Alveo-labial affricate tɸ tp\ tp_b intfutfu<br />

Ejective Alveolar Lateral Affricate tɬʼ tK_> tK_> intlahla<br />

Voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral affricate tɬʰ tK_h tK_h<br />

Voiced alveolar lateral affricate dɬ dK dK<br />

Voiced aspirated alveolar lateral affricate dɮ dK\ dK_b<br />

Post-Alveolar Affricate tʃ tS tS<br />

Ejective Post-Alveolar Affricate tʃʼ tS_> tS_> <strong>ts</strong>he in<strong>ts</strong>ha <strong>ts</strong>hwala<br />

Aspirated Post-Alveolar Affricate tʃʰ tS_h tS_h <strong>ts</strong>hisa<br />

Ejective Alveolar Affricate <strong>ts</strong>ʼ <strong>ts</strong>_> <strong>ts</strong>_> <strong>ts</strong>a<strong>ts</strong>aza in<strong>ts</strong>imi in<strong>ts</strong>aba<br />

Aspirated Alveolar Affricate <strong>ts</strong>ʰ <strong>ts</strong>_h <strong>ts</strong>_h<br />

<strong>ts</strong>a<strong>ts</strong>a<br />

Ejective Velar Affricate kxʼ kx_> kx_> ikrele<br />

Voiceless Velar affricate kxʰ kx_h kx_h<br />

Voiceless Velo-alveolar lateral affricate kɬ kK_> kK_> kleza kleza<br />

Voiceless labio-alveolar ejective affricate ps' ps_> ps_><br />

Aspirated labio-alveolar affricate psʰ ps_h ps_h<br />

Aspirated labio-palatal affricate pʃʰ pS_h pS_h<br />

Voiceless labio-palatal ejective affricate pʃ' pS_> pS_><br />

Voiced Post-Alveolar Affricate ʤ d_<strong>0Z</strong> d_<strong>0Z</strong> inja inja inja<br />

Voiced Alveolar Affricate <strong>dz</strong> <strong>dz</strong> <strong>dz</strong> zalo in<strong>dz</strong>aba<br />

Voiced alveo-labial affricate dβ dB dB<br />

indvo<strong>dz</strong>a<br />

Voiced retroflex affricate dʐ <strong>dz</strong>` <strong>dz</strong>_a<br />

Voiced aspirated retroflex affricate dʐɦ <strong>dz</strong>`h\ <strong>dz</strong>_ah_b<br />

Voiced aspirated palatal affricate ʤɦ dZh\ dZh_b<br />

Fricatives<br />

Voiceless Labiodental Fricative<br />

f f f fa fa fa<br />

Voiced Labiodental Fricative v v v vala vala vala<br />

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Phone set<br />

Voiceless Dental Fricative θ T T<br />

Voiced Dental Fricative ð D D<br />

Voiceless Alveolar Fricative s s s sala sala sala<br />

Voiced Alveolar Fricative z z z zama zama liza<br />

Voiceless Post-Alveolar Fricative ʃ S S sha shushu sha<br />

Voiced Post-Alveolar Fricative ʒ Z Z<br />

Voiceless Velar Fricative x x x<br />

hola<br />

Voiceless Glottal Fricative h h h hamba huhuza<br />

Voiced Glottal Fricative ɦ h\ h_b ihashi lihashi<br />

Voiceless Alveolar Lateral Fricative ɬ K K hlala hlala hlala<br />

Voiced Alveolar Lateral Fricative ɮ K\ K_b dlala dlala dlala<br />

Voiced velar fricative ɣ G G<br />

igronya<br />

Voiced bilabial fricative β B B<br />

Voiceless bilabial fricative ɸ p\ p_b<br />

Voiceless retroflex fricative ʂ s` s_a<br />

Voiceless labialised alveolar fricative sw sw sw<br />

Voiced retroflex fricative zw zw zw<br />

Bilabial alveolar fricative ɸs p\s p_bs<br />

Voiceless bilabial postalveolar fricative ɸS p\S p_bS<br />

Voiced bilabial postalveolar fricative βʒ BZ BZ<br />

Labiodantal-postalveolar fricative<br />

Clicks<br />

fʃ fS fS<br />

Dental click | |\ |_b cinga caca cinga<br />

Voiced dental click |g¡ |\g_0 |_bg gcina cangci<br />

Aspirated dental Click |ʰ |\h |_bh chita chachambo<br />

Alveolar lateral click || |\| \ |_b|_b xoxo xoxa<br />

Voiced Alveolar Lateral Click ||g¡ |\|\g_0 |_b|_bg gxumeka gxabeka<br />

Aspirated Alveolar Lateral Click ||ʰ |\|\h |_b|_bh xhaka isixhosa<br />

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Phone set<br />

Palatal Click ! !\ !_b qumba qala qumba<br />

Voiced Palatal Click !g¡ !\g_0 !_bg gqiba iwagqiba<br />

Aspirated Palatal Click<br />

Stops<br />

!ʰ !\h !_bh qhuba qhele<br />

Voiceless Bilabial Plosive p p p<br />

impi<br />

Aspirated Bilabial Plosive pʰ p_h p_h pha pha pha<br />

Ejective Bilabial Plosive p' p_> p_> impi pasa<br />

Voiceless palatalised bilabial ejective pj' pj_> pj_><br />

Voiceless aspirated palatalised bilabial plosive pjʰ pj_h pj_h imbuzi,ibhas imbuzi,<br />

Voiced Bilabial Plosive b b b i bhala imbuti/bhala<br />

Voiced Bilabial Implosive ɓ b_< b_< bona,ubaba bona<br />

Voiced palatalised bilabial plosive bj bj bj<br />

Voiceless Alveolar Plosive t t t<br />

Aspirated Alveolar Plosive tʰ t_h t_h thata theta thandaza<br />

Ejective Alveolar Plosive t' t_> t_> taka itakane emanti<br />

Voiceless palatalised alveolar plosive tj tj tj<br />

Voiceless aspirated palatalised alveolar plosive tjʰ tj_h tj_h<br />

Voiced Alveolar Plosive d d d indoda indoda indishi<br />

Voiced palatalised alveolar plosive dj dj dj<br />

Voiced aspirated alveolar plosive<br />

dɦ dh\ dh_b<br />

Ejective Palatal Plosive c' c_> c_><br />

ukutya<br />

Aspirated Palatal Plosive cʰ c_h c_h<br />

ityhefu<br />

Voiced Palatal Plosive ɟ J\ J_b<br />

indyebo<br />

Voiceless Velar Plosive k k k ukuhamba inkomo<br />

Voiceless Aspirated Velar Plosive kʰ k_h k_h khokha khoka khokha<br />

Ejective Velar Plosive k' k_> k_><br />

inkomo<br />

Voiced Velar Plosive g g g ngena ngena ngena<br />

Voiced aspirated velar plosive<br />

gɦ gh\ gh_b<br />

Voiceless alveolar lateral ejective tl' tl_> tl_><br />

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Phone set<br />

Voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral plosive<br />

Nasals<br />

tlʰ tl_h tl_h<br />

Bilabial Nasal m m m mema mema mema<br />

Alveolar Nasal n n n inyama,in<strong>ts</strong>h nona inyama,in<strong>ts</strong>h nona nona<br />

Palatal Nasal ɲ J J a<br />

ngakho,<br />

un<strong>ts</strong>he inyama<br />

Velar Nasal ŋ N N ingwe inkomo ingungu<br />

Retroflex Nasal ɳ n' n_a<br />

Voiced aspirated bilabial nasal mɦ m_h m_h<br />

mhumha<br />

Voiced aspirated alveolar nasal nɦ n_h n_h<br />

isinhanha<br />

Labiodental nasal ɱ m_j m_j<br />

Voiced aspirated palatal nasal ɲɦ J_h J_h<br />

inyholoba<br />

Vowels<br />

Unrounded high front vowel i i i vimba vimba vimba<br />

Unrounded high front vowel with duration iː i: i:<br />

Rounded high front vowel y y y<br />

Rounded high back vowel u u u vula vula vula<br />

Rounded high back vowel with duration uː u: u:<br />

Unrounded mid-high front vowel<br />

e e e<br />

Unrounded mid-high front vowel with duration eː e: e:<br />

Rounded mid-high front vowel with duration øː 2: eu_:<br />

Unrounded mid-low front vowel Ɛ E E senga senga senga<br />

Rounded central vowel with duration ɜː 3: E_:<br />

Rounded mid-low back vowel ɔ O O bola bola bola<br />

Rounded mid-low back vowel with duration ɔː O: O:<br />

Unrounded low central vowel a a a thanda thanda <strong>ts</strong>an<strong>dz</strong>a<br />

Unrounded low central vowel with duration ɑː A: A:<br />

Central vowel (schwa) ə<br />

@ @<br />

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Phone set<br />

Unrounded mid-low front vowel æ { {<br />

Rounded Mid-high Back Vowel o o o<br />

Rounded Mid-high Back Vowel with duration oː o: o:<br />

Rounded Mid-low front Vowel œ 9 u_<br />

Rounded open back vowel<br />

Diphthongs<br />

ɒ Q Q<br />

əi @i @i<br />

œy 9y u_y<br />

ai ai ai<br />

ɔi<br />

Oi Oi<br />

əu @u @u<br />

au au au<br />

iə i@ i@<br />

eə e@ e@<br />

Trills and Flaps<br />

uə u@ u@<br />

Alveolar trill r r r uMarija uMariya uMariya<br />

Aspirated alveolar trill<br />

Approximan<strong>ts</strong><br />

rɦ rh\ rh_b<br />

Alveolar Lateral Approximant l l l lala lala lala<br />

Palatal Approximant j j j ukuya ukuya leniyenta<br />

Voiced labio-velar Approximant w w w wa wa wa<br />

Retroflex Lateral Approximant ɭ<br />

l` l_a<br />

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Phone set<br />

ISINDEBELE SEPEDI SETSWANA SESOTHO XITSONGA TSHIVENDA AFRIKAANS ENGLISH<br />

Itlawana<br />

tlhaga<br />

dlala<br />

ndlhazi<br />

utjani tšaka ntša tjôtja cina<br />

itjhatjha tšhaba setšhaba tjhaba chukucha mu<strong>ts</strong>hila<br />

i<strong>ts</strong>ikiri <strong>ts</strong>ela <strong>ts</strong>ela <strong>ts</strong>ela ku<strong>ts</strong>imu<br />

<strong>ts</strong>hanya <strong>ts</strong>hadi <strong>ts</strong>haba <strong>ts</strong>hêha<br />

kghupula* kgama kgama kgama<br />

psila<br />

pshiò pshiò<br />

pšhatla ptjhatla<br />

pjatla<br />

jabula ja ja ja jaha <strong>dz</strong>hena<br />

i<strong>dz</strong>ila <strong>dz</strong>embe<br />

<strong>dz</strong>wi, <strong>dz</strong>aha<br />

n<strong>dz</strong>haku<br />

njhani<br />

Page 6<br />

tjank*<br />

funa fofa fofa fofa famba fana fel,vel<br />

vula vhilwa vili wat<br />

chin<br />

gin<br />

fin<br />

vim

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Phone set<br />

susa sesadi sesadi sesadi sila sala sous<br />

thin<br />

this<br />

sin<br />

Zala muzumbi zazamela zulu zing<br />

šala šapa shapa xava shavha sjampoe shin<br />

zhaka genre measure<br />

rhonona gana gafa xa gat loch<br />

ihogo hêma hêma hana<br />

hand hit<br />

lehodu huma hana<br />

hlala<br />

dlala<br />

hlaba<br />

gòga<br />

hlaba hlamula<br />

baba<br />

lefsifsi<br />

Bofša<br />

vona<br />

sweka<br />

vhavha<br />

fhala<br />

swara<br />

zwifha<br />

bjala bjara<strong>ts</strong>a<br />

lefshwa<br />

cima<br />

gcina<br />

chacha<br />

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qina qaqa xiqoko<br />

umgqomu<br />

qhula<br />

Phone set<br />

mpunga<br />

pap pin*<br />

iphaphu phela phela phela phanga phala<br />

iposo pela pela pela<br />

pyopya<br />

panda<br />

khamba,<br />

phya<br />

bhala baba baba ba bako bas bin*<br />

bona baba<br />

byala<br />

tot tin<br />

thuta thapo thopa thopa thula hula<br />

itafula tòpa tona tôpa tatana<br />

tyatyasa<br />

thyaka<br />

tafuna/takala<br />

idada dira duma dedeleka<br />

dya<br />

ndhambi<br />

da/daha dag din<br />

dyelo<br />

kela kula kyk<br />

khamba Khudu khudu sekhôna khoma khuhu<br />

inkomo kudu kubu kula koko<strong>dz</strong>a<br />

igama gamba goga gholf<br />

nghena<br />

tla tla tla tlanga<br />

Page 8<br />

kin<br />

give

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tlhabô tlhabô tlhako tlhari<br />

Phone set<br />

mina êma êma êma kuma ima man mock<br />

nina nama nama nama manana nona/ nama net knock<br />

inyama nyaka nyala nyala nyoka nyamalala<br />

nghala ngwana ngwana, nku ngwana ngulube n'an'a<br />

n<strong>dz</strong>haku<br />

mhaka<br />

nhamu<br />

myemyela<br />

lima dira dira pi<strong>ts</strong>a ribye lisa sien<br />

nuwe<br />

thunga Pula pula pula huma luma soek<br />

<strong>ts</strong>ela <strong>ts</strong>ela <strong>ts</strong>ela<br />

Page 9<br />

bang thing<br />

meet<br />

museum<br />

pen<br />

happy, into<br />

ease<br />

into, put<br />

lose<br />

pet<br />

sela rêma rêma rema hela rema<br />

furs<br />

bona pôô pôô poho songa mboho pol<br />

lala rata rata rata aka rafha pas<br />

cause<br />

cut*<br />

maar<br />

stars<br />

pit another

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motho motho motho<br />

Phone set<br />

Page 10<br />

oor<br />

put<br />

pat<br />

pot<br />

raise<br />

rise<br />

noise<br />

nose<br />

rouse<br />

fears<br />

stairs<br />

cures<br />

wrong<br />

lila lala lala lala lomba lifhata, lala lol long<br />

yena ya ya ya yima ya jaar yacht<br />

wona wa<br />

dira*<br />

wa wa wa wa twee wasp<br />

hek<br />

peil/pyl<br />

uit<br />

rara rata rata rata raha ranga raar<br />

rhama<br />

oud

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COMMENTS (to distribute with phone set)<br />

*In Afr dictionary tS currently modelled as "t S"<br />

* isiNdebele kx typically aspirated. (Can be modelled as<br />

separate kx_h but no kx/kx_h minimal pairs.)<br />

Phone set<br />

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*English h includes voiced and unvoiced variations<br />

Note that nasalised clicks are modelled as compound<br />

sounds, for example the nasalised dental click would be<br />

modelled as 'n |\' and the nasalised voiced dental click would<br />

be modelled as 'N |\g_0'.<br />

Phone set<br />

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*English p includes un-aspirated and aspirated versions<br />

* English b includes aspirated and un-aspirated versions<br />

Phone set<br />

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*English E also realised as e in SAE<br />

*English a includes both a and V varian<strong>ts</strong> (found in SAE)<br />

Phone set<br />

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Note that the standard tense/lax distinction was not made for<br />

diphthongs in SAE<br />

In audio phone set, small portion of @ accompanies<br />

approximan<strong>ts</strong> *The Sepedi l` where only occurs necessary before in an order 'i' or to 'u' make (except them in clearly a few<br />

audible exceptional cases, specifically words of foreign origin and<br />

words containing "ll") and can therefore be seen as a<br />

contextual variant of l. Here modelled as a separate<br />

phoneme.<br />

Phone set<br />

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