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FACTOBS AFFECTING AMINO ACID 

AVAILABTT,I1TES FOR CEREAL GRATNS 

AND THETR COMPONENTS FOR GROITNG 

YTONOGASTRTC ANIMALS 

A THESIS 

PRESENTEÐ TO 

The I'aculty of Graduate Studies and Research 

Unlversity of Manitoba 

fn Partíal Fulfillnent 

of the Requirements for the Degree 

Doctor of Philosophy 

by 

Wil1en Corne}Ís Sauer 

Department of Aninal Science 

IIay, L9Z6

'FACTORS AFFECTING AI'IINO ACID 

AVAILABILITIES FOR CEREAL GRAINS 

AND THEIR CO|VIPONENTS FOR GRO'{ING 

}4ONOGASTRIC ANTIIALS" 

by 

IÎILLEM CORNELIS SAUER 

A clisserkrtir¡n subrnitted to tho Faculty of Gradultr: Sturlics of 

thc [Jnivcrsity ol' M¿nitr¡b¿¡ in partial fullillmr:nt ol' tho rcr¡uirctncnts 

ol' lltt' dr,glcc ol' 

DO('TOR OF PHILOSOP}IY 

@, 19?6 

l'crnrission h¿rs l¡curt gl'ûr¡tcd to tho l.,lBlì^.RY Ol; 1'llli ttNlvUR- 

Sl1'Y OF M^Nl'l'OllA tt¡ lcrrrl or scll copies of this d¡s.$rt tioD. t() 

the NATIONAL LIBR^lìY Ol¡ (:ANAI)A to nticmfiln¡ this 

dissert¡tion and to lend or scl¡ copies of the f¡lnr, and UNIVËRslTY 

MICROFILMS to publish an abstri¡ct of tl¡is dissertation. 

The uuthor rescrves other publication rights, ¡¡nd ncithcr thc 

dissertation nor extensivc cxtracts l'runr it may be printed of olhrr- 

wise reproduccd without lhc author's writtcr¡ pcrn¡issi()n.

ÐEDTCATED TO T,IY DAUGHTER, 

MARGRTET VATENTTNA

TAB],8 OF CONTENTS 

page 

ABSTRACT. T 

ACKNOWIEÐGEI,ÍENTS... . TV 

],TST OF TABLES. V 

LTST OF FIGTIRES. . XT 

LIST OF APPENDTCES. XTT 

T,TST OF ABBREVTATTONS FOR A¡{INO ACTDS 

XVÏ 

INTRODUCTTOI{..... 1 

REVTEW OF THE LTTERATURE. 3 

Part 1. Cereal grain conposition and factors 

affecting anino acid avallabilities... ? 

Part 2. Protein metabolisn ín the large 

j.ntestine of monogastric aninals 18 

Part 3. Determination of amino acid availabilities 

by i1eal sampling fron cannulated 

aaimals, by ileal sanpling fron sac¡ificed 

aninals, by renoval of the caecum and by aid 

of germ-free and antibj.otic t¡reated aninals..... 

MAÎERTALS AND METHODS 

Study 1..... 

Study 2. 

Study 3 

Study l¡. 

Stu4y Za 

Study 2b. 

28 

34 

3lr 

40 

40 

49 

49 

56

RESIILTS. 

Study 4a. 

Study 4b. 

Analytical Procedures. 

Study 1. 

Study 2. 

Study 3 

Study 4. 

ÐrscussIoN. 

Study 

Studv 2a. 

Study 2b. 

Study 3a. 

Studv 3b. 

Study 4a. 

Study .t¡b. 

Page 

57 

ó1 

6L 

63 

ot 

7l+ 

t+ 

87 

89 

9r 

95 

98 

98 

r06 

110 

110 

tr0 

LL2 

LI7 

119 

l.22

SUIIIMARY. 

sTuDï 4. 

STUDY 3 

sruDr 1....:.. 

8ÏBLTOGRAPIfT 

APPENDICES. 

L26 

L33 

L45 

r61 

180 

185 

L97 

205 

218

ABSTRACT 

The apparent ileal and faecal anino acid availabilities 

fron corn, wheat and barley v¡ere determined with barrows 

ranging Ín weight from 45 to 75 kE, that l¡ere fitted !úith 

ileocaeeal ¡e-entrant cannulae. The average ileal versus (vs) 

faecal avail-abilitles were 85.6 vs 89.9, 83.3 vs 89.1 and 

77.7 vs 85% for eorn, wheat and barley respectively. For the 

indispensable amino acids, ARG, HfS and TllR disappeared to the 

greatest e:(tent in the large íntestÍne (P(.05). For the dis- 

pensable anino acids, GIY and PRO disappeared to the largest 

extent in the large intest,ine (P

2t5/o brar!, 45fo shorts and LØ" middlings (B+S+M) were deternj.ned 

in pigs. The average ilea1 vs faecaL availabilities were pO.O 

vs 94.1, 85.4 vs 92.3 and 72.I '¡s 80.41Á tor flour, wheat and 

B+S+M respectively, Generally speaking, A.R,G, HfS THR, GLI and 

PRO dlsappeared to the largest extent in the large intestine. 

Of the ind.ispensable amino aeids, LTS and THR were 

equal 1n being least ayailable from flour and wheat. The i1eal 

LYS vs TIIR availabllities r¡ere 84.2 vs 85.4 and 79,5 vs 78.t+/" 

f¡on flour and r¡heat respectively. Lysine l¡as the least 

avallabLe amino acid hrhen deternlned by the faecaL analysis 

method, namely 86.1 and 86.O/" for flour and wheat respeetively. 

flea1 and faecal availabilities of THR in B+S+M ìrere lowest 

iuith values of 54.0 and 7l.3d/o respectlvely. 

The apparent ileal and faecal Êmino acj.d availabilities 

from finely ground and cracked wheat were dete¡nined with bar- 

rows that weighed approxínately 75 kg, The average ileal vs 

faecal availabilitles were 87.2 vs 91.6 and 82.8 vs 9O.è/" for 

finely ground and cracked wheat respectlveJ.y. The ileal 

availabilities of ¡nost amlno acids were significantly higher 

(P

irnprove the protein retention of barrows, rangj.ng in weight 

from 25 to l¡0 kg, that vrere fed diets lorrv Ín LTS. 

Metabolic Íleal and faecal anino acid leve1s were 

deterniaed w'ith barrows, ranging in weÍght fro¡r 45 to ?5 kg, 

that were fed 3 proteln-free dÍets containlng 5 , IO and IJ/" 

AlphafJ-oc respectively. As the level of Alphafloc was in- 

creased fron 5 to 10 and to L5/", the average ileal vs faecal 

anino acíd 1eve1s, expressed as grarns per I00 grams of dry 

natter intake, increased fron.0Z2 vs.032 to .091 vs .046 

and to .093 vs .050. The average ilea1 vs faecal nitrogen 

levels increased fro¡r .205 vs .101 to .256 vs .I39 and to 

.27I vs .161. The dlspensable anj_no acids mad.e up ?5 to gO/" 

of the total aeount of metabolic i1ea1 amino acids, of which 

PBO and GLY nade up 55 and 16S respectively. Arginine, TIÍR, 

GLT and PRO (especially the last Z anino acids) disappeared 

extensiveLy in the large i.ntestine. The levels of IÌ,E, LEU, 

LYS, MET and ASP increased between the end of the ileum and 

the anus of pigs fed the protein-free diets. 

IÏI

ACKNOIqLEDCEMENTS 

the author would like to thank Dr. S. C. Stothers 

for advice and help during the course of this work. fn particular, 

freedom of scienti-fic expression that was allowed 

and additional financial help receÍved are very nnuch 

appreciated. 

Many thanks are due to ll¡. J. Maltnan for giving 

voluntarily nuch of hfs own free time to assist during the 

pig collectíons, whfch were often caried out at very awkward 

tj-nes. fn addj.tion, his help with regard to various other 

aspects dealing with this thesís is appreciated. 

I wish to thank Dr. G. D. Phillips for Èhe surgery 

on ny pÍgs and for his interest and encouragement origínally 

during the start of these studies. 

The author is also very grateful to Ðr. N. E. Stanger 

and Ðr. M. Landeros for perfoming surgery'on the pÍgs during 

the last part of these studies. 

The wríter likes to thank l4r. J. Gano and 

¡[r. J. Baptist for their heJ.p, at times beyond thei¡ call of 

duty, during these studies. Acknowledgenent Ís also due to 

Mr. J. A. McKtrdy and IvIr. P. A. Mills for aÍd with technical 

analyses. 

FLnally, I would 11ke to thank ny wife, Christine, 

for her encouragement and patience. Financial- help from my 

parents and parents-1n-law is also appreciated. 

Winnipeg, I¡,ay 1976 

fV 

Itlillem Cornelis Sauer.

Table 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

8. 

o 

10. 

11. 

12. 

L3. 

LIST OF TABLES 

the llnfting anfno acids for rats and 

pigs when cereal graÍn supply the 

only protein..... 

The anino acid composition of aleurone 

protein, gLutenin and prolamin from 

wheat end those of albunin, globuIin, 

glutenin and prolanin fro¡r barley. 

The anino acids levels (/") of wheat and 

wheat by-products end the distrLbution 

of anino acids in wheat by-products. . . . . 

True anino acid availabilLties fron corn, 

wheat and barley for growing pigs....... 

Percent nitrogen of wheat and barLey 

fractlons obtained at different tine 

lntervals of abrasion 

Fornulation of test dlets for study 1..... 

Formulatlon of diets for study 2.......... 

Forroulation of test diets in study 3 

The experÍqental desígn and the daily 

intake of dry matter and orally and 

caecally supplfed nitrogen in study 3a.. 

The experimental design and the daily 

intâke of dry natter and nitrogen and 

orally and caeeally supplled lysine in 

study 3b. 

Formulation of diets for study l+.......... 

The anino acid and nitrogen content of 

high and lovr proteln wheat and their 

fractions. 

The ani.no acid and ni.trogen content of 

high and Low pnotein barley and 

theír fractions. . 

Page 

t_0 

1I 

L3 

36 

38 

41 

5I 

53 

54 

58 

64 

65

Table 

14. 

15. 

16. 

L7. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

2L. 

22. 

23. 

2J+. 

25. 

I!îeans ar¡d standard devÍation of dailv 

dry natter intake for the test and' 

proteln-free diets for study 1.......... 

Means and standard error of the nean of 

the apparent availabilities of anino 

acids fron wheat and its fractions... i.. 

Mea¡s and standard error of the nean of 

the apparent availabilities of amlno 

acids fron whole barley and endospern 

fron barley 

Means and standard error of the nean of 

apparent a¡nino acid availabilities of 

high and Low protein nheat and barley... 

The effect of dietary fiber level and 

weight of the rats on the ¡¡etabolic 

faecal a¡nino acid and nitrogen excretÍon 

Proximater lcid and neutral-detergeat fiber, 

starch and chrouic oxi.de analysãs for 

diets in study 2. 

Aulno aeid eomposition of diets for 

study 2. 

Conparisons of the Índ1vÍdual eieht-hour 

ileal collections fron wheat fõr study 2a 

Apparent il eal and faecal amíno acid 

availabilities 

of the cereal grains Ín 

study 2a. 

Conparison of i1eal dry natter dlgestibilities 

baEed on total dry natter èxcretion 

and chrorol c. oxide levels. 

Metabolic ileal and faecal anino acid 

levels fron study 2a.. . .. 

Apparent faecal amíno acid availabiLities 

of the cereal grains, 1n addit,ion to 

niÈrogen and dry natter digestibilit,ies 

for study 2b 

VÏ 

Page 

67 

69 

70 

72 

73 

75 

77 

?9 

80 

8,+ 

86 

88

Table 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

3L. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

Metabolic faecal anino acid and nitrogen 

Levels for study 2b.... 

Anino acld and nitrogen conpositlon of 

Page 

test diets ln study 3,.... 92 

Individual daily nltrogen intakes and 

faecal and urinary logses and sone 

calculated parameters in study 3a....... 93 

The average amounts of nitrogen 

retained, nitrogen retentions and 

biological values for diets in study 3a. 9l+ 

Individuat daily nitrogen intakes and 

faecal and urínary losses and sone 

calculated parenetel.s ln study 3b....... 96 

Average amounts of nltrogen retained, 

nitroge! retentions and biological 

values for dlets in study 3b.;.. 9? 

Proximate, ac j-d and neutral-detergent 

fiber and ehronic oxide analysei for 

diets of study d. 99 

Anino acld conposltion of diets fron 

study 4. 101 

Apparent ilea1 and faecal anino acid 

availabilities of whole wheat, f)-our 

and B+S+M and B+S+¡{-D for study 4....... lO2 

Metabolic i1eal and faecal amino acid 

level.s in study 4a... 

Partfcle size distribution of flnely ground 

and cracked wheat and of the ileai ãlgesta 

derived thereof 

Apparent iLeal aad faecal anino acid 

availabilities of ground and cracked 

wheat for study 4b 

Conparisons of apparent faecal anino acid 

avallabillties, nitrogen and dry nåtter 

digestibilities between caanulated and 

normal pigs fed corn, wheat and barley.. 111 

VÏT 

90 

105 

LO7 

109

lable 

39. 

40. 

l+1 . 

l+2. 

43. 

l+l+. 

45. 

l+6. 

47. 

48. 

Conparisons of the metabolic faecal anÍno 

âcid and nitroge n exeretion between 

study 2a and 2b. 

Apparent ileal and faecal atû1no acid 

availabíIíties, in addition to nitrogen, 

dry matter, starch and crude fiber 

digestlbÍlities and the dísappearance 

of these substances in tbe large 

Page 

r13 

intestine_. 115 

Conparison of apparent il-eal and faecal 

amino acid avaílabilities from corn 

and barley as obtained fron different 

laboratories. .... 1f8 

The disappearånce of amlno acids, nitrogen, 

dry natter, starch and crude fíber in the 

Iarge intestine.. J-zO 

?tre distributlon of partÍ.cIe slze of the 

cereal grai.n diets and of the i1eal 

digesta derived fron eaeh dlet.. L25 

Levels of anÍno acid, total nitrogen and 

dry natter in ileal digesta and faeces 

fron the cannulated plgs fed the 

maiatenance diets. 

Amino acÍd, total nitrogen and dry natter 

appearance (+) or disappearance- (-) in 

the large intestine in- þigs fed the 

protein-free diets 

r29 

t35 

Anino acid conposition of netabolic protein 

determined at different laboratoriès.... L37 

Apparent ílea1 anino acld availabilities fro¡r 

corn and the estinated true availabilities 

as calculated by the use of different type 

of corrections. L39 

Apparent ileal anino acid avallabilitj.es 

fron wheat and the estimated true 

avallabllities as calculated by the 

use of dlfferent t,ype of corrections.... 140 

VÏÏÏ

Table 

49. 

50. 

t1 

52. 

53. 

51+. 

55. 

56. 

Apparent ileal anino acid availabilÍt,ies 

fron barl.ey and the estimated true 

Page 

avaílabilitles as calculated by the 

use of dÍfferent type of correctlons.... f4l 

Estlnation of the dally endogeneous 

protein secretion into the lunen of the 

snall intestine of a 70 kg. man.. . It+? 

the apparent ileal and faecal anino acid 

availabilities from ground and cracked 

wheat in additlon to the digestÍbillties 

of amino acids in the large intestine 

and the differences in peicentage units 

between l1eal and faecal anino ãcid 

availabilities... 162 

Conparisons of ileaL and faecal amino 

acid availabílitles fron wheat fron 

studies 2a and 4 as affected by the 

type of pre-processlng... 

Apparent lleal and faecalamlno acid 

availabilitles, Ín addition to nitrogen 

and dry matter-digestlbilities aad tñe 

disappearance of these substances Ín the 

large intestine.. L66 

Ihe recoverï of anino aci.ds from B+S+M and 

flor¡r (colunn A), in addition to the i1eal 

amino acid availabllltÍes fron B+S+M thet 

were. measured directly (column B) and those 

of BIS+M that were caiculated by difference 

from cracked wheat and flour ( colunn C) and 

fron finely sround wheat and flour 

(colunn D):.;. 

The apparent ileal a¡nino acid availabilities 

t69 

fron B+S+M-D and B+S+M, in addition to the 

esti.mated true availablllties from 

B+S+IU-D. L77 

the anfno acid conposítion and crude fiber 

content of bran and endosperm fron 

study I and study 4a..., 18ó 

il(

Table 

57. 

58- 

59. 

Page 

Conparisons of apparent faecal anino acid 

availabilfties, in addition to nitrogen 

and dry matter digestibilíties, of wheat 

and barley fed to pigs and ratà.. . 188 

Conparisons of the apparent iLeal a¡ni.no 

acid avaílabillties, in addítion Èo 

aitrogen and dry matter digestibilitles 

of wheat aad barl.ey fed to pigs and 

the estinated ileaL value fór rats...... Lgl+ 

ConparLson of faecaL amino acid 

availabillties fron bran and endospern 

fron wheat fed to pigs and rats....... 195

LTST OF FTGT'RES 

Figure Page 

1. Tlrpe and size of cannulae used.. 

2. Experimental design and allowable 

dietary intake for study 2a.... l+7 

3. Experfnental design and allovrable 

daily dietary iatake for study tþ........ óO l 

XT

Appendix 

Table 

1. 

2. 

3. 

l+. 

5. 

6. 

8. 

LIST OF APPENDTCES 

Page 

Analysís of varianee between treatments 

for study 1: Mean squares for apparent 

altrogen and dry matter digestibiJ-itÍes. 2J.8 

Analysis of variance between treatments 

for study 1: Mean squares for netabollc 

faecal anino acfd and aitrogen losses... 2L9 

The individual apparent ileal and faecal 

ar0Íno acld availabllities frorn corn in 

study 2a, in additlon to nitrogen and 

dr? lratter digestibilities and average 

daily dry natter intake 22O 

Tbe individual apparent ileal and faecal 

â'¡ino acid availabl]lties f,ron barley Ín 

study 2a, in addition to n5.trogen and 

dr7 natter digest,ibilities and average 

daily dry natter intake. 22L 

lhe individual apparent ileal. and faecal 

anino acid availabillties fron wheat in 

study 2a, in addltion to nitrogen and 

dry natter digestibtlitÍes and average 

daily dry matter lntake. 

Mean squares of the analyses of variance for 

the apparent ileal and faecal availabillties 

of the essential amino acids for 

study 2a. . 223 

Mean squares for the enalysis of variance 

for the apparent Íleal and faecal 

avallabilities of the non-essentlal 

amino acids, 1n addítion to nitrogen 

and dry matter dlgestibilities for 

study 2a. 221+ 

Mean squares of the analyses of vari,ance 

for the apparent ileal and faecal 

availabilities of I{ET and CYS for 

study 2a....... 

xrï 

. 225

Appendix 

Table 

9. 

t0. 

11. 

12. 

t3. 

14. 

L5. 

16. 

L7. 

18. 

The individual netabolic ileal anino acid 

and nitrogen levels, ín addition to dry 

netter digestlbilitles and daily dry 

matter lntake for pígs fed the 

maintenance dlets. 

The indtvldual netabolic faeeal a¡[ino acid 

and nitrogea leve1s, in additlon to dry 

natter dtgesttbilities for plgs fed the 

naintenance diets. . 

Mean squares of analyses of varÍance for 

the apparent anino acid availablllties, 

aitrogen and dry natter digestlbilltles 

for study 2b 

Page 

226 

227 

228 

The individual apparent faecal am:ino acid 

availabilities fron barley in study 2b, 

1¡ additíon to nitrogen and dry natter 

digestibilities,. 229 

The indivldual apparent faecal anino acid 

acid availabllities fron corn in study 2b, 

in addition to nitrogen and dry mattei 

digestibilttles.. 23O 

the indivldual apparent faecal anj.no acid 

avaÍlabilities froe wbeat in study 2b, 

1n addition to nitrogen and dry natter 

digestibilities.. i ¡ ¡¡ ¡¡ 23L 

lvtrean squares of the analyses of variance of 

the uetabollc faecal a¡nino acid and nitrogen 

excretion from study 2b. 232 

The individual netabolfc faecal amino acid 

e4d nitrogen excretlon fron pigs fed the 

?% aLphaîloc naintenance diet.l. 83 

The lndividual netabolic faecal anino acld 

an{ nitrogen excretion from pigs fed the 

14Ø alphailoc maintenance diãtl. BL 

Analyses of variance between treatnents for 

parameters neasured in study 3a...,.,... 235 

XTIÏ

Appendlx 

Table 

19. 

20, 

2L. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

Page 

The indÍvidual. apparent 1leal and faecal 

auino acid avaÍlabilitfes from whole 

wheat in study l¡a, Ín addition to 

nitrogen and dry natter digestibllities 

and average daily dry matter intake..... 236 

The lndivldual apparent ilea1 and faecal 

anino acld availabilltles from flour ia 

study l¡a, in addition to nitrogen and 

dry natter digesttbiU-tles and average 

daily dry matter intake 

237 

The lndividual apparent ileal and faecal 

anino aci.d availabilities f,ro¡¡ the 

B+S+M diet in study lt, in addition to 

nitrogen and dry nâtter digestibilities 

and average dalJ.y dry natter intake..... 238 

The lndividual apparent ÍIeal and faecal 

amlao acid availabilÍties fron diet 

B+S+M-D fron study l¡a, in addition to 

nitrogen and dry matter digestibilities 

and average daily dry mattèr intake..... 239 

the individual netabolic ileal and faecaÌ 

anino aÍcd, nitrogen and dry nåtter 

levels fron plgs fed the 5f" al-phafloc 

protein-free d1ets, in addft,ion to 

average dally dry natter intake 24O 

The lndividual ¡¡etabolic ilea1 and faecal 

anino aeid, nitrogen _and dry matter levels 

from plgs fed the 10fi atphafloc protein-free 

dfet, 1n addition to average daily dry 

natter intake Z4L 

The lndividual netabolic ilea1 and faecal 

anino ac5.d, nitrogen and dry matter 

levels fron plgs fed the L5/o aLphaf1oc 

protein-free diets, in addítion to 

average dalIy dry roatter intake 242 

ïïv

Appendlx 

lable 

26. 

27. 

28. 

Anal-yses of variance: Mean Equares for 

apperent ileal and faecal enino acid 

availabilities, nítrogen and dry matter 

diEestibllitles digestibllitles fron from finelv finely sround ground 

and cracked wheat for study l+b.... 

Page 

2l+3 

The tndividual apparent ileal and faecal 

anino acid availabllities of ground 

wheat from study l¡b, in addition to 

nitrogen and dry matter digest,ibilities 

and average daily dry natter intake..... 241+ 

The individual apparent ileal and faecal 

amino acld availabilities of cracked 

!úheat from study db, in addltion to 

nitrogen and dry natter digestibilities 

and everage dally dry natter intake 2l+5

AIA 

ARG 

ASP 

cYs 

GLU 

GLT 

r{rs 

II,E 

tEu 

LYS 

¡[ET 

PI{E 

PRO 

SER 

TTIR 

TRT 

TTR 

VAL 

LTST 

FOR 

OF ABBREVTATTONS 

THE AMINO .{CIDS 

Alanine 

Arginine 

Aspartic acid 

Cystine 

Glutanic acid 

Glycine 

HistÍdine 

l- SOl.eUC r-ne 

teuc ine 

Lysine 

Methionine 

Phenylalanine 

froJ-l.ne 

Serine 

Threoníne 

Tryptophan 

lyrosine 

Valine

I}iTRODUCTION 

The nutritive value of a proteÍn is not only 

determined by.its amino acld composition but also by the 

avaÍlability of the individual amino aclds of the protein to 

the nonogastric animal . For more accurate and econor.rícal 

fornul-ation of dietary amino aci.d levels in relatj-on to 

requirements, available instead of total aroi.no acid 1eve1s 

from specific protein sources and from energy feeds that 

also supply protein, should be taken into account. 

The term availability has been defined by 

de Lhelenaere et a1 . (L967) as that portion of amino acids 

present in a protein whích is used for grovrth, development and 

maintenance of an ani.mal insofa¡: as it is dependent on the 

digestlbility of the protein, the presence of enzyrae inhibítors 

and enzyme-res i stånt peptide linkages, and rate of release of 

amino acids in the intestLnal tract. Amino acid availability 

defined as such may be determined according to the faecal ana- 

l1,sis method, which neasures the a¡rounts of ingested anrino 

acids excreted in the faeces. 

The faecal analysÍs method was developed by Kuiken 

and Lyman in 1948 and hâs since gained general acceptance in 

nutritional research. However, ín recent years, this method has 

been often criticized because of possible microbÍal alterations 

of undigested and unabsorbed nitrogeneous residues in the large 

intestine 

I

äolnes et el . ¡7,o7L) Ceteririned the ileal anci 

faecal emino acid availabilit ies fro¡:r specific protein sources, 

nanel¡i so¡rbean neal and rapeseeC neal using grov;ing pigs fi-tted 

'¡¡ith re-entrant cannulae placed at the enC of the i.leu¡n. 

Apart fron specific prctein sources, ce:'eal- grains 

suppl¡,r a lar.:e prooortion of the total Cietery protein in 

oractical diets for swine end poultr"'. In adiition, cereal 

grains are the n:a,'or source of protei-n for the hunan population 

in manlr developing countríes. Data rega:.ding faecel 

anino acid availabilities fron cereel grains can be found in 

the literature. Iìowever, =ssentially no inforr.lation on ileal 

availabilities, which na¡r be nore accurâte indlces, is 

av: ilable . 

The nain objective of the studies that 'rere carried 

out was to determine to vJhât extent ileal and faecal anino 

acid availabilities fron cereel greins differed. ft was also 

atten:pted to deternine which phl'sical and,/ or che¡:ical fractions 

\dere responsibl-e for the discrepêncy between total and 

availabl-e enino :cid content fron th.e c:real Ê::eins. Th= 

latter knovrledge Ì:ta' be o-f inportance to plant breeders in. 

their cuest for inproving the prctein oualit1' of cereel grains. 

The pig was chosen as experir::ntel åninal . First 

of all , this eninal can be fítted with re-entrant cannul-ae. 

SeconCll', it is generall-¡ felt that infornation obteineC frcn 

the pig is acplicabl3 to acst other nonogestric sp-^cies. 

¿

REI/Ï:],1I OF lHE LITEF.A.TURJ 

The quelít.v of cereal protein ls pcor beceuse cf the 

1ow content of son:e amino acids that are essentiel for grcvrth 

anci other forns of production. The liniting aminc acids cf the 

na;or cereal grains fed to pigs and rats are shown j.n Teble I. 

References were selected in which bcth the first and secondlin:iting 

(and sometimes thirci- l imit ì-ng anino aciis) were 

deter¡nineci. L¡rsine and THR were fcund to be the first and 

se c cnd -lir:it ing eminc aciCs respectivell/ fcr barlelr, o¿ts, 

rice, rye, tritJ-cele and. wheet. Tryptophen end LYS were fcunC 

to be the first and seccnd-limitlng anino acids respectivelir 

for corn fed to growing cr fínishing pigs (Eaker et al.,I9(9; 

Cello and Fond, 1968). The order of limiteticn cf these anino 

acid.s v,'a s reversed when ccrn was fed tc t'abi' pigs (Ga^llo et al. , 

L97L). Ðue to dif.ferent anino acid reouirements for srcwth and 

naintenence (liclaughlan, 1972 ) . fectors such as the leve1 cf 

protein tested and the ege of the enirnal mal¡ deternine r,rhich 

¿nino acid of 2 nearll. ecuall;, liniting amino aciis will be the 

nost linitíng. îhe sulfur containing aninc ecids heve been 

shovrn to be ihird-limiting fcr corn, oats, anci tritical-e 

(te¡re t ) . 

L¡rsine, 1n addition to being usuelllr the ncst iirniting 

:,nino acid for pigs end rets, was alsc found tc be the least

1'ABLE 1. 

ITEI,TS 

CEREAL GRAÌN 

Barl e y 

Corn 

Oat s 

Rice 

Rye 

Triticalo 

Vlheat 

Rye 

The limiting amíno acids for 

only protein. 

Fírst-Limiting 

Arnino Acid 

LYS. 

TRY. 

TRY. 

T I¡C 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

LYS. 

Se c ond- Linriting 

Arnino Ac id 

THR. 

tYs. 

r-¡Iù. 

TRY. 

TRY. 

TRY. 

THR. 

T}IR. 

THR. 

THR. 

rats and pigs when cereal grain supply the 

Third-Limiting 

Amino Acid 

Ir.iET. ( cTS ) 

IrnT. (cYs),TitR., 

tLE., VAL. 

l,Í¡:1'. (cYS ) 

THR. i'1.8?. (CYS) 

THR. 

THR. 

THR. 

Species 

raüs 

pigs 

pigs 

pigs 

rats 

rat s 

rat s 

rats 

rat s 

rat s 

pigs 

rat s 

rets 

Refe renc e s 

Howe et aI ., 1965. 

Baker e! aI ., Lg6gi 

Gallo and Pond, 1!ó8; 

Uesl"emer eù al . , 

t970. 

Gallo g! aI ., 1968. 

Pond g! al ., 1971. 

RosenberE et aI .. 

r9ó0. 

Tang g! ÊÀ., 1958. 

Hovle gt aI . , 1965. 

Rosenbele et aI .. 

L959. 

Howe g! aL., 1965; 

I(ihlber¡- and !ìrl c son , 

l96d; Iv,cLaughlan 

et al . , 1967. 

Shurnada and Cl-ine, 

L97t+. 

Shurnada and Cì-ine, 

L97 t+. 

I{owe et al .. 19ó5: 

l,rcl,auãñ'tãn- ét ár. l 

1P6l; Rosen6ãr[et 

al ., 1960. 

Howe et aI., 1965; 

Kihlberg and Eri c son, 

I96t+. 

+-

avâilable indi-spensable a¡ij-no acid frorn cereal grains when 

deterrained by the faecal anell¡sis rirethod (Eggun, 1973; Olsen 

et al. , 1968; Poppe and l.ieier, 1971; Sauer et el. , I97t+). The 

availabilities of TIIR and IIT were also found to be relativell' 

low in comparison to the availabilities of the other anino acids 

of cereal grains. 

Iiowever, the validitl¡ of the faecal anal¡,'sis nethod rna¡r 

be ouestioned on grounds of the more or les.s unknown effects cf 

the nicroflora of the large intestine on protein n:etabolisrn and 

this aspect will be díscussed in Part 2 of this I iterature 

revieur. Part 3 witl deal with âlternate rnethods for daternining 

anino aci.d availabilities. Factors in cereal graj-ns, and also 

of other protein sources that ma1' affect the availabil_ities 

of anino acids to the nonogastric animal will be discussed in 

Part 1 of this literature review. 

. True amino aciC availabilities are derived fron their. 

apparent availebilities by correcting the latter estinates for 

the netabolic faecal amino acid excreti-on. The metabolic faecal 

anino acid excretion is usuall1' deterrnined fron: faeces of 

aninals fed protein-free diets. Factors affectíng the netabolic 

faecal amino acid excretion have been extensivel¡r reviened pre- 

viouslr¡ (Sauer, 1972\ and, are sur¿r,¡arized as follolvs : I ) End.o- 

Éienous protein derived fron undigested resiCues .fro¡r sloughed-off 

cells r:ake up a nuch larger proportion of netebolic faecal 

protein than protein derived frora undigested digestirre 

secretions; 2) The level of sloughed.-off cells is nainl¡r 

E

deternined by the emount of undiEestible dr¡r malter in the diet 

Ït '¡ou1ci seerÌ to be ad¡¡isable to fcrnulete e protein-free diet 

ín such a rìenner that it contains the same âmount of und.igestible 

Cr¡r natter as the diet for whi ch one deterreines the true 

ânino aciC ar¡ailabilities. The latter nay be achieveci b;; including 

¿ certain emount of fiber in the protein-fr:e d j-ets. 

The test aninrals shculd elso be paír-feC the test and. protein- 

free diet in orCer to guerantee eoual inteke of undigestJ_ble 

dry matter; l) ?he Level a nd. type of protein is not thought 

to affect the r¿etebolic faecal arnino acid excretion. Factors 

affecting the ¡retabolic faecal amino acid excretion rvitl not 

be discussed in this review of literatu.re alihcugh the-r., ere 

f:'eouently referred to in the discussion part of this thesis. 

6

PART I. 

Cereal grain composition and factors 

affecting amino acíd availabilities. 

Ce¡eal protein can be separated into four major 

protein types b]¡ successj.ve solvent extractions on grOund 

rnaterial: 1) water, albumin; 2) salt solutions, globulin; 

3) 7O/' ethanol, prolamin; and 4) dilute alkali (oracid), 

glutelin. The nutritive value of cereal protein is 

primarily deternined by the amount of prolamin. Prolar¿in 

contains only small amounts of f,YS. Prolamin makes up 

approximately 50-55, 4O-5O, 35-45 and LO-I5/" of the total 

protein from corn, wheat, barley and oats respectively 

(Neurath and Bailey, L954J. the protein efficiency ratio 

of cereal protein in diets fed to rats hras 2.1 for oats 

(which has the Lovrest content of prolamin) and ranged. from 

I.4 to 1.7 for the other cereals (Jones et gL., 1948). 

Prola¡nin and glutelin constitute the protein from 

the endo sperü (inner) part of the seed. The albumin and 

globulin fractions are found primarily on the outer part of 

the kernel . iriore specifically, these are 

found in tire 

aleurone cell layer whose cells have a thick fibrous cell 

wal1 . 

The total protein content of a cereal grain wl1l 

largely be deternined by the climatic conditions under whÍch

it is grown. ït is fur*,her dependent on the particular 

variety of cereal grai-n and oû other facto:.s such as, the 

level of fertilizer application. u-nfavourable climatic 

conditions, such as, inadequate mo j-sture usually resul-t in 

a decrease in the -r,otal amount of enciosperm protej.n. 

Favourable conditions result in an increase of endosperut 

protein. Regardless of cli¡:atic conditions, the total 

amount of protein derived fror¿ albumin and globulin re- 

mains relatlveJ.l, s6n5¡æ¡. Consequently, protein fronr 

albunin and gLobulin contributes relatively more protein 

to the total amount of protein from cereal grains when these 

are grown unrier unfavourable rather than favourable 

clinati.c conditions. Protein cierived from albumin and 

globulin generally rnakes up a larger percentage of the 

totaL protein of a low protein cereal variety than of a high 

protein ceÈ'ea1 variety when grown under slmilar c.lir:atic 

conditions (Draper, 1973; Sodek ancÌ lnÍlson, 797L). Fertilization 

increases nostly the endospern proteins, resulting in a 

relative decrease in the proportions of albumin and globulin 

(Abrot eù al . , L97O) 

There ar.e considerable differences between the amino 

acid composition of the cei.eal protein fractions. in general, 

the a¡nino acid composition of a fraction in different species 

of cereal grai-ns tends to be similar. Therefore, the ariino 

acid content of a cereaL grain wilÌ largely be determined by

the proportion of each protein fraction i.t contains. The amino 

acid composition of the protein fractions from uheat and barley 

are shown in Table 2. The composibion of al"eurone protein from 

wheat r¡¡ould be indÍcative of the combined composition of albunin 

and globulin. Albunrin and globulin protein from both wheat and 

barley contai.n much higher levels of lhe basic amino acids (ARG., 

HIS. and LTS.), ALA. and ASP. and nuch lower proporti.ons of GLU. 

and PRO. than prolamj.n and glutenin. 0f the endospern proteins, 

glutenin contained considerably more LYS. than prolanin especially 

wí.th regard to barley. Hiproly barley (high LIS. barley) contains 

relatively more glutenin than prolamin compared to other barley 

varieties. 

The irain differences in arnino acid conposition of the 

di.fferent proteín fractions from wheat and barley can also be 

detected in the protein fractions of corn (Sodek and lfilson, 

I97L). Robbins et al . (19?1 ) postulate simiLar differences between 

the proteia fractj.ons fron oats. 

The disproportionate contribution of amino acids by the 

different protein fractions is also shown by recalculated data 

from Horn et al. (1958). They deternined the composition of a¡¡ri_no 

acids in wheat products. Hard red winter wheab was experimentall¡, 

nitled. Straight grade flour of ?I.5/o extractíon, 16.)/" bran and 

7.9% short s was produced. îÌre data wee recalculated in order to 

obtain some idea about the quantitative distribution of ar¿ino 

acids in the wheat products (Table 3). Nitrogen from bran and 

shorts made up about 3O/o of the total nitrogen from wheat but 45Zo 

9

TABLE 2. 

CEREAL GRAÏN 

FRACTTONS 

AMTNO ACTDS 

Essentiel 

ARG. 

Hrs. 

rLE. 

LEU. 

LYS. 

¡,{ET. 

PHE. 

THR. 

VAL. 

Non-Ðs sentia I 

AtA. 

êD 

GLU. 

CLY. 

., PRO. 

SER. 

TYR. 

I 2 

) 

It 

The amino acid compoaitlon of aleurone . protein, glutenin and prolamin 

from wheat and those of albumin, globulin, glutenin and prolamin from barley. 

1 

ALEURONE 

7.3 

3.6 

2.8 

5.5 

4.1 

L.2 

3.8 

2.9 

h.9 

l+.7 

7.3 

r5. o 

3"6 

4.1 

2.7 

tl,]HEAl 

2 

GLUTENTN 

4.I 

2.3 

3.7 

6.6 

2.3 

t.6 

4.8 

3.r 

l+ .2 

2.8 

3,7 

33.2 

3.8 

10.3 

5.U 

J.o 

2 

PROLA}{ÏN 

2.7 

2.2 

4.3 

6.9 

0.6 

1.4 

5.5 

2,2 

4.1 

2.o 

2.9 

)8.9 

1.5 

13 .8 

4.7 

2.6 

Stevens et eJ. , &963) 

Ewart (rØ7f 

Folkes anl TeÍûû (f956) 

Expressed as grams per 16 grams of nitrogen. 

3 

ALBUIviÏN 

13 .0 

4.3 

4.1 

5.8 

no 

1.4 

3.0 

3.1+ 

5.ri 

ii.0 

8.7 

6.7 

4.2 

4.1 

2.7 

3 

GLOtsUTÏN 

22.o 

3.L 

2.2 

4.r 

6.3 

0.9 

¿.L 

2.4 

4.I 

o.7 

5,6 

6.8 

10.7 

.) al 

3.9 

I.5 

BARLEY 

GLUTENÏN 

L2.O 

u.3 

3.5 

l+.9 

4.8 

1.1 

2.7 

3.r 

t+.9 

6.6 

4,7 

11 .6 

5.2 

6.6 

4.2 

1.9 

PROI,AMTN 

6.(, 

¿.¿ 

3.(' 

3.5 

0.8 

0.8 

3.6 

I.9 

3.5 

2.2 

I.2 

23.o 

L.7 

L5.3 

3.2 

1.ó 

ts O

TABrE 3. 

CEREAL CO]'TPONENTS 

AM]NO ACTIS 

Es sential 

ARG. 

HIS. 

rLE. 

LEU. 

lYs. 

[{ET. 

PHE. 

THR. 

VA],. 

Semi- Es s ¡nt ---ES:-- iaI 

TYR. 

NTTROCEN 

DRY IIATTER 

The amino acld levels (,arl of 

distribution of aníno acids 

WHOLE 

IIIHEAT 

o.63 

o.3z 

o,62 

0.90 

0.38 

0.20 

o.7r 

O.lþ3 

0.59 

o.33 

o.36 

r .11 

0.44 

o.6t+ 

o.95 

0.64 

0.21 

o.72 

o.55 

o.73 

o.2g 

o.37 

2.r9 2.57 

100.0 100.0 

0.19 

0.07 

0.l-1 

0. 16 

0.11 

0. 0lr 

0.12 

0.09 

0-12 

wheat and wheat by-products and the 

in wheat by-producùs . 

r.23 

o.l+5 

o.?5 

1.06 

o.77 

o.24 

o,78 

o,63 

0.83 

0.05 0.38 

0.06 o.Lt+ 

o.43 2.82 

l.6,9 r_00.0 

0. r0 

0 .0t+ 

0.06 

0.08 

0.06 

0.02 

0.06 

0.05 

o.o7 

0.03 

0.03 

0. 5r 

o.27 

o.59 

0.84 

0.28 

0.18 

0.68 

o.3? 

0. 51 

0.30 

o.3z 

o.36 

0.19 

o.42 

0.60 

0.20 

0.13 

0.49 

0.27 

0.38 

0.2L 

o.?3 

I.4l+ 

7r.5 

Colunm A, B and C indicate the contribution of amino acids (grams) from bran, shorts 

and flour respectively to whole wheat (100 grams ). 

Colurnn Ð shows the percentage of amino acíds in whole wheat that are contained in 

bran and shorts. 

o.22 

2.o2 

r00.0 

2 

Ð 

t+6. o 

3l+,lr 

27 .l+ 

26.7 

4t+.7 

30.0 

25.4 

32.6 

32.2 

24,2 

25,O 

29.7 

24.8 

F 

ts

of the total LYS and ARG r^res presen! in these fractions 

(Teble l; Colwnn D). the relativel-v- hígh Levels of j,YS and 

ARG in bran and shorts reflected the high concentrati-on of 

aleurone protein in bran ånd shorts, since nos.a, if not al1 

aleurone protein is found in these frsctions (Hinton et al.. 

l-Çll; Shetler et å1. , L9l+7). 

Protein in aleurone celIs (albumin and giobulin) may 

be of linrited di-gestibilit¡r sínce the thick cellulosic cell wall 

of these cells is thought to interfere with digestion of the 

protein that is contafned in these cel1s. A certain anount of 

this protein may also be tíghtly bound Lo the cellulosic nratrix 

of the aleì,rrone ce1ls (Saunders and Kohler, I9?Z). Saunders 

et aI. (f969) fed bran from hard red spring wheat to chicks. 

the contents of the lov¡er intesti_ne contained intact ce1ls 

from the aleurone layer. ÐÍgestion of bran consists essentially 

of the breakdown and absorption of the contents fron the 

aleurone cells which occurs only when the cetl wa11s are 

ruptured. The nunber of intact aleurone cells remaining in 

the lower intestine and in the faeces seemed. to be affected by the 

variety of wheat from which bran was d.erived and by the physical 

form in whi.ch bran was fed. Pel1eted feed resulted in a larger 

number of ruptured. aleurone ce1ls than mash based on mj-croscopi.c 

examinatÍon of intestinal contents and faeces. 

The true amino acid availabilities from corn, wheat 

and barley fed io gror¡ing pigs are shown in Table 4. fn general , 

L2

TABLE 4. 

A,rrNo AcrDs (ø) 

Es se nti al -]m:- 

HÏS. 

ÏLE. 

]-,8U. 

I t¡c 

MET. 

DIJ!:T 

THR. 

VAL. 

Non--{s s e ntial 

ALA. 

ASP. 

GLU. 

CLY. 

PRO. 

SER. 

TYR. 

NTTN,OG}IN 

I 2 

True amino acid availabÍl1ties 

for growing pigs. 

93.7 

94.7 

92.O 

94.? 

90.5 

92.9 

92.1+ 

94.5 

92.5 

9r.7 

9L.5 

95.3 

BB.2 

95.5 

93.L 

93.O 

llaster (L972) 

Eeeum (1973 ) 

Sauer gr 9., (1924) 

CORN 

95.2 

93.5 

88.5 

92.8 

89.3 

93.6 

92,2 

89.8 

89.8 

93.O 

91 .1 

92.2 

89.6 

96.8 

93.O 

90.2 

95.O 

95.9 

90.3 

93.2 

84. r 

88.6 

92,o 

88.4 

90.8 

86.5 

87 .1 

97.1+ 

89.7 

-t- _ 

90.5 

or Ã 

91.8 

from corn, wheaù and barley 

9t+.7 

9t+.7 

89.2 

9r.2 

80.8 

89.8 

92.1+ 

87 .3 

89.0 

8¿. r 

8t+.6 

97 ,o 

BB .3 

96.3 

92.8 

90 .3 

90.9 

88.9 

87 .6 

79.2 

84.l 

72.3 

80.7 

77.8 

82.5 

75.5 

77 .8 

90.4 

79.1 

88.1 

B3 .8 

8?.4 

BARLEY 

9L::4 

93.2 

8t+.7 

88 .7 

77.t 

87 .3 

90.1 

85.5 

87 .6 

80.6 

85.4 

93,3 

84. 3 

93,2 

89.9 

87 .6 

85 .8 

H

the avail-abilities decrease from corn to wheat and to barley 

and is inversely related. to the increase in the proportions of 

albunin and globulin from corn to flheat to barley. Protein 

from al-bumin and globulin rnakes up approxirn ately 5-6; 9-L5 

and 13 -24,4" of the total protein of corn, wheat and barle¡r 

respectively (Neurath and Eailey, I95t+). Postel (1957) sue- 

gested that since barley has a nulticellular aleurone layer, it 

should be higher in aleurone protein as a percentage of total 

protein compared wit,h wheat, which has a síng1e al_eurone layer. 

SeveraL workers suggested the relatively high concentration of 

LïS in aleurone protein to be responsible for its tov; availability 

from cereal grains (Eggu¡r, lpll; Iiunck, L96h; Sauer et ù.., I97b). 

The above hypothesis explains also the 1ow availabilities of 

ASP and Al,A and the high availabilities of GLU and PRO. i{owever, 

the high availabilities of ARG and TtfS and the relatively low 

availability of THR can not be explained in the sanre menner 

(Tables2 and 4). 

Other factors may affect protein digestibility and. 

therefore amino acid availability from cereal grains. Trypsin 

plays an important role j-n the digestion of protein. The extent 

of digestion by trypsin can be influenced by the amino acid 

sequence near the catalytic site. lrypsin exhibits a strict 

specificity for arginyì and 1ysyl peptide bond.s. The nu¡:ber of 

peptide bond.s split by trypsin wj-ll be dependent on the total 

anount of .A,RG and l,YS present in the protein (lÌilhalyi, L}TZ). 

r4

Lysylprolyl and arginyl pro1y1 línkages are completely resistant 

to tr.vpsin (EeIl, L954). Thus, a high PRO content coupled. with 

a low ARG and l,TS content might result j.n a less efficient 

digestion of a particular protein. This hypothesis would favor 

a relatj.vely high level of digestion of aleurone protein (if it, 

would be released from the aleurone ce1ls ) and a relatively 1ow 

leve1 of digestion of glutelin and prolanin. The rat io of PRO 

to ARG and LTS is parti-cularly high in prolamin (Table 2). 

The nunber of peptide bonds split by chymotrypsin 

would be dependent on the -r,otal amount of LEU and the aromatic 

anino acids , namely PHE and TfR. 

Protein digestion would also depend on the distribution 

of amino acid residues which are compatible with enzyme specificity.. 

Plant proteins are highly organized folded conxpact structures. 

The relative distribution of the ttkeytr amino acid.s (ARG, LyS, 

L,EU, PHE and TIR) from the inner to outer part of a protein 

molecule may influence its effi"ciency of digestion by trypsin 

and ghymotrypsin. 

Heating pure proteins gives rise to the fornation of 

cross-tinkages between the E-amino group of LTS and the carboxyl 

groups of the dicarboxylic amino acids or their amides 

(B¡arnason and Carpenter, 1970). These conpounds are not 

absorbed (va[e-ni6stra and. Ëarnes, lr97O). The possibilit,y of 

such linkages occuring naturally in eereal protein should not 

be overlooked. Such a cross-link has been isolated from hair 

(ilarding and Rogers, L97I). 

L5

Of the cereal grains, barley and especially 

sorghun contain significanb amounts of tannins (thang 

and Fuller, 19ó4; Eserun, 1968). the true nitrogen 

digestibilities of 2Ç sources of barley, ranging in tannin 

content from 0.55 to 1.23f" ïere nieasured on rats (Eggu¡n 

and Christeasen, 1975). The tannin content was r,reasured 

accordíng to AOAC (1965) procedures. The nitrogen content 

of the 29 barley samples varied frorn 1.55 Lo 3.221ø. Therefore, 

the relationship betwêen nitrogen digestibility and 

content of nitrogen (which also affects nitrogen dige stibili-uy ) 

aná tannin was determined by use of a mulliple regression 

equation, which was as follows: lÐ1 = 82.60 + 3.Sg 

x N (Ø) - 6.27 x tannin (íá) (Eeeun and Christensen, 

1975). For exaraple, barley containing 2.f nitrogen and, O.55,ii 

tannin and barlel/ containing 2/. nlLrogen and, 1.23% tannin 

will result in true nitrogen digestibilities of 86.9 and 

ð¿. ^^ ^.4 /)o respecllvely. 

. tr''Ihe at and rye, and to a lesser extent rice, oats 

and corn were found. to contain a trypsin inhibitor (iaporte 

- 

and Tremolieres, 1!62). The anti-trypsin factor seems to 

1TÐ, 

of nitrogen in 

bàr1ey. 

true nitrogen 

barley; tannin ciigestibility; N (ií): percentage 

lit): percentage of tannin in 

I6

e concentrated in the germ part of the cereal grains 

(l'loran et al ., f968). 

ïn conclusion, differences in anino acid 

composition between cereal grains can be partly attributed 

to the different amor¡nts of the l¡ rnajor protein fractions. 

The amount of aleurone protein contained within each 

cereaL grain is dependent on the clinatic conditions 

under which it is grown, the variety and other factors 

such as the level and type of fertilizer applicati.on. The 

amount of aleurone protein could be an inportant factor 

in determining anrino acid availabilities. The type of 

physicaÌ processing before feeding in turn would affect 

the availability of aleurone protein for digestion. 

Other limiting factors in the utilization of cereal protein 

may be the presence of undigestible peptides in the end.o- 

sperrn fraction (in relation to PRO levels), the levels and. 

distribution of nkeyr amj-no acids necessary for enzyrr:atic 

cleavage, the possibilíty of naturally occurrin6; cross- 

'l inkages and the presence of tannins and anti-trypsi_n 

factors. 

I7

PART 2. 

Protein metabolism in the large 

intestine of monogastric animals. 

Vilhen protein is ingested by the nonogastric animal 

it is subjected to digestion in, basically, two steps. ïn 

the first step, protein is subjected to h¡rdrolysís by the 

proteolytic enzymes that are secreted by the stomach and 

smal1 intestine. The second step consists of fernentation 

of undigested protein by the mícro-organisms of the large 

intestine. 

A very 1ow level of bacterial activity is found 

ie the stomach, duodenum and jejumum. Beginning wíth the 

distal part. of the ileum important activity can be detected. 

Bacterj.al activíty reaches its maximum in the caecu¡n and 

decreases fron there to the end of the large intestine 

(l,arson and Hill , 1960; inlichel 1961 , 1966). 

Protein, both of exogeneous and endogeneous nature, 

lhat is not digested. by the end of the srnall intestine v¡ill 

either -be excreted Ín the faeces or subjected to fernentation. 

Protein digestion by the rnicro-organi sms is brought about by 

extracellular enzynes through peptides of decreasing lengt,h 

to free amino acids to ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. 

Not necessarily all the free an¡ino acids prociuced will be 

18

degraded to ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. A certain 

proportion may be absorbed by the host animal (if amlno acid 

transport systems are present in the epithelial cells of the 

large intestine). t'iichel (1961 , 196ó, 1968) incubated a 

test amlno acid medium that had been inocuLated h¡ith caecal 

bacteria. All anino acids were broken down by deanination, 

decarboxylation or desulfhydration. However, of the amíno 

acids ARG, HIS, ASP, GLU, SER and THR were degraded the fastest. 

fn addition, eatabolic activity varied considerably from pig 

to pig and seasonal variati-ons were detected. 

The final nitrogeneous end product of protein 

digestion by the micro-organisns is ammonj-a. Amn¡onia ma;r s1.a 

be deríved from peptides, free anino acids and urea that enter 

the large intestine as such. The order of preferentíar fer¡nentation 

of nitrogeneous compounds by the {lora to yield amraoni a may 

probably be classífied as follows: 1) free amino acids and 

urea, 2) peptides, 3) soluble protein and 4) insoluble protein. 

Ànmonia produced from the nitrogeneous compounds in 

the large intestine may be taken up by the nicro-organisms and. 

be used for de novo microbial protein synthesis. In short, 

a certain anount of protein restructuring and correspond.ing 

changes in the proportions of amino acids will take place in the 

large intestine. 0n the other hand, a certain anount o.f the 

anmonia that is produced in the large íntestine nay be directly 

absorbed by the host animal. Part of the bacterial protein 

L9

will be excreted as such in the faeces. part will undergo 

proteol¡'sis during autodegradation of ihe micro_organi srns . 

Ðegradation, as opposed to synthesis, will take over as lhe 

micro-organisms move down the large intestine. This is 

probably partly due to a decrease ín nutrients available 

for the nicro-organisrns. The major end product of proteolysis 

of bacterj-al protein is am¡nonia. ËLood draining the co1on, 

especially that of the disral part, contains very high revels 

of ar¡nonia (trichel , 1966). 

The level of bacterial fermentation in the large 

intestine has been shown to be affected by the nature of the 

carbohydrate portj.on of the diet. i;iason and palmer (192¡ ) fe¿ 

a diet 'r,o rats that contained egg albumin as the protein 

source (r4/" ) an¿ rice starch as the carbohyd:"ate source (soll). 

Replacement of rice starch by cornstarch did not increase the 

faecar nitrogen excreti-on but a significant i-ncrease was found 

when rice starch was replaced by raw potato starch. The 

authors suggested that raw potâto starc¡r was digested -,, o a 

lesser extent in the small int,estine than corn or rice starch. 

Therefore, more carbohydrate l:as available from potato starch 

than fron rice or cornstarch to the flora of the large intestine 

for fernentation of undigested exogeneous or endogeneous protein 

residues. T'he increase in faecal nitrogen excretion due to 

dietary inclusion of raw potato starch was associ_ated viith a 

pararlel i-ncrease in diaminopi¡¡leli c acid (ÐApÀ) excretion. 

20

DAPA is an amino acid that is onÌy found in sorne specíes of bac- 

teria and the amount present in faeces would roughly indlcate 

the relative amount (not absolute amount ) of microbial synthesis 

occurring in the large intestine. ït should be kept in mind Lhat 

a certain amount of ÐAPA is also degraded in the large S.ntestine 

(Ifason and I'lilne, L97I). 

Freeze-dried cod ¡nuscle protein was found to have an 

apparent nitrogen digestibility of 90 and 89/" in intact and 

caecectomized chicks respectÍvely. Heat-damaged cod nuscle 

protein had a nitrogen.digestibility of 77 and. 68fi for intact 

and caecectomized chicks (Nesheim and Carpenter, 1966). In 

other words, caecectony onl)¡ affected the nitrogen digestibility 

of the heat-damaged cod muscle protein. Fernentaticn by the 

r¡licro-organisms in the large intestine of the chick for the 

utllization of poorly digestible protein was also suggested by 

Nitsan (1965) in the digestion of raw soybeans and by Payne 

et al. (I9ó8) in the digestion of deteriorated fish concentrates. 

Therefore, the nature and or leve1 of undigestible protein, in 

addition to carbohydrate digestibility, will also be a factor 

that determines the level of bacterial ferÍxentation that takes 

place in the large intestine. 

fiith germfree (Cf ) aminals it is possible to study 

protein metabolism in the animal itself and not the combined 

metabolism of the host aninral and its flora. Combe et a1 . 

2I

(f965) found twice as mucli sol-uble ni-r,rogen and 50 to tOO 

tÍmes as nuch .iree anrino acicis in rhe caecun of GF rals chan 

in *"he ceecum of conventional (CV) rats. The ratio of urea 

to anmonia was also nruch higher in GF than in CV rats. The 

latter is due *"o the absence of bacterial urease in the 

ceecu.lnÌ of GF rats. iii.ea accounted for at least 25ii oî 1.rne 

faecal nitrogen in GF rats, whereas onì-y traces were found 

in the faeces of CV rats (Evrard et aI ., L96\,). Similar 

observations were made on GF and CV chicks (Salter and 

Coates I97A, L97L) . 

lr.ost reports show that GF aninals excrete rûore 

faecal nitrogen than CV animals. Hoet g! a1 . (1964) and 

L,evenson and Tennant (f96) found twice as nuch faecal nitrogen 

excretion for GF rats. tombe et aI . (f965) founci d.ifferences of 

a smal-ler rrragnitucie, naneLy JCÍ,. i..iller (L967) and Salier and 

Coates (I97L) obtained simil-ar results for GF and L;V chicrs. 

However, Lucke5' (1963) found no differences in faecal nitrogen 

excretion between GF and CV rats. As was explained prerriousl¡r, 

the levei of bacterlal fermentation nay be affected b1, the 

digestibility co.efficients andr/or nature of the dietary 

carbohydrate and protein. These factors may partially explain 

the variabie resul!s obtained betv/een the faecal nJ.trogen 

excretion from GF and CV animals. Fæ exanple, a high15' 

digestible diet fed to GF and CV anÍ¡cals may only result in

minimal differences between the 1evels of faecal nitrogen 

excretion. And indeed, the diet used by Luckey (f963 ) r^¡iro 

found no differences between the faecal nitrogen excretion 

from GF and CV rats, was of a highly ciigestible nature. 

The higher levels of nitrogen in the caecum of 

GF rats contribute to the higher levels of faecal nitrogen 

excretion. Hor^rever, there still is a net disappearence of 

nitrogen between the end of the ileum and the rectun 

(Ioesche, 1968). The levels of digestive enzy!¡es are nruch 

higher in the contents of the caecum of GF rats than in the 

caecum of CV rats (Loesche, 1968). Nornal digestion may 

thus proceed longer in GF animals. In addition, the free 

amino acids produced wilL be available for absorption by the 

animal since they are not subjected to deanination by the 

micro-organisms to yield arnmonia and short-chain fatty acids 

which can be used for de novo microbial protein synthesis. 

The micro-organisms of the large intestine have been 

strongly inpl"icated in the recovery of endogeneous protein. 

The Ievels of digestive enzymes and mucotrE oteins in caecal_ 

contents and faeces were found to be much higher in GF than 

in CV animals (Ðorgström et aI . ,1959; Lindstedt et al . ,1965; 

Loesche 1968). Salter and Fulford (1974) concluded that the 

micro-organisms are only important with respect to the degra- 

dation and recycling of endogeneous protein and that they âre 

ta

of ninor importance in the degradation of dietary prclein. 

A protein-free diet and a diet containing poorljt digestible 

protein (heat-dar':raged egg albumin) were fed to GF and CV 

chicks. The endogeneous nitrogen excretion was higher for 

the GF than CV chiclcs. They found no difference between the 

GF and CV chicks that were fed the heat-darnaged egg albumin 

diet. Iiotnrever, as was pointed out by the authorsr themselves, 

they inair have heat damaged the protein too severelrv. Even 

nicro-organisns can not completely breal:dov/n tco severel¡r 

heated proteins (Srbersdobtçr and Riedel , Lg?O). In contrast 

soine bacterial ciegradation oí poorly digestible protein 

(fron heat-damaged fish protein) was shown by work by 

Carpenter and Nesheim (1966) and by Payne g! g!. (1966). 

The form in ¡r'hich ni-trogen i s absorbed in the large 

intestine will determine the possible benefit that the hosl 

aninal might derive from the micro -organi sms . ïf nitrogen 

were absorbed as arnmonia it would general-ly be of limited 

value to the animal-. fn certain instances, ammonia iaay improve 

the protein status of animals fed low protein diets because more 

non-essential amino acids can be produced and this in turn nay 

have a trsparing effectrr on the essential amino acids in the 

bod;r. 

. 

Salter and Coates (I97Ll fed freeze-dried and 

autocla¡,'ed IôC-1"b"11"d esg vrhite +"c GF and CV chicks. I,lo

difference was found. betr¡¡een the 14C : N ratios of the digesta 

fron GF and CV chicks in the upper gut. However, the ratios 

were consistently higher for CV animals j-n the lower gut. 

Their findings can be explained by bactería} proi:eolysis 

and deamination of ar¿ino acids with subsequent absorption 

of ammonia. They also reported that the level of an¡:onia 

in caecal contents was five tinres greater in the CV than in the GF 

chicks. In additíon they found a higher excreij.on of uric 

acid by the CV animals. Ì¡larren and lrÏewton (1959) detected a 

fourfold increase in ammonia concentration in the portal 

blood of CV as compared to GF guinea pigs. 

Salter et a1 . (L974) fed several poor quality proteins 

to GF and CV chicks and deternined the net protein utilization 

(XIPU) by nitrogen balance ¡nethods. NPU determinatj.on would 

be a good indicator of whether the host ani¡:al derives 

anl¡ nutritional benefit from the action of the r,ricroflora. 

Poor quality proteins were represented by sesame protein, 

which is deficient in LIS, and by heat-damaged egg albumin 

and cod nuscle. A relatively large proportion of the latter 

protei.ns v¡ould remain undigested in the snal1 intestine and 

would be available for microbial fernentation in the large 

intestine (unless too severely heated). They founci no 

differences in NPU between GF and tV ciricks for eiiiier the 

heat-damaged egg albunin or cod muscle. There was a sl_ight 

25

ut significant difference between GF and CV chicks fed 

sesame protein but t,his could not be confirmed in later 

studi-es. ilith t,he heat-damaged proteins, the excretion of 

uric acid tended to be higher in CV than GF chicks. The 

authors conclude that most of the nitrogen that disappears 

from the large intestine is in the form of amr¡onia and 

that the microflora merely chang e the route of nitrogen 

excretion. The latter could be of help to the protein 

status of aninals fed Iow protein diets. 

Wysocki and Baker (I972) studied bacterial protein 

digestion in the equine lower gut. 14C-1"b"II"d bacteria 

were infused into the caecurn of a caecal-fistulated pon3r 

that was anaesthetj-zed. Negligible anounts of 14C were 

detected in the deproteinized plesna amino acid fraction 

of portal blood. They suggest the conversion of bacterial 

protein to ammonia upon autodegradation of the nicro- 

organisms. However, in a similar type of experiment, 

Slade g! g!. (Lglir) showed that rnicrobial protein can be 

degraded to yield amino acids r,rhich are absorbed in the 

caecum of the horse. However, the rnagnitude of absorption 

and therefore the nutritional significance was not established. 

Hoover and Heítman (I975) found considerable fermentation of 

l4C-a1anin" in both the caecum and upper col-on contents of 

rabbi.ts, but there was little abso:'ption of f40-alanine 

26

into the bL ood . 

.{minc acid availability estirnates determined by 

growth nethods are generall,w lower than those determined by 

the faecai" analysls met,hod (Oal-houn et al ., 1960; Gupta et aI ., 

l-958; de ì,uel-enaere ei aI ., L96?; iriesheim and Carpenter L967). 

Bacterial degradation of amino acids to ammonia in the large 

-intestine may be the reason for overestir¿ation oí the actual 

amino acid avaiiabilities as deiermined by the faecal 

analysis method. 

îo summarize what was discussed, bacterial 

degradation of und.J.gested protein in the large intestine 

results in the for¡ration of ammonia as the nrajor nitrogeneous 

end product. Ammonia nay then be absorbed by the animal or 

may be taken up by the rni cro-organi sms for de novo microbiaL 

protein synthesis. Part of the microbial pro-r,ein will be 

excreted as such in the faeces while part of the micro-organisms 

will undergo autodegradation. Autodegradation of microbial 

protein results in the production of an:nonia as the r:ajor 

enciproduct, which j-s absorbeci by the host animaL. Thus, a 

certaj-n anount of protein restructuring will take place in 

the large intestine fronr undigested exogeneous and endogeneous 

protein with r.esultant changes in the prooortions of anino 

acids. Consequently, amino acid availabilities deternined with 

the faecal analirsis nethod could be i.naccurate. As was pointed 

out, the degree of inaccuracl/ nay be depenrìent on ciietary 

factors such as cerbohydrate and protein digestibility.

PART 3. 

Ðeterrnination of amino acid availabilities 

by ileal sanpling from cannulated animals, 

by ileal sampling from sacrificed animals, 

. by removal of the caeeum and 

by aid of germ-free and antibiotic treated animals. 

Several approaches can be made to determine anino 

acid availabilities that may or may not be partially confound.ed 

by protein metabolism in the lower gut. Each approach has 

its partÍcular advantages and disadvantages. 

Ileal sampling by eg4nulation: liiore vaÌ.id amino 

acid availability estimates wil1 be obtained. when the digesta 

are collected at the end of the ileun as conpared to faecal 

collections. 

Continuous collection of ileat digesta at the end 

of the ileum can be achieved by the use of í1eal re-entrant 

cannulae (Holnes et al ., I97l+'Ì or by ii-eal-caecal re-entrant 

cannulae (Easter , I97 Zl . Ileal--caecal cannulae were found to 

cause fewer problems in ¡saintaining an unrestricted flow 

(Easter, 1972). Use of the ileal re-entrant system will give 

a closer approximation to the digestive processes in situ as 

compared. to the use of the ileal-caecal re-entrant system. 

The latter system bypasses the ileal-caecal valve and all 

digesta passes through the caecum flrst before entering the 

colon. About one-third to two-thirds of the ireal flow enters

into the colon directly under normal conditions, while the 

remainder enters into the caecuro (Farrell and Johnson , L972; 

Ho1mes et al. , 1974). 

Surgical modifÍcations of the digestive tract, 

such as the incorporation of re-entrant cannulae will in all 

likelyhood slow down the rate of passage of digesta. Pu1se et 

at. (19731 studied the effects of caecal fistulation upon 

nutrient digestion and rate of passage in horses. . They found 

significant increases in crude fiber and. ether extract 

digestion following fistul-ation. Dry maller, gross energy 

and crude protein digestibilities did not change. Retention 

tines of chronic oxide and pol:/ethelene increased significantly. 

Easter (1972) deter¡nined the apparent ileal and 

faecal anrino acid availabilities of corn and sorghum grain in 

pigs, using ileal-caecal re-entrant cannulae. .t-aecal 

availability values were significantly higher than ilea1 

estinates. The difference varied for each amino acid, 

ranging fronr 10 percentage units for TTR to JO percentage units 

for GLY for both cereals. Lysine is often the most limiting 

amino acíd for pigs fed corn or sorghum grain. the ileal and 

faecal l,IS avaitabilities from corn were 65 and 85,4" respectively. 

fn the sarne order, they were 59 and 78% for sorghum grain. 

Therefore, the faecal analysis method may overestimate the 

actual LYS availabilities fron corn and. sorghum grain to a 

relatively large extent. 

)o

äoLmes et aI . (L974) determined the ileaL and 

faecal anino acici availabili-'bi.e s from soybean neal (SEì.i) 

and :'apeseed neal (RSI"I) using pigs fitted with ileal 

re-enrrant cannulae. The disappearance of nitrogen in 

the large intestine was 9 and L6fà for SEìi and R.Sì,i respectively. 

l,'i ith the exception of ÀRG and l,,i:.1T, the faecal 

availabilities of the essenti.al amino acids were higher than 

their corresponding i1ea1 availabilities. The dj.fference 

varied .frorn 5.7 for IÍAL to 1.2i4 for LYS from SBij and from 

U.ó for VÁ,l to !.2,,:i îor äIS frorn F,Si,i. iu.ethionine is eften 

a lindting amino acid for pigs fed SLi,i or RSI'. and the ileal 

and faecal availabilities were 96.7 and Z9.ll respect;ve1l, for 

SE],{ and 92.5 and 81 .0;l respectively for RSl.i. fn other vÍords, 

there was more bacterial s;,'nthesis than degradation of i,ËT. 

and its availability vras underestinaled by the faecal 

analysi.s method. lTith the exception of CyS and TyR, the faecal 

avail-abilities of the non-essential amino acids were higher 

than thei¡' corresponding ileal availabilities. The dis- 

appearance of PF.O was the most extensive and was approxlmately- 

25 percentage uníts for both SEi; and RSi,i. 

Collection of ileal diEesta from sacrificed. animals. 

Cho et al . (1971), using pigs fi_tted with ileal 

re-entrant cannul_ae, detected marheci differences between the 

amino acid cornposition of i1eal digesta that was collecteci 

3o

during different time int,erval_s following ingestion of -r,he 

test diets (SEì". and i.S;i) b)' the ani¡na1s. Fract j-onat j-on 

of dietary components in the stonach and to a lesser extent 

in the smal1 intestine is probably responsibJ-e for -,.he 

variation in the composition of ileal digesta. The work 

by Cho et al-. (1971 ) suggests the necessity for a contj_n- 

uous colLection of the dígesta from the ileu¡n as can be 

performed by :'e-entrant cannulae. Consequeni:ly, amino 

acid availabilities, determined from sanples taken from 

the end of the small intestine from sacrificed ani-nal s 

rnay be inaccurate since these are dependeni on the tine 

at which the animal is killed following ingestion of a 

-r"est ¡rea1 . fn addition, it is ofte¡r very Cifficult to 

obtain sufficient sarnple for anal],sis when only the digesta 

near -r,he very end of the sma11 in.Lestine from sacrifíced 

animals is collected. Cne often has to take all the digesta 

from a relati vely large section of the ileum. 

R.enoval of the cae cu¡:. 

This surgical procedure results only in a partial 

decrease of total bacteriar- acti'ity in the large intestine. 

Eacterial activit¡r in the colon renains. 

Lloyd et a1 . (f.958) studied protei-n d.igesrion in 

whole and caecectonized pigs, ranging in ege frorn B to 2B 

lveeks. The renoval cf the caecum resulted. only in a slight 

decrease in protein digestibility. Caecectomy in chiclcs 

3r

decreased the protein Cigestibilitr¡ of heat-danaged 

cod rauscle from 77 to 68:¿ (t,íesheir¿ and Carpent er , 196Z ) . 

Specific amino acid availabilities have not been studied wilh 

caecectonrized animals. 

Gerrnfree ani¡nals: Diets fed to GF aninals must be 

sterilized by either heat, radiatíon or chenical agents. Even 

well-defined diets nay undergo changes of uncertain character. 

The use of GF anj.¡ral s is linited lo sraall laboratory specj-es 

onl=y. 

Gorcion and Víostnann (1960) reported lower weights 

of the smal-l intestine of GF than in CV rats. The rate of 

renewal of the nucosâ of the sriall intestine tras :'educed in 

the GI rats (Äbrams et ai., L963). The surface area of the 

sna1l intestine rvas reduced in the CF rat and r,¡a s 3 Ofã less 

than in CV rats (Gordon and Eruckner-jiardo ss , 19ól). The 

changes described nay have an effect on protein digestion 

and amino acid absorption in the snall intestine. Tlius, 

digestion data obtained fron GF animal_s shoulci be ca:.efuilv 

interpreted. 

ireatment, with antibiotics. 

The characterj-stics of the snall intestine of 

aninals receiving relativel5r large anounts of antibiotics 

approxima',"e these of GF animals, particularly with regard. 

to the reduction in t,hickness of the snall intestine 

(Fauconneau and irlichel , l-gTO) . 

32

ì.',ril;en (I952) Cet:rr:ineC the faecal a::i::o acj.d 

availabilities fz.cn ccttonseeC ::eet uith or :.¡:-thout suLi- 

^!'-.: ^.-^1 ^ | ^L - .f ---^l -..' ..' ;- -.^^ *^-..On). Ft:Cal_ a::inO 

ecli avail a'ci1i'r.ies r,lei-e not cheng3d b;: su:pl enenta t,ion of 

the antibiotíc. Faecal_ anino scid availabil ities obtaineC 

wi+.h rats fed ba:.1e;' supple::renteC. v.¡!th chl orr- etrå c;- cl ine 

(20 pp:) or s;.1f:thiazcLe ( 2',", i:r the diet) r"¡ere sli¡htli- 

higher than those obtainei .fron rats thet were fei ba:'le;' 

r¡i'uhout *.ire an:ibiotics (iggun, L973), lhe Ciíierences fo:. 

the indi';idual aEÍno acids ranged fron 1 to 5 percentage 

ft is reasonable to assunie that a red.uction occuxs 

in total bacte:'ial actir¡itl¡ upon dietar;' antibio.uic supple_ 

:Íêntaiíon. The extent to l¡hich this occurreC (ì-.e. 'c5. 

'caeteri.al count,s on feecel naterial ) nas no-,, neasure.d by 

l'iuiken (L?52) arcì ìgg..n (L9?3). 

33

\f rì/.l.' I 

¡.__L- _:ii---:ù .L-i..J _. _: i-- JJJ 

lìigh and 1ow p¡ç¡3i¡ s¡rê.ins of '¡he at (13.3 an¿ 

LL.2:,), anri barl-e:' (11-.1+ end g. 5i.\ v:ere se1:cted fcr test 

Furposes. lt lvas nct possible tc cbtain high and low 

l:ctein st:'ains cf the sene :,.¿ii:t-'. Th: high prot:in 

wl::at lvas of the Glenlea ¡¡arietl,. whiie the iow prctein 

vil:ee t ì,^re s cí an unkncnn varlet j¡. The hi¡h end low prote in 

i:a:'1e1. were oÍ +.he Fergus anC Terta ve -l. j-e t j.- respectir,,"Jl-1¡, 

-¡.11 rrai:rs v;e re purchaseC Cii'ectlv frc¡:l far:-:rs. 

The kernels v¡er-e e'ora sei b;: aid cf e s¡nall 

la'ccratcr.' pearling r:iachine tc ..'ieid the rendosceÌ.n[ end. 

rlcï'entt fracticns. The ab:-aseci k-ernels v..¡e re naneC the 

endcsperm frection, The h ig.hl¡,' jlbrcus feed ieft after 

pearling rvas nameC the bran fracticn, ft 'r¡as attenËteC bjr 

p?erling to ebrese the kernel-s in such â nanner that ail 

¿leurcne protein tvcuid be ccnteineC in the 'cr.an íracticn. 

in acidi'r,ion, it was etter::Þtei to :rininize c:rr1..-cver ci 

endcspern prct,ein intc the bran fr.acticn. The ker.nels, 

5C 4 at a ti¡ne, 1¡rere peerled at intervals oí ¿. consecutiye 

seccnis. This wês repeeted , tir.es fcr. each tir.e of 

ebrasion. ìue to the harclness cf its !ç3r-noì s il¡a I,-r., 

3l+

protein wheat was abrased at intervals of g Ínstead of l¡ 

consecutive seconds. The abrased parts hrere poored together, 

weighed and analyzed for nitrogen. The concentration of 

nitrogen in the fractions obtained during each time intervat 

of abrasÍon are shown in Tabte 5. 

As was pointed out in the review of literature, 

the outer layers of the cereal grains contain the aleurone 

ceI1 1a1'ç¡. 0f these layers, the aleurone cell 1ayer has 

the highest protein content. There was a mariced. depression 

in the nitrogen content at the t+O-Lg, 24_28 and 20_24 second 

interval for low pro-,.ein wheat, high and 1or^r protein barley 

respectively (Table 5). fn the sarne order, the kernels of 

these grains were routinely abrased for dg, Zg and. 24 

seconds untíl sufficient a¡rounts were obtained of the bran 

and endosperrn fractions for test purposes. For the high 

protein wheat there was a depression in the nitrogen con_ 

tent of the fraction obtained in the L6-20 second interval . 

Hov¿ever, the nitrogen content of the fracti-ons that follor¡¡ed. 

increased until it was marlcedly depressed again at the 

fraction collected in the )2-36 second interval . Eased on 

the se dala , it r,i¡as de cided to abrase the high protein 

wheat for 20 seconds. 

As will be di.scussed later, the high protein wheat 

should perhaps have been abrased ror 36 seconos in orcÌer ¿o

TABLE 5. Percent nitrogen of v¡heat and barley fractions 

obtained at different ti¡ce intervalå of abrasion. 

CEREAL GRAIN WHEAT 

LEVET, 0F PRoTETN (ø) 18.3 u.21 11.¿ 8.1 

ÎTME IIYTERVAL OF 

-@-(Eãõnds) 

0-4 

4-8 

8-L2 

L2-t6 

L6-20 

20-2t+ 

2b-28 

28-32 

32-36 

36-h,o 

40-44 

44-48 

l+8-52 

Ê,t-14 

o.96 

3.L9 

l+.LIt 

lr. l+7 

3.10 

I+. l+5 

L.36 

3.6t+ 

3.Ll+ 

3.06 

2.86 

1.14 

t,o7 L.g5 

2.59 

2,L7 3.25 

3 'LI+ 

2.69 2.9L 

a 1Ê 

..)) 

2.56 2.r5 

2.24 

1.84 

1ÃO 

L.29 

2,50 

t.40 

2.18 

1.59 

1.20 

1 V.Lr.r"" in this column were 

I consecutive seconds (e.g. deterrnined at intervals of 

L.OV"N in 0-8 second iraãtion). 

36

obtain a aore conrplete seperation of the aleurone proiein 

fror¡r the endosperm proiein. 

The whole kernels and the fraciions obtained .,¡¡ere 

ground through a 2.00 m¡ screen, fortified with vitanins 

and minerals (Table 6)r nixed and nade into cru¡nbles. The 

crumbles were prepared as foLlows: the mixed diets were 

spread out into a thin layer of approximately O.25 cn. 

thickness, sprinkled wi.th water, kneaded loosely ínto small 

Itpefletsn of approximatety 0.5 cnr. diameter and dried. at 

50 oC in a forced drafi oven. The Ciets took on the 

appearance of crumbles. 

The test diets (Table 6) were fed for 4 days 

io 60 nale growi ng l{is-r,ar rats. Their ini-tia1 average 

weight was 98 g the day prior to the start of the test period. 

Each diet was individuatly fed to 5 rats each. The experinrent 

was repeated when the rats weighed IJO grams. 

Two protein-free diets containing lO and 20i3 alphafloc 

were fed to the same rats for a period of 2 days for -,,he 

determination of the netabolic faecal amino acid. excretion 

(Table 6). Faecal eollections from 2 rats, fed the sane 

prot,ein-free diet, vrere pooled on the basis of sinilar (or 

nearl¡r similar) dry rûatter intal

TÂBIE 6. Fo¡nuletion of test dielrs for study 1. 

CDREÂL 

COMPO¡¡ENT 

lngredtents (ø): 

ÏII'EAT 

l¡rhole 9).5 

Bran 

Endosperm 

BARI,ET 

!,lhote 

Bran 

Endosperî 

Sucroge 

Àlphafloc 

Soybean oLl 3.O 

CalcLìrl¡ carbonate L,3 

Dlcalclûnphosphate O,? 

Vita¡nin Þrenlx¿ 1.O 

Mineral iremix3 0.5 

HICH PROTEINïIHEÀT 

(rd.3ø)r 

WHOI,E BRI\N ENDO. 

W1IEAT SPERM 

LOIÍ PROTEIN 

v,rnEÂT (1r.2ø )r 

WIIOI,E BRAN ENDO. WflOT,E BRAN 

!.¡HEiIT SPERM BARLEÍ 

Velues ln parentheses lndicate the level of proteln es a peicent of dry natt€r, 

SuÞpued (kB díet): vltamin A ?150 Iûr vitânln D 818 IU: vtråntn E s-5 rtr! 

illiliö,ituil¡!,if;å.fíÌ31ïåå'å,i.;,î",i"iåån*"iiï ffiá"]l;8,ifå lil,låî," 

penlcrl.l.ld-st¡epto¡lycln 2ö. l} ng. 

Suppued (kg diet)f l4anganese 8I.l¡ ng; zlnc It flg; l¡on 35.2 ngi coppet 6.6ngi 

iodlzed salt lr.7 C, 

93.5 

9r,5 

9J .5 

3.0 3.O t.o 1.O 3.0 3.o 

4.0 2.9 L.3 4,0 2,o r.3 

, 1,0 o.? 1.0 O.? 

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,0 ¡. O 

o.5 0., o., 0., o.5 0:i 

IIIOH PROTETN 

BÁRI,EY (IT.4ø) 

9L.5 

3.O 

4.0 

1.O 

0.5 

LOIV PROTETN 

BARtEy (8.1ø ) 

ENDO- WHOI,D BRAN ENDO. 

SÞEn¡r Ë]in¡¡r õilõñ¡, 

93 .5 

9L,5 

,,0 3,o 3.O 3.0 

2.O ¡..3 

2.0 

1.0 o,7 '+.O t. O 

l.o 1,0 1.0 1-O 

o.5 0,5 0,5 0.5 

PNOTDTN- TN¡E 

Lt/" 2@ 

ALPHA- ALPHA- 

FI,OC I,'LOC 

81.O 

10. o 

5.O 

2,O 

r,o 

o.5 

oq 

7L.O 

20.0 

5.O 

0., 

2.O 

l.o 

o.5

Â basic diet (Giovannettj_ et âI ., lgTO) was fed 

when the rats Ïrere not on test. One percent ferric oxide 

was incorporated into this diet in order to permit easier 

identification and collection of faeces resulting from 

the test and protein-free diets. The besic and. proteinfree 

diets were fed as pelle'us of 1. ó cm. d j.aneter. 

The rats were housed individuall_y in suspend,ed 

wire-bottom cages, in an environmentally controlled roor¡ 

at a temperature of 2loC. Feed and water were supplied 

ad libitum at all times. 

Originally, during the first collection when the 

rats hrere Íed the protein-free diets faeces were col_lected. 

in a tray. Filter paper was placed on the bottom of the 

tray. This was thought to result in only a smaLl anount 

of contamination of faecal pellets with urine. For 

inprovement of the collection rnethod, faeces were gathered. 

on a screen on top of the irays during the following 

collections. 

The total amount of feed consumed and faeces 

produced fron ihe test diets were recorded. Apparent anino 

acid availability estÍnates were deternined by neasuring the 

total amount of each amino acid ingested and lost in the 

faeces. ì''ietabolic faecal amino acid losses were considered 

for the estimation of true amino acid availabilities. 

39

Study 2. 

This study was subdj_vided into study 2a and 2b. 

Study 2a dealt with the determination of ileal and faecal_ 

amÍno acid availabilities fron selectecl cereal graíns by 

use of pigs fitted with ileocaecal re-enNrant cannulae. 

Study 2b was caruied out to determine if faecal availability 

esti¡nates obtained frcm cannulated pigs were representative 

of ¡hose of normal pigs. 

Studv 2a. 

The apparent ileaI and faecal amino acid availabilities 

frorn barle¡' (Herta ) , comrnercial corn and .'¡heat (G1en1ea ) were 

determined with 6 lianagra barrows. Ì,ietabolic ileal and 

faecal amino acid levels were estimated with 2 purified diets 

containing 2 leveIs of fiber (Table 7). 

fl-eocaecal re-entrant cannulae were fitted to bar- 

rows weighing J9 to 43 kg. The animals weighed 75 to 82 kg. at 

the end of the experiment. 

the technique for re-entrant ileocaecal cannulation 

developed by traster and Tanksley (1973) for pigs was used. 

T¡rpe and size of cannulae used: a di.agrain of the t¡rpe 

and size of the cannulae used is shown in Fig. I. The can_ 

nurae were made from polyvinyl chlorid e plastisol . The thickness 

of the cannulae is indicateci by the tiotteti. Ii nes in iiie 

side view of the diagran. The top view shows -r,he size of the 

40

TABLE 7. Fornulation of diets for study 2. 

DIETS 

LEVEL OF AIPHATLOC (ø) 

Ingredients (Ø): 

Barley 

Corn 

Vrlheat 

Soybean meal 

Cas ein 

Cornstarch 

Alphafloc 

Sucrose 

Soybgan oil 

Saltr 

Calciun carbonate 

DicaLcium phosphate 

Vltamin-antíbiórie 

'Premix2 

Chromic oxide 

GROWER 

82,50 

Lt+.50 

o.5o 

L.25 

o.75 

o.5o 

+ 

97.OO 

0.50 

L.25 

o.75 

0.50 

+ 

97,O0 

o.5o 

L.25 

o.75 

0.50 

IIIHEAT 

97.40 

MAINTENANCE 

7LL 

Supplied,(kg diet): sodium chloride 4.i3 g; zinc ZO mg; iron 30 ng; manganese 6 mg, 

copper L6J ngi iodine .33 ngi cobaLr .ZO me. 

supnlied (tg ¿iet ): viramin A 22oo ru; vitamin D 33o lu; vltamln Brc r1-o uø: 

DL-o4-r'ocopheryt- acetar"_Il *s; rhiamine hydrochroriãã r.r'*eJ-.lbåÃ"iÅ"âi,2"fti,. 

calcium-D-pantothenate 100 mei pyrtdoxine'¡v¿roã¡iõri¿ã-ir.õ'reJ-.iËäiiüiã'ã"iå' 

1O.O mg; ASP-250 rg. 

+ 

o.5o 

L.25 

o.75 

0.50 

+ 

4.00 

63.00 

7.OO 

2]-.50 

1.00 

o'50 

o.5o 

2.00 

0.50 

+ 

&.00 

63. oo 

ltl.00 

1lt.50 

t-.00 

o'50 

0.50 

2.00 

0.50 

+ 

ts

FIGUBE 1. Type and size of cannulae used. 

( flattened ) 

I1ea1 Cannula 

Side View 

Front Vi.ew 

SCALE I:I

flarqes lçhen the se are fl-atteneC cu-,. The flanges -*e re 

ÌieCe in such a nênner as tc conícr-n to the lu:en of the 

il-e un ¿nC the c¿ecur (frcnt viet;). !he iIeaI an.j caecal 

cannulae tl'ere connecteC b¡,' aid of e j cn. co1'¡v inj¡l- c hlcrid e 

Pre and post-cperative care: the barrcr¡rs we:-e 

hcused in indi.¡id.ual netabolisn câEes icr ! da¡'s befcrr 

surgerl¡ was pe r.fcri::ed. The pigs '¡i e re stel.ved the dai., 

before the operation ând wer.e siven therâÐeutic let-els of 

antibictics (Pen-Di-Strep) bi' intr-anuscular in-iection. 

l-dninistration o-f ântibiotics was continued e.,rerirdav after 

the operaticn until the anirnals seeneci to be reccvereC. 

pecovery was incicated b¡r hear ing cf the tissue arcund the 

cannr¡l-ae, nol'nal rectal tenperature ê.nC Ì'eturn tc nornal 

f:eC ccnsu¡npticn. 

The pies were given access to a 1icuiC diet for 

I ia¡.'s afr-er the cperation tc mininize biockage b¡, digesta. 

The licuid Ciet. ccnsisted cf 9 parts rvater and I pêr.t Ír.il_k 

replacer. Êloclcege cf diEesta ciu:'ing the fí:.st fer¡ Ca..s 

efter the cperation couli be vei'.'¡ cr.iticai. A.t this ste€e, 

there is no firn fibrcus aChesicn between the viscer.aiani 

Êarietel la"ors cf the p3riton€urìi, )ispla.cenent anC 

ìoss of cannulae is usuall¡r irreversible d.u:.ing this tine, 

unless the aninal is sub;'ected to fui-the r sureerl,. 

l+3

Fol-lowin.e the liouid diet, the barr.ows were given 

eccess to the grower ration (Table ?) untÍI placed on test. 

i.eadiness for test .1'¿ì s -:,ij::rci bl; nornal dietary i_ntake of 

the grower ¡'ation for 4 to 5 consecutive days by aII pigs. 

The barror¡s were switcired to their :'espective iest diets 

12 da.r's after the operation. 

Problens associated with cannulation o.f pigs: 

blockage o.f di.gesta was shor,.,'n by abnornal leakage around the 

ileal cannule, conconi tênt lrri th an acute drop in feed 

intake. The pigs were fecì J t|nes dailir ¿¡d usuailT con_ 

suned alL tire feed that v;as supplieci rr¡iihin one hour after 

feedlng. lione or partial consu;nption usually inCicated 

blocicage. The interconnecting tube was renoved and v;arm t¡ater 

t¿¡as flushed into the ileun until nor¡:ar flow v¡as reestablisheci. 

?hereafter, pigs went on feed. again within a couple of hours. 

The frequency of b]-ockage was verj¡ dependent on the type of 

diet fed. Elockage of digesta was a serious problem when -r,he 

pigs rvere fed the rr.-l_4 diet(yie. ¿). 

Ëlockage lvas also caused by the rcurling uprr o.f the 

f,langes of the ileal- cannula and .wâs corz,ected. by removing tÌre 

cannula and replacing it wit,h one thai had a less flexible 

( -r,htci

and the flow of digesta was often cut off. This condition 

r"iê. s corrected by removing the cannula and repl acing it t/ith 

one that had a larger and thicker flange. 

Formation of a ttpocketrr (hypertrophy of the distaL 

end of the ileum ) oc curyed in one i-nstance , namely to pig 

number 5. This condition resulted ín accumulation of 

relatively dry digesta in the ,npockettr. peristalsis 

'squeezed out the lio.uid part o.f the digesta and. intestinal f10lv 

c arile to a ha1t. ihis condition could not be corrected and 

pig number J was replaced by nu¡ber Z (Fig. 2). FÌovrever, 

the first test period for pig nu¡¿ber 7 (diet1'ï_Z) diA not 

start until the other 5 pigs hrere on the last test period 

for the cereal grains (days34-40). 

Build-up of pressure due to blockage and rubbing of 

the cannulae against the steel bars of the cages by the pigs 

someti¡nes resulted in disconnection of the ilea1 ard caecal- 

cannulae and large amount s of digesta were lost. About 

2C0 m1 . of O.9{" sodiumchloride was infused into the caecum 

before reconnecting the cannulae. 

At times, the caecal cannulae were lost in the 

lumen of the large intestÍne and could not be retrieved. 

A spare caecal cannula was Ínserted. The lost cannula 

appeared in the faeces 48 to 72 hours l_ater. 

The pigs had to be prevenred frorn laying on tireir 

right side (where the cannulae were inserted) during.the 

b5

2d-ìrou:' collection. i,!j.ld ph]'sica1 restraint vras appt isd 

and the pigs becane grâdual1:¡ trained to lie on their left 

side during coLle ction. 

Feed preparation: barle¡.', corn and v",heat ln¡ere 

ground through a lt/I6, 3/L6 and l_ inch screen respectively. 

The ground naterj-al was nixed with vit,anins and ninerals 

end made into pellets of 0. J cin. diar,reter in a steern 

pe]-Iet niu (câlifo'nia pelì-et milr). îhe naintenance di.ers 

wer"e made into pellets of 0.25 cn. in a snall laborator;r 

pelLet mill- (Superior-Tenplewood clrl, pellet ¡rill ). 

!'eeciing reginen: equal anounls of feed. uere 

offered J tines dail¡z at 6:CO A.Ì.., 2:AO p.Ì1. and lO:OO p.Ì,1. 

The average daily intake of the grower ration (average of 

all pigs) was recorded and cieten¿ined the daili, allowable 

intake of lhe test d.iets for the period following. The 

ailowable intake was calculated io the nearest JO or 

100 grans (Fig. 2). l,iater v¡as supplied ad libitun at all 

ti¡ne s . 

Ixperirnental design: the experirnent was condu.cied 

as a si-nple ci.oss-over desi.gn in which il.,¡o 'barrov;s were .fed 

iÌ:s I cereaL diets at I different periods

FICURE 2. Experinentål deslgn ancì allowebl-e dietary intake for study 2a. 

DAYl 

PIG NO. 2 

5 

1 

6 

À 

(71 

ÀLtoirrÂBlE 

DIETARY INTÂKEJ 

t-7 8-1r 12_18 

Y-72 GR2 'l¡2 cR Ð2 cR 

II-7 GR W GR õ öii 

YI-? GR C GR r,,I cR 

rr-7 cR c GR !r cä 

M-7 CR B ON C GII 

'I!1.7 GR B GR C Cii 

1800 

Day l indicates the lzth day after the operation. 

l{alntenance ¡l1.et.74 alÞhåfloc (M-7); Grower (0R); írheat (1,rt); Corn (C}; ltaintenance 

dlet , LL,fr alphafioc (¡{-i4). 

Grans per dalr, as is. 

1950 

l9-2? 23-29 

30-)3 ïr.-t+o 

c2 

c 

B 

B 

l',l 

f¡ 

45-6t 62-65 66-'72 

GR M-7 GR 

GR yL-i GR 

GR M-7 GR 

çR TÍ-7 GR 

GR M.7 GR 

GR ¡,1-7 on 

2100 

¡,r-142 

M-1ä 

M-i4 

M-1¡l 

ill-11+ 

rÍ-1[ 

2100 

+. 

\l

ciíet seouence. The grower ration was fed for 4 davs 

betrveen the cereal anð./ or r,raintenanc e diet tesi periods. 

Collection crocedures: faeces were collected. for 

24 hours lram 2:00 P.i'i. on da}' 5 ro Z:OO p.Ì.. on day 6 

during each tes't period. -A. 2d-hour contÍnuous ileal_ 

collection lvas carried ou-i, from 2:00 p,l,l. on day 6,uo 

2: OO P.ir.î. on day J. A plastic bag was tied to the ileal 

cannulae during colLection and its conlents were ernptied 

into a beakæ until a tot,al of dOO r,rJ_. was collec-r,ed.. 

Àfter slirr:.ng a lO;o ariouor was texen oy aio o.f a 

J0 cc s¡'¡isge with a catheter tip. The reriainder was 

nade up to 400 m1 . again with clistilled water, reheated 

to pig body tenpçrature and j.nfused within half an hour 

into the caecai cannula by aici of a 50 cc syz,inge. The 

aiiquots taken for analyses were put into a container placed 

in ice. These containers were changed every eight hours after 

the start of the ileal collection. Therefore, for each pig 

J pooled B-hour col_lections were obtained. 

Calculatlons: âpparent avaiLabi.lities of the 

nutrients were determined b¡r aid of calculations based on the 

l-evels of chromic oxide in feecÌ, ileal digesta and faeces 

(Crarnpton and äarris, 1969). Ileal nut¡,ient availabilities 

'¡ere aLso de"'erÌnined by totai collection. True availabilities 

were deterr¡rined by correciÍng the apparent nutrient avair-abi-ritie s 

48

for the levels of endogenous nutrients, which were obtained 

by feeding the maintenance diets. 

Studv 2b. 

Six non-cannul-ated Ì,îana g ra barrows were subjected. 

to essentially the sane experimental conditi.ons as the 

cannulated pigs in study 2a. They ranged in weight from 

36 fo 4I kg. at the start of the experiment. The same 

test diets were used as for study 2â (Table 7). 

fn thís st,udy, Þl-14 was also fed pr:ior to the 

cereal test diet sequence. Three pigs were fed Ì.I-Z and 

3 pigs were fed Ì,1- ld during each period that the r¿aintenance 

diets were fed. Pigs receiving i-i- / during thre first test 

diet period v¡ould receive Ì'i-14 the following test period 

and vice versa, prior to and after the cereal test diet 

sequence. 

Study 3. 

the fate of caecally infused isolated soy 

protein and LTS was studied with 6 growing Ì:ianagra barror^rs. 

Caeca1 fistulae were fitted to 5 barrows weighing 

approxirnately 20 to 23 kE. and to one baruow that weighed. 

14 kg. VJith the exception of the surgury including the 

fitting of ileal cannulae, the procedure for insertion 

of caecal fistulae was similar to that cited under Slud.y 

2a (Easter and Tanksley, I9T3). 

l+9

The caecal fÍst,ula v¡as icienticaL in size and 

shape to the caecaL cannula used in sirud:¡ 2e viith .ûhe ex_ 

ception that the barrel was 2 cn. J_onger (Fig. l). The 

fis-r,ula '¡as closed with a plug and firr:l¡. taped to the 

sl

TABLE 8. Fornul-ation of test diets in study 3. 

DIETS B+zISPI B+TSPI B+TSP+ITSI 

Ingredíents (l) 

Barley SL.7? 8b.72 ïb.Tz 

fsolated soy proteíE 6.2¿ - 3.39 3.39 

Supplemental Lysine¿ 0.00 0.00 0.20 

Cornstarch 3;00 6.39 6.39 

Soybean oil 2.O0 2.OO 2.OO 

Calciun carbonate L.25 L.Z5 L.2j 

Dicalciun phosphate O.75 O.75 O.Zj 

Chrooicoride + + + 

saltj o.5o o.5o 0.50 

Vitanin-mineral4 1:óo i.óo i:óo 

antibiotic prenix 

t t*rttt (Barley-plus 2 times 3.39 units of isolated soy 

protein); B+ISP (Barley plus 3.39 units of isolated. 

soy protein); B+ISP+LÏS (Barley plus 3.39 units of 

isolated soy protein plus supplemental lysine). 

2 tysine monohyd.rochlori.de. 

3 As ín Table ? 

4 Supplied-(ke_diet): viramin A 2200 Iü; !-iranin D 330 tU; 

ritan:in 81, 11.0 u.g; zinc lZ3 mgi neóadox 22 g. 

Âl

Êoth experinents w-ore set up as l,g)il iati.n Scuare 

deslgns. The test diets were fecì for I cia;,,s. Iqua1 anounts 

of f eed were off erecÌ I tines daily at ó : OO A.Ì.T. , 2: OO p.i"-1. 

and i0:00 F.i... ?he dail¡' aüounts of feed off ered were 

1800, 1950 and 2040 grans (on an as is basis) cìuring 

periods f, fI and lff respectivell". Äpnroximate daiì-i, i.n- 

takes per unit of metabclic body weight (r¡ì.,.,C'7 5 ) wer+ .t ?2o 

' r\ë. / rler " -/,r\.. 

1370 and 1390 gra¡ns for periocis I, lT and I.II respectively. 

Ì¡fater r'ra s offereC freel¡,. just prior to and. after each feed.in6;. 

The barrows were fed a pig grower ration for 4 days between 

test periods (fable 7). The grower ration was fed at the 

sane l-evel of intake as the test diets duri-ng the following 

test period. 

Starting on da1' l of each test period at 6:00 A.j,.. 

to day I at 2:00 P.l.;., ISP or LïS was infused I tirnes daily 

j.nto the caecum of the pigs. The daiì_y e_rount s of nitrogen 

from ISP and LYS that were infuseci into the caecuÍl of the 

pJ-gs are shown in îable 9 and Table 10 respectì.vely. The 

infusions were perfornied durin¿ the ti.r:e the pigs were 

eating. The test diets rvere usually consu¡,red within lO 

ininutes aiter they were offered. 

Startíng on day 5 of each test perioC a 3_daT 

nitrogen balance study wâs initiated. three consecutive 

Z4-hour coLlections of urine and faeces were car:.ied our 

beginning at 2:00 P.lr,. each colLection da¡¡. 

)¿

TABLE 9. The experimental- design and the daily intake of dry matter and orally 

and caecally supplied nitrogen in study Ja. 

PERTOD 

Pie IVo. I 

Dry matter intake (e) 

Nitrogen intake (g): 

0ra1ly 

Caecalllr 

Total 

!¡s-Ng--? 

Dr1' ¡¡"¡""r intake (e ) 

Ilitrogen intake (e)î 

0rally 

Caecally 

TotaI 

Pie tJo. _1 

Dry matter intake (g) 

Nitrogen intake (g): 

0ra1ly 

Caecally 

Total 

(s+zrsP )l 

L687.50 

tÃ.95 

o.o0 

t+L.95 

(B+rsP ) 

L6ór+.10 

3rÞ. 88 

0.00 

34.88 

(B+TSP+C-ISP ) 

l-66À.10 

3tÞ.88 

9.57 

I+4.1+5 

Abbreviations in parentheses indi cate 

represents the treatment in which fSP 

IT 

(¡+rsp)x 

L802.78 

37.79 

0.00 

37.79 

(B+ISP+C-rSP ) 

L8O2.78 

37.79 

LO.37 

,+8.16 

(B+2rSP) 

1828.13 

I+5 .l+5 

0.00 

l+5 .l+5 

TTT 

(n+tsp+c-rsp )x 

1885.98 

39.53 

10. 85 

50.38 

(B+2rSP) 

L9L2.5O 

47.5t+ 

0.00 

Ir7 .51+ 

(B+rsP ) 

1885.98 

39.53 

0.00 

39.53 

the dietary treatments. B+ISP+C- fSP 

is infused into the caecur.

TABIE 10. The experimental design 

nitrogen and orally añd 

PERTOD 

Pig No. lr 


Itlitrogen intake (e ) - 

Lysine intake (s): 

0raLLy 

Ca e caIIy 

Total 

Pis*{o.5 


Itlitrogen intake (e)- 

Lysine intake (s)ì 

0rall_y 

Caecal_ly 

Total 

Pie No.* 62 

Dry matter intake (q) 

llltrogen intake (g )- 

Lysine intake (e )ì 

0ra1Ly 

Ca e cally 

TotaL 

and the daily lntake of dry 

caecally supplied 1ysine iir 

(B+rsp+c-¿ys )1 

1664.10 

3r1.88 

9.32 

3.L7 

L2,t9 

(B+rsP ) 

1664. ro 

34.88 

9.32 

0.00 

9.32 

(n+tsp+tys ) 

L675.O8 

35.0t+ 

11.89 

0. oo 

11.89 

(s+rsp+Lys )l 

1815.45 

37.96 

t2.89 

o.o0 

t2.89 

(B+ISP+C-LYS ) 

r_802.78 

37.79 

10.10 

3. tr3 

L3.53 

(B+rsP ) 

L8O2.?8 

37.79 

10.t0 

0. o0 

10.10 

Abbreviations in oarentheses indicate the dietary treatments. B+rsp+c-Lïs represents 

the treatment fn which LIS is i;¡;;;ã into the caecum. 

Data from plg number 6 on treatment B+fSp+C-LyS çs¡¿ not available. \I 

ÏI 

matter and 

study lb. 

ITI 

(s+rsp )1 

r885.98 

39.53 

Lo'se 

0. o0 

r0.56 

(B+TSP+IYS ) 

L899.2r+ 

39.7r 

13. l}8 

0.00 

13 .48 

(B+rsP+c-tys )

Ðata from pig nuraber 6 for peri.od fII are not 

available (Îab1e 10). This pig was about g kg. lighter 

than the other pigs when surgery was perfornred and the 

first test period for this pig was not started. until 

the other pigs were on test period lff. lnadvertently, 

insufficient B+ISP diet was prepared to carry this pig 

through period fII. 

The amount of nitrogen fro¡n fSp to be infused 

was to be the difference between the nitrogen intake of 

the pig receiving the B+2r-Sp diet and the. pig receivj.ng 

the B+ISP diet during each test period. For exarnple, pig 

number 3 should have received 7.07l- grans of nitrogen per 

da¡r by caecal infusion (Table 9). However, 9.57 insteaC 

of 7.O7 grams of nitrogen from ISp was infused daiì_y into 

the caecum. This value was arrived at as follows: the 

difference betÌ¡een the E+2JSP and the E+ISp diet was 3.39 

grams of fSP per 100 grams of diet (Table g). For lgOO 

grams, the daily intake (as is basis) during period l, the 

difference would be equivalent to 6L.OZ2 grams of fSp. 

Eecause of calculation errors, the percentage of dry matter 

of the test diets was not taken into accoun!. Ten percent 

L+t.gs - 34.g8 = 7.07. zte * 3.jg = 6:.oz. 

6(

a1l-o1.¡enc3 v/es red= to eccount for l_csses Curi.n¿ i::íusion. 

lsolateC so¡' protein contalned l.l+.25,'/" ni.tro¿-:n, Jons=cuentl¡.,, 

the totel eflount of nitrogsn frcn fSp infuseC Caill, was 

9.57 gransl. ff the percenrege of drr¡ natter (95,C{") f.a¿ 

keen conside:.eC and the allouance l:.aC not been naCe, the 

an':ount of infused nitrogen v;ould l:ave been .3. Op .nre:.=2 p.r 

Ca¡;. ,l- s ',,¡a s trentioned previo'-lsb', the diets l^;e::e pelleted 

in a comercial ty'pe pellet nill. Contanination frcn oihe¡diets, 

pt'3sent in the rixing anC or celleting s¡rsten, cculd 

ha¡.¡e taken place anci accounted for sone oÍ tLe remei-nCer cf 

the diff erence r^¡Ì:ich rvas I. 02 g""*=l of nitrogen. 

The difference betlveen LyS that was infuseC and that 

shculd hal'e been infuseC na1, be explained in the sene nanner 

es for ISP infusion (Tab1e I and l0). 

crr,^.,. / 

v ! qsJ. 

T. 

Thís stuC'.. r.ra s subCiviCed into st rldl.r l+e anci 4b. 

Study l,a Cealt v¡ith the deterninati.on of ileal end feecel ântno 

¿cid ar¡ailabilitiês fron v;heat and wheat Ce¡,ir¡ed fi.actions, in 

accltion to the ceterninaticn of netaboric iteal anc faecal 

anino acid levels . StuC:.' db v,ras carried ou.t t o iet:rnine the 

cifferences in ileal anc faecal a::inc acic avail;bilities f¡'o:: 

!¿.t ¡c _ l1C _ LL.Zê Zz, nn __ % _. LL,el 

-....^lOc^1c0.-I.""-.1¡õ'.-f.¡-. 

]e (-.\-'; ,".' ,ì 

- l.\_t 

1 .\^ 

^" - !.v2. 

cÁ

finely ground and cracked whole wheat 

St ud¡., l,a . 

i,,hole wheat was ¡ni1led to give JJ/, firo,tr, 

II .251" shorts end 2.5% niddlings. The bran, shorts 

v¡ere reco¡nbined in the sane proportion as theSr l¡s¡s 

nilling to give the E+S+l: diet. 

The i1eal and faecal amino acid, a,¿ailabili-ties .fron 

whole wheat, fiour and the E+S_., li diet were deternined with 6 

ì.anagra barrows that were fitted r,;ith ileocaecal re_entrant 

cannulae (Table 11 ). Three protein_free diets containing !, lO 

and L5f alphafloc respecti-ver-y were enplo,rzed to deternine the 

levels of metebolic ileal_ and faecal anino acids (Table Il). 

' Re-entrânt cannulae v"¡ere fitted to barolvs v;eighing 

37 to t*5 y". the pigs weighed from gl_ to.91 kg. at the end o.f 

the experir:ent. 

TLa j rrr, ¡(¿r.grcal -"-^.r procedure, type and. size o.f cannulee used, 

pre and post-operative care, housing, collection proce,lure and 

the duration and times the test ciets viere fed were si¡nila:. to 

those described under study 2a with one exception. Tleal digesta 

was collected continuously for only 16 hours, starting at 6:oo i..ì_. 

7 dal's after the pigs r¡e?e switched to their respective test 

diets. Faeces were collected for 24 hours prior to the start 

of the ileal_ col1e ction. 

AII diets v¡ere n:ade into pellets of 0.25 cn. dianeter. 

Iiho1e wheat lvas ground through a 2.CA rulr screen prior to 

)t 

]L.2511 bren, 

and niddlincs 

obtained bi.z

L 

2 

) 

TABIE 11. Formulatlon of diets for study l¡. 

DIETS 

LEVEI, OF ATPHAFI,OC (ø) 

Ingredients (%): 

tr{hole wheat 

Fl-our_ 

B+S+Mt 

Cornstarch 

Alphafloc 

Sucros e 

Soybçan oil 

Salt¿ 

Calclum carbonate 

DieaLciun phosphate 

Vitarnin-Êntf bi¿rrÍc 

PremixJ 

Chromic oxide 

Consists of Liy'o bran, 

As for Table 7 

As for TabLe ? . 

l¡fHOLE 

ÍìTHEAT 

97.OO 

o.5o 

L.25 

0,75 

o.50 

+ 

96.00 

o.5o 

2.00 

1. O0 

0.50 

+ 

95.00 

o.50 

4.00 

0.00 

o.5o 

45Ø shorts and LV/" middlings. 

+ 

63.00 

5. O0 

27.50 

1.00 

o.5o 

o'50 

2.00 

o'50 

+ 

PROTEIN.FREE 

10 

63. O0 

10. o0 

22.5O 

r.00 

0.50 

o.5o 

2.00 

0.50 

+ 

63.00 

1-5. OO 

L7.50 

t_.00 

o'50 

0.50 

2.00 

o.5o 

+ 

ôo

pelleting. The E+S+l: diet v;as not ground prior to pelJ.eting. 

The experiri:ent wês set ì._tp in such e manner thet the 

effect of lever- of fiber on netabolic ileal and faecar anÍno 

acid le'¡els and the differences in avaiÌabilities cf amino 

acids f:.orn whole v¡heat, flour and the E+S+;:l diet could be 

anal¡rzed statisrical:-y by Z separate single cross_over designs. 

The periods during which the protein-free diets were fec were 

alternated with periods during v.'hich the wheet or u¡heat deriveci 

die'r"s were fed (Fie. 3 ). 

T\n¡o cannulated pigs (pig no, 6 and 9) were kept on 

standbSr and served as replacenent test animals in case coroplications 

arose r¡rith the pigs that r^¡ere actuall"rr te sted (Fig. 3 ¡ . 

Pigs nunber I, 2, tþ and Z did not consume i'ihe l5fr alphafloc 

protein-free diet nor the E+s+ir diets. pigs nu'ber 1 and 2 arso 

refused the 10,4 alphafloc protein-free diet. Replacenent pig 

number 6 consu¡ned both the 15f elphafl.c protein-free dict and 

the E+S+li diet. Replacernent pig number 9 did not consur:e the 

E+S+:i nor Lhe I5f" alphafloc protein_free diet (Fig. :). 

OnIy three observations (including Cata from pig 

nunber 6 ) were obtained fron diet E+S+?,i. The original E+S_!, I.t 

diet was diluted r"ith cornstarch so thêt cornstarch r::iade up 6a/" 

of ihe diluted E+s+i'{ diet. The cituted E+s+i,r diet (E+s+t.:_Ð) },as 

fed to the test aninals frorn da¡,, 6? to 7j (Fle. ¡ ). 

59

¡&lrn¡ ,. Eicpe¡tn.nt¡l d€lsn e¡it ¡llôl{abt€ itåtly rtt.tãr, tnrat. .fo¡ lt¡dy ¡, 

PIG ntlüBEN 

w-sz cR 

--r-- 2 PF-5 GR 

, tf-lo cn 

4 PF-IO GR 

5 PF-15 cR 

7 (r-$) oR 

6qnoh 

9Gncn 

ÂI¿OI.¡¡EI.E DI?TARI I'OO 

rNÎÂrE fsldâyl 

8-rr 12-ú 

FL G¡ 

rL On 

E+S+¡! CB 

(B+s+¡tl oR 

Irf cR 

$¡f cn 

PF-15 CE 

PF-IO CR 

t500 

t9-22 2t-J9 to-tt 

(¡r-l¡t3 on 

{PF-151 Cn 

PF-5 Cn , Pr-5 Cn 

!F-LO 

!r-10 

0¡ 

cB 

utl 

fl 

rL 

Ft 

B+S+¡t 

(B{€+u} 

B+S+¡t 

(B+s+r,t, Ct 

cR 

PF-lt 

pF-ró 

18oO tdoo 

: Pay 1 r€ th. el€verrh day &frer thê opèr¡¿roD. 

' i!i'åi3;liiï ih;lBi:?;Jrî¿ìj,";i:il"if;ï,*hqi."*:ål?fi,f î;l:l'"1ä"$:t;:"*, 

. frt3':'9i::l"i'f:19.äl¿,1ä'i-ÌtF),'+Íäf r*;lúSglåtÈi tiÈ:Sii."'¿r' ãåü"i.-i"i"iåiõ'r'r-¡r; 

3 ¡tet¡ tn pareDrh€36s lniHcâi. Dtsstng ob!..yario¡!. 

4 ltl6råbt. rt.l¡t iltêrary rntetr€ (g), !! r! bâËr!. 

3þ[o ' r]t-¡! 

cn 

OR 

GN 

G¡ 

OR 

cn 

CR 

G¡ 

5?-55 56-62 6r-66 67-73 

tFI:Ì3Ì 3l tBrgttrl 

PF_l' (pF-rr) c8 }' 

c& Ír 

PF-5 CB 

w-, c¡ 'L FL 

r9$-,rr 3i þ#:i3, 

2IO0 2tOO 

c¡ 

c¡ 

OR 

ct 

CR 

GN 

0n 

GA 

A+S+¡l-D 

E+A+¡{-¡) 

E+g+I'l-D 

E+S+¡t-D 

E+S+¡t-D 

E+S+¡t-D 

o¡ 

6n 

2too 

71-7? 7ô-81 

GB ¡T-G 

GR ltfi-ci 

q¡ ll¡-c 

ct ttf-oi 

cn Íf-c 

OR TI-O 

GR lla-cn 

cn w-cn 

2À00 

o\

Studv Lb. 

Fine15' ground wheat was prepared by grinding the 

whole wheat three times through a hanner mill wiih a 1.5 nm 

screen. The cracked wheat was prepared b¡r grinding whcle 

wheat two times through a 6 mm screen. Eoth diets were 

made into pellets of 0.5 cn dia¡neter. 

Four pigs were assigned at randcm to each 

2 whole wheat diets (nig. 3¡. ?he whole wheat used 

stud_rr was of the sa¡ne source as that used in studv 

Analytical procedures 

t^ 

of 

i- 

the 

thi s 

The test dÍets and faeces were dried in a forced_ 

draft oven at 60-7a"c. rleal digesta viere freeze-driec. prior 

to analr,'ses, the sanples rdere ground throu.gh a I r:n nesh screen 

in a Il'iley nill . 

Anal1'sg5 for ash, crude fiber¡ drir 6¿1¡"r, ether 

extract and nitrogen Ìlrere car.rieC cut according to A.0,.Á..C. 

(197L) methods. Acid and neut ral-cetergent fíber rr,ere d.eter- 

nined according to the nethod outlined in Agriculture lÌandbook 

no. 379 (1970). 

Total starch was detennined accord.ing to the nethod 

of R. A. Ì'lacGregor (19?6, unpublished). ThÍs nethod involves 

dispersion of the ground sample, autoclaving, follovred bj¡ 

digestion with glucoaml¡Iase. îhe totâl glucose reLeased l.ra s 

neasured using a Glucostat reeqent kit (glucose oxidase rnethod) 

61

on a autoan a:-:Ìzer. 

The level-s of chroaic oxide in feed, digesta and 

faeces were deternined according to the atonic âbsorption 

spectrophotonetry nethod of l.ii11ia¡ns et al . (1962). 

Arnino acid analyses were caruied out according to 

the method of Eragg et aI . (1966) with nodifications as 

cescribec by Giovannetti et al. (r9/o). r'rethionine, cïS and 

ÐAPA (o(-e- diaminopinelic acid) v,,ere determined accordíng to 

the rnethod of Hirs (1967). Tryptophen analJ¡ses were carried 

out eccording to the method of Hugli and lïoore (1972). The 

sar:rple s were analyzed on a nodel Il6-Eecknan amino aciC 

âna1-r'29¡. 

o¿

?-:SÌ-ILTS 

Stud" t_ 

Ì.ith the e>:ce¡ticn oi CLU ¿nC ?.ç,C f¡.or.r lov¡ crotein 

l^rheat. br':n frcn high anC icv; prcte in r.;he¿t ccntaine,C hlshe¡. 

l:r-cl c l':l ^f .r't ^¡iro aclCs than ?nCcs¡+-- f¡¡n t-,j r_1. ¡¡d 

L_-=lr ::I:,.it Ðrr- u:: 1.-:j:.:. ¿::l-l 

lor.r¡ prctein r^rhe at (T:bl-e 12 ) , The hirh_.r 1e-..els (í.) of 

a:i::c eciCs ir: 'lra:: the:: in enccs:::r: '¡;e :: :z:.ti culirl,, 

;ïiì1nt for .¡.-.-C, ]-YS ;:rd ll-lì (esse rtiel aninc :cids ) ani fc-r 

¡.:.1 . iSP .nrt îif (non-essentief a::ino aciCs ). îhese d:ta 

-r^:=r'a al-sc r:fl:ct-ed bv th+ hi;h=r ccncentj,etion (as qt"aas peÌ, 

15 g::ns of nitrogen) of these a.nino acids 1n bran than in 

endosperr. prot;in. lhe concenti.:tions (g/tí¿ Il) ci al-I 

other anino aciis in prctein íro¡:i bran r^¡ere iol^;er thån ti:cse 

in prci:in cí er:Ccspern f:c:. bc,i. hÍ-;Ì^. :ri lc,,v :rccein rdh3:t . 

The ciiÍierences in aninc eci-rÌ concenireiian (gii5g l: ) r,¡ere 

i:c:'e r,:arirei Íor bran and enCcsperr derived íi-cn Io,¡; Frotein 

r¡rhee*" than for br.an and endcspern ,ler.ir.-eC frcn high prcteln 

';jith ti:e e:

TÂBl,ß 12. fhe ânlno acld ãnd nltrogen conteît of high and low p¡oteln 

wheat and their frections. 

CEREÂL COMPONENT 

IIMINO.ÀCIIN 

4ES 

TùIIO¿E WHEAÎ 

s/røgtz /" 

ITCH PROÎETN }r¡HEÁT 

e/L6eN 

o.?t+ r'.95 1.14 ¡*,9ó 22.7 0.65 3.dl 

Il4 

!-r! 

¡4S rysr 

ïiË 

lmr" 

vÂL 

9.i2 o.i6 

L.e-? o.Ej i:Bi l?.i o.ti l'.tt 

L.24 q.99 2.9e- 9.6e ã.gi r6:i ó:iir i:í6 

o.le 2.ll ).li 6.í,tr ið:i L.23 i.àt 

o.32 1.77 S.5l z.ji 

9.1t l:19 âl:ã 

li.j o.t:6 

o'.á9 i.lî 

l'.iõ 

Ë:Êi 0.7r 2:ii i:ii ,:Ut Is:t s:ti z:i8 

3.t9 o.s[ [:ói 19:t o,ir L'.i6 

t9¡ 

9I,I 

9_rg 

q.% 

6.tg t.9i t.iL i:7ä ã1.í ó:¿¿ i'.:sã 

o.77 3j.99 t,.?2 z.Q+ to.ói ie.í ¿,:ró ¡ðlíõ 

i.l-i -1.?i ãl:i o.it - 

!_ER 

fno 2.Li tt.z.i L.a¿ 

o.É5 a.t-t e:ti i6:ó z.lz :rà.ià 

,,.69 f.0¡ l:íá ið:i õ:s4 -î,.öã 

rYn o.t6 j.zo õ.6e ã:ttr f?:i o.si ):iã 

Non-Essentiel 

--ftr--_ o.6i t,5t+ o.97 t+.Lr+ zz.r+ o.óo 3.i2 

NtrRocEN .2.92 16,00 t,7i 16.0 19.0 z.?3 16.0 

_^ 't_ 

Expressed ås percentâge of dry nletter. 2 Erçressed aê g¡arns per slxteen graû¡s 

:f li:rogen; ) Thê percenta8e of enlno acids f¡on whols wheat presènt Ln the b¡an 

l¡âct1on. * Deterninêd by acid hyd¡olysis. 

clLíe$ fi 

¿O¡'' PROÎEIN WI'EAT 

s/16eN /" 

9'!q l.U- o.?2 s.Ls :'r.L 

9.?? L.97 0.26 t.Bj 2l.z 

9.2! J.2? 0.40 z.8L 22.o 

i:ii i,s,â lgiï; iii Li:Z 

i:ji a.L1 i:i\ r+.zo o.i9 E:?ri 3.?I ,+.zo li.i 

zL.i 

i:F,s :i:m å;li ,l:'it iij 

L.27 LL.35 1.02 7.2t t¡.ò 

3:3t L:EZ 3:9å L:',t 21,Z 

L.79 16.00 2.25 16,0 2t+.5 

o.4r 

0.21 1.95 

o.37 3.t 

'.d1 

L 

0.80 7.r+ì+ 

o,25 2.33 

0.21 L.95 

o.55 5.!2 

o.3z 2.9è 

0,[8 4.r+? 

O,r+I 3. dl 

0.56 5.2t 

3,78 35,L6 

o.tr7 4.3? 

L.32 r2.2ê 

o,52 [,8¡] 

o,32 2.98 

l.?2 16,0 

c¡.

TÂB¡E 13. The anino åcld and nltrogen co¡tent of htgh and lor¡ proteln bsrlêy 

ênd lrhelr f¡actl.ons, 

CEREÄL COMPO¡ÎENÎ WHOLE BÂRLEY 

fir e/:r6e'lr2 f" 

ÁI.,II¡]O ACIDS 

Essential 

IIIG¡I PROTETN BÀR¡SÍ 

BRAN 

s/t6g:ñ /) 

ENDOSPTRM 

fi elßen 

ARG 

HIS 

II,E 

IEI' 

tYs _ 

MET¡} 

PHE 

TfIR 

VAL 

o.51 

0,20 

o.)9 

o,38 

o.t5 

o.20 

0.58 

0.40 

0.r8 

L.' 

L,7 

t,t+ 

?.3 

3.t 

L,? 

5.r 

3.5 

5.7, 

0.67 5.L 26.9 O.t+s 

0.2ê 2.t 28,7 0.20 ".2 i.9 

o.,+5 3.,+ 23.7 O.39 3,7 

O.8r 6.2 2O,O O.8r[ ?.9 

o.5? 4.4 33.+ O.3z 3.O 

0.r3 1.0 L3,3 0.22 2.t 

o.54 4.1 r9.1 0,60 5.6 

0.44 t.L 22.6 0.37 J.5 

0.68 5.2 2'+.O 0,58 5.5 

Non-Essentlâ1 

--îfii- 

^sP 0LU 

GLY 

PRo 

sER 

TYR 

o. j2 

o.7z 

2.90 

0,50 

L,27 

O,53 

O.37 

t+.j 

6.3 

25.4 

t+.4 

11.1 

4.6 

3.2 

0.6¡, 4.9 

o.92 7.O 

2.34 A7,9 

0,62 

0.8, 

4.7 

6.5 

0.48 3.7 

o.27 2,L 

25.2 

26.2 

],6.5 

25.b 

L3,7 

18.6 

15.0 

0.r,6 t,.3 

0.66 6,2 

3.W 29.L 

0,46 t+.3 

L.33 L2.5 

0.5r À.8 

0.t8 3.6 

NITRoCETV 1,6? 16.0 2,@ 16.0 23.t' L?O 16.0 

I Expressed âs pelcentage of dry natter. 2 Expressed as grams pe¡ sixtoe¡ grå¡ns of 

nltrogen. 3 The porcentage of amlno acldÉ f¡on whole ba¡Ley presênt ln the bren 

fractLon, 4 Deternlned by acld hydrolyels. 

WHOI,E BARI,ET 

f" slL6èN 

0.36 

0,14 

4.2 

1.6 

o,?8 

0.62 

3.3 

2.3 

o.29 

0.15 

3,t+ 

1,d 

0,À0 t+.? 

0.30 

0,r+1 

3,5 

4.9 

0,5t+ 

0.22 

0.3ó 

o-6q 

o.5i 

O.ôs 

o.39 

0.i7 

0,5i 

o.42 

0,60 

L.9 

7.I 

L,87 22.O 

o.55 

o.81 

1.6¿ 

o.82 

o.37 

o.2? 

9.6 

,+,4 

3.2 

o,i9 

O.39 

0,18 

L.36 16.0 1.66 

LOI{ PNOTEIN BÂRLEY 

BRÀN 

% s/r6ev 5) 

DNÐOSPER¡I 

,Å elr'cls 

5.2 

2,L 

2,5 6.3 

4.9 

o.9 

3,q 

3.6 

L,9 

3j.9 0.37 

35.5 o.rÀ ".6 í-z 

29.L 0,3ó 3.i 

23.7 0.6À -e 

39.? 0.2d ' i.4 

L3.6 

22,O 

0,L? 2.i 

0,l¡o 5.o 

27.9 0.28 r- s 

28.r o.¿r i.i 

29.6 

29.4 

I9,8 

29. t+ 

ló.3 

23.8 

15. r 

0,37 t,.6 

0.55 ó.8 

L.92 23.8 

o.37 t+,6 

0,90 ta-2 

o35 r,,j 

0.26 3.4 

27.6 L,29 16. O 

5.3 

7,8 

15,8 

5.0 

5.? 

3.8 

L.7 

16. O 

o\

ALA, ASP and Gl,T were higher j.n bran than ín endosperm 

when these were expressed as grans per 16 grans of nj-trogen. 

The concentration (g/t6g tl) of the other anino acids, 

especially lEU, I'IET, PHE, GLU, PRO and TyR were lower in 

bran than in endosperm protein. Ðifferences in amino 

acid concentration (g/t6g Itr) v¡ere nore marked for bran 

and endosperra protein frorn low than fro¡n high protein 

barley. 

The rats did not consume the bran di.ets fronr 

barley in its complete form. The crumbles were broken up 

and sorted. fn addition, faeces frorn barley bran were of 

a very moist nature and became contarninated. vrith sorted. 

and spilled food. Due to these difficulties and the biased 

data that would be obtained, feeding bran from barlelT to 

the rats was discontinued. Therefbre, no amino acid 

availability estimates from barley bran are available. 

The average daily dry matter intake of the test 

diets b]. the rats are shown in Table l_4. . The wheat bran 

diet v¡as consumed to a slightly lesser extent than the 

whole wheat or endosperm diet. 

Apparent amino acid availabilities, nitrogen and 

dry matter digestibilities are given in Table 15. I,Ìean 

squares of the anal_yses of varíance are given in the appendix, 

Table L. lfith the exception of HIS,IEU, ALA, and G.LU, there 

Ìvere no significant differences in apparent avairabilities of 

66

TÀBL¡ t4. Ì:eans ênd ståndård devi¿tion of dâtly rirrr ¡-1to. ínteì

amino acids due to weight. For the amino acids mentioned 

apparent availabilities were only I Lo Zi| hi.gher for the 

heavier than for the lighter rats. Only one weight x test 

diet interactíon was found, namely for HIS. The ciry uatter 

digestibilitl¡ hras significanrly higher (by 0.9,í) for the 

lieavier than for the lighter rats. 

Nitrogen and dry matter digestibilities were 

significantly higher from wheat endosperm than from wheat 

bran (fable 15). Those of whole wheat were between those 

of endosperm and bran. Apparent amino acid availabilities 

fror: whole wheat and its derived fractions foLlowed the 

same pattern. However, the dífferences in percentage units 

even if significant were of a sma1l n:agnitude. L,vsine was 

always the least available aroino acid and ranged frorn Zg.9 

to 82.2i[ for the high protein wheat and. its fractions and 

from 71 .4 to 73.L for the 1ow protein wheat and its fractions. 

Threonine was always the second. least avaj.lable essential_ 

amino acid. fsoleucine and 1..ßT were also of 1ow availability 

(ì-ess than 80?á ) for bran from the lovr proiein r,rrheal . For 

the non-essential amino acicìs, ALA and ASp were always ¿þs 

leãst available. 

Ðr¡r matter,digestibili.ty, apparent nitrogen 

digestibility and anrino acid availabilities were higher for 

endosperm of barley than of whole barley (Table 16). The 

apparent availabilitíes of lysine were very 1ow: they were 

oð

TABLE l-5.\ Meansl and standard error of the ¡nean of the apparent availabil-ities of 

anino acids f¡om wheat and its fractions. 

CEREAL 

COMPONENT 

AMINo ÂcrDs (ø) 

Essential- ' 

_-Aa-G-- 

HIS 

TT,E 

LEU 

LYS 

¡{ET3 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

ASP 

GI,U 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

wrrnocrrq (%) 

DRT MATTER(%) 

1 

2 

3 

1ríH0LE 

TIIHEAT 

TIÏGH PROTETN hIHEAT 

BRAN 

91.28 92.4I'' gz.gl 

%.?+ 93.rAB gL.6A 

90.4+ 87.ocn gz.8l 

ez.?! se. s! sL.3A 

?8.98 ?6.98 Bà.2A 

91.04 86.58 9z.LA 

9,r..01 gr.79D g,.uA 

d6.dB û.5c à:9.i^ 

90.4À 8z .ecD gz.?A 

85.2s 82.¡c B8.OA 

85 ôA 82.5ø' 8? .?A 

3å:3Ë 32..# 

9? JlB s5 . jD eB. oA 

92 .68 89 . rc gL. rrL 

"g'.t* 

ENDO- 

SPERM 

91.d4 8d.48 Ð.3A 

89.?R 

903c 

Means in the same row with the 

Standard error of the mean. 

Determined by acid hydrolysls. 

ú.zc gz.zÃ 

n¡F 9ò.rÂ 

bIHOI.E 

IVHEÀT 

87.8c 

90.8c 

85.308 

S9.lt: 

73 ,l+v 

87.98 

90.80 

81.9cD 

86.3D 

80.9c 

?9,tc 

95.?2 

8r+. 8\,, 

95.gcD 

89.Lc 

85.6c 

LOIÎ PROTETN hIHEAT 

BRAN 

ENDO. 

SPERM 

87.8c 88.?c 

87.9D gL.gBc 

??.7F 88.rC 

83.0D er.d 

?1.4c0 zz.zc 

77.o8 8?.98 

84.gG gz.ic 

7t+.98 ú.?c 

80.78 8d.6c 

75.8D 8r.eC 

74.rDE 8o.5ec 

el.ol s6.52 

7?.LL 86.8u 

89.oG 96.88c 

¿2.& go.7c 

?6.LE 87.[B 

sà.,f 75.68 87. j8 

88.8D 69.0c 9[.oA 

-x 4_2 

o.49 

o.¿g 

o,62 

o.57 

1.02 

0.75 

0.40 

o.73 

0.53 

0.68 

0.83 

o.26 

o.55 

o.2g 

o.l*9 

o.59 

a.66 

o.2g 

same superscript do not differ slgnificantly (p(05) 

cr\ 

\o

TABIE 1ó. Meansl and. standard error of the nean of the apparent avail-abilitfes of 

amino acids from whole barley and endosper¡n frórn barJ.ey. 

DTET 

CENEAL COMPONENT 

AMINO ACIDS (%) 

Essentiai 

.A.RG 

HIS 

ÏLE 

tEU 

LYS 

i'[ET3 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

ÄsP 

GLiJ 

GLT 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NTTBOCE}I (/,) 

DRT MATTER (1Á) 

HTGH PROTEIN BANT,ET 

I{HOI,E 

BARI,EY 

82.38 

83.68 

?9.Û 

82.5D 

6?.7D 

dl.OcD 

86. oF 

?6.& 

s2. OE 

n.2E 

72.}Dr, 

89.88 

?6.ú 

90.5F 

82.88 

82.80 

Z9:4?' 

1 Means in the same roür vrith the same 

2 Standard error of the rnean. 

3 Determined by acid hydrolysis. 

ENDO- 

SPERM 

81. zE 

88. ÀD 

Ð.58 

8? 3c 

70.8cD 

82.8c 

89.38 

79.6D 

86.5D 

77 3Ð 

?5,6Ð 

%.5c 

år.41 

gtr'?'E 

8ó. oD 

84.5cD 

83.Iq 

93.24 

LOIIT PROTETN BARI,EY 

I/[IH0LE 

BARLEÏ 

?4.?9 

28. o!' 

?0.6G 

77 åE 

60.IE 

?L.58 

?8.6r 

Ø.$ 

T.?î 

67. OF 

67.2F 

d,Ì. LG 

?o. o0 

83.6H 

7Iþ.2G 

?L.?F 

&3:Êi 

ENDO- 

SPERM 

81.d 

Ð.58 

79.6F 

ú.t+D 

68.2Ð 

?9']D 

ú.5H 

T.?E 

80.58 

7L,].E 

?L.58 

87.6F 

?h.gF 

89.0G 

- go.zF 

7e.ú 

76.tF 

9L.38 

si2 

o.b9 

0.48 

o.62 

o.57 

L.O2 

o.75 

0.t+0 

o.?3 

o,53 

0.68 

0.83 

o.26 

o.55 

o.29 

0.49 

0.59 

0.66 

o.2g 

superscript do not differ si.gnlficantfy (p

67.7 and' 6c.L',a ror the high and row protein barrey respecti-verl, 

Lysine avaílabiIi-i, ie s fron endospern viere slightf], hisher. 

Threonine was a1r,,ia,r' s t,he seconci l_easi availai:le essea-r,i¿l_ 

ar;iino aci d. For the non-essential_ a¡iino acids, ÀSp, A.j.A 

and GLY were of low apparent availability. 

Appa:'ent amino acid availabilities of high and. 

lovi protein w-heat and barley are conpereci separateli, i¡1 

iable L7. Appareni availabilities of whole wheat are 

significantl]' higher than those of nhole barley. The 

avairabi-lities of a¡rino acids fron high protein wheåt were 

higher than those from low protein lvheat. The same 

relationship was found for high and low protein barley. 

The metabolic faecal anino acid excret,ion in_ 

creased as the level of fÍber of the protein_free diets 

was increased from IO ú 2Ai¿ (fa¡te tg). Significant 

differences in amino acÍd excretions due to weight, in 

addition to a significant v;eight x test diet interaction 

for nitrogen were found (?ab]e 1ð; ippenciix, îable 2). For 

both protein-free dieis, the excretion o.f AF.G r"n'as si-gnificantl¡r 

higher for the heavier than for the liEhter rats. The 

exc¡etions of L-ri, ì.IT and i/AL v¡ere significantlj. hiËher 

for the lighter than for t,he heavier rats when these were 

fed the 1CÍ alphafloc protein-free ciiet. Leucine, i,ET, VAL, 

ALA and ASP excretions vJere significantly hlgher for the 

7L

TABLE 17. Means1 and standard error of the mean of apparent anlno acld avallabilities 

of high and low protein wheat and barl_ey. ' 

CEREAL ORATN 

I,EVEL OF 

PNOTETN (ø) 

AMINo ACÏDS (/,) 

Ess entiaL 

--T1ã- 

HTS 

II,E 

I,EU 

LYS 

I{ET3 

PHE 

THR 

vAt 

Non-Essential 

-r,ã--- 

ASP 

GI,1' 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NrTnocEN (ø) 

DRY },ÍATTER (ø) 

L 

2 

3 

r8.3 

gL.2B 

93,?A 

eo.4+ 

92.7^ 

?8.s8 

91. OA 

94.0}{ 

86.88 

90. ¿A 

85.2P 

95.34 

9?.t+A 

89.88 

si.t!B 

92.6ts 

91.84 

89.?B 

go.3c 

II'THEAT 

LL.2 

s?.82 

90.8t, 

85.308 

89. r&B 

ß.4c 

33.38 

dl.9cD 

86.3D 

so. el 

79.L" 

o< .rB 

åt.93' 

á6'.ic 

85.6c 

84.4c 

88.80 

11.rr 

82.3P 

83.68 

79.OT 

82.5D 

6?.?D 

gt.ocD 

86. oF 

76.Ñ 

82.08 

t2'38, 

89.88 

76.oy 

90.51' 

82.8!; 

82.8D 

?8.7D 

$.?E 

Means in the same row with the same superscript do not 


Determined by acld hydrolysis. 

BARI.EY 

8.1 

4tÅÏ 

?o.6G 

?7 3E 

60.18 

?L.5y 

?â.61 

6?.8F 

n.?F 

67.0I 

6?.2' 

8À. tc 

70. oq 

lt:2t 

?L.7r 

?2,8F 

83.58 

e-2 

"x 

0.49 

0.lrg 

o.62 

o.57 

1.02 

o.?5 

0.lrO 

o.73 

0.53 

0.68 

0.83 

o.26 

o.55 

o.2g 

0.49 

o.59 

o.66 

o.2g 

differ signifÍcantfy (P(0.05 ). 

.\) 

¡\)

TABLE r8. The effect of dietary fiber rever and weight of the rats on the 

metabolic faecal amino acid and nitrogen ãxcretionl . 

I,EVEL OT 

ALPHAFLOC 

vrEIcHT (g ) 

AMINO ACTDS3 

Essentíal 

ARG 

HÏS 

TLE 

LEU 

LYS 

!ET4 

PHE 

THR 

v.dt 

Non- Es sent lal 

-Trã- 

ASP 

GI,U 

ctr 

PBO 

SER 

TYR 

NTÎROGEN 

(/") 

?L 

. ot6eP 

.00?r: 

.0214b 

.v6?9 

.o2gbtr 

.01049 

,o2cD: 

.o2792 

.0267v 

.822c^ 

.o523y 

.0619P 

.0286b 

.o8r+P 

.02622 

.0180rr 

.263sAB 

t0 

207 

.01919 

.0078: 

.o1g4b 

. 03 28p 

.o2?trö 

. oo82! 

.0192: 

.o2l+?P 

.o236u 

.o2g2c 

.04789 

.0569P 

.0281ö 

.02298 

.0247: 

.0164rr 

.220L8 

I Means are.expressed as grams excreted per lOO grarns of dry matter intake of 

2 

3 

l+ 

the proteln-free diets. 


Means in the same row with the same superscript do not differ signlflcantly (p

lighter than for the heavier rats when these were fed the 

zOitr alphafLoc protein-free diets. 

The differences due to weight, al_though significant, 

were of smal1 magnitude. Liost variation was due to the 

Ieve1 of alphafloc in the protei_n-free d.iets as is shown 

by the large mean squares for test diets (Appendix, Table 2). 

The metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion increased 

as the level of alphafloc was raised. i{owever, there was no 

signíficant di.fference between the nitrogen excretion of the 

lighter rats fed the IAf, alphafloc protein-free diet and for 

the heavier and lighter rats fed Lhe 2O,4" alphafloc protein- 

free diet (Table 18). lt/ith the exception of conta¡nination 

from urinary nitrogen, no satisfactory explanation can be 

given for this observation. 

Stud-v 2. 

Study 2a. 

the nitrogen content decreased from wheat to barJ-ey 

to corn. The l-eve1s of crude and acid-detergent fiber were 

some!¡hat higher for corn that for wheat while the level_ of 

neutrar-detergent fiber was srightry lower. chemical analysis 

showed that approximately 7 O/" oî alphafloc is actualÌ), crude 

fiber (Tab]e 19). 

ìfith the exceptlon of LEU, LïS and t"ET tÌre 1eve1s 

of essential amino acids decreased from wheat to barley to

TABL'E 19. Proxinatçr -acid and neutral-detergent fiber, starch and chromic oxide 

analysesr-for diets in jiuãy z. 

DTETS 

LEVEL 0F ALPHArroc (ø) 

TTE¡4S (y'gT 

Nitrogen 

Ether extract 

Fiber 

Ash 

Crude 

Acid-detergent 

Neutral-detergent 

S tarch 

Chromic oxide 

2.22 

r.89 

5.37 

7.3U 

2L.47 

5.32 

64.3i 

o,L7 

1 Percent expressed on a dry weight basis. 

hIHEAT 

2.00 2.6L 

3,87 t.?o 

2.62 2.56 

3,95 3.57 

LL.73 t2.22 

I+.76 b.29 

72.1+O 66.65 

o.5z o.43 

MATNTENANCE 

7 Lt+ 

o.66 

1.30 

L.95 

o.66 

L.L7 

9.62 

O.53 O.5t+ 

{

corn. The level of LTS decreased frorn barley to wheat to 

corn. The levels of LEIJ and I,GT lrere highest in corn 

(Tab1e 20). The results obtained for TRy from duplicate 

analyses on diets and digesta varled extensi-ve1y. There_ 

fore, TRT was not considered in these studies. 

The metabolic ilea1 and faecal amino acid levels 

were estj-rnated at 2 levels of dietary fiber by aid of the 

ii-7 and i'.i- 14 diets . These d.iets contained d;?o casein. 

Protein-free diets are usuarry emptoyed for the estination 

of rnetabolic Losses. i{owever, low dietarl, consumption 

caused b¡r palatability problerns with pigs fed protein_free 

diets is often a major problem. It was not *,,hought advisable 

to subject the cannul-ated pigs to this extra stress. Oon_ 

sequently, a highly digestible protein at a low level_ 

(4Ø casein) was included in the protein-free diets. These 

di.ets were named maintenance diets. ft v,ra s assumed at this 

time that all anrino acid.s from casein woulC be absorbed b], 

the end of the smal1 intestine and that'the ireal and faecar 

Ievels found by feedlng the maintenance diets lr.oul_d be 

representative of the netabolic levels. 

fn order to avoid. complications due to blockage 

(which could have resulted in permanent problerns), the ÌL_ld 

diet was not fed prior to the cereal test. diet seouence 

but only near the end of the conplete experiment (Fig. 2). 

/o

TABIE 20. Anino acid composition of diets for study 2. 

DIETS 

AMINO ACTDS 

Essential 

--Tr-d-_ 

HIS 

ïtE 

LEU 

TTS 

MET 

PHE 

lHR 

VAL 

Non-E 

1 

2 

3 

l+ 

ASP 

cYs 

GLU 

GLT 

Pn0 

SER 

TTR 

BARI,EY 

v,t e/r6sr.? % 

o.57 4.10 0.¿+5 

o.23 L.66 0.25 

o.39 2.81 AJ5 

0.86 6.r9 1.31 

o.t+z 3.O2 O.3t* 

0. r93 L.37 o.253 

0. ó0 t+.32 O . 52 

o.3e 2.7t+ 0.36 

a.5b 3.89 0.t+6 

o.¿g 

0.69_ 

o.22t 

2.93 

0.49 

I.22 

o.5o 

0.36 

g/r6sN 

Percent expressed on a dry natter basis. 

urams per slxteen grams of nitrogen. 

Deterrnined by the oxidation nethod. 

Deternined by acid hydrolysis. 

I',HEAT 

3.6L 

2. Ol 

2.81 

10.5t 

2.73 

2.00 

\.L7 

2.89 

3.69 

3.t+6 o.za 6.10 O.49 

4.97 0.72^ 5.77 0.68^ 

r.59 0.20J 1.60 o-2dJ 

21.10 2.Og 16.76 \..44 

3.53 0.40 

8.78 

3.2L O.57 

0.8À 6.71+ L.t+5 

3.60 0.¡r 

2.59 

à.09 0.63 

0.40 3.2I 0.r+1 

e/r6eu 

M-7 

0.58 3.56 o.12 

o.29 L.?8 0.10 

0. r+t+ 2.7o 0.19 

o.97 5.95 0.38 

oJa 2.2L 0.30 

o.243 L.L? 0.104 

o .67 l+. 11 0. 21 

o.39 2.39 0.l_6 

o.55 3.37 0.2b 

3 .00 

l+.L7 

L.72 

27.23 

3.50 

8.89 

3.86 

2.5L 

g/rógN 

2.95 

2.t+6 

L.67 

9.3t+ 

7.37 

2.42 

5.L6 

3.93 

5.90 

o. 13 3 .20 

o.3z 7.86 

o.92 22.6L 

0.09 2.2L 

o.39 9.59 

o.3O 1t.92 

0.17 4.18 

o.L2 

0.10 

0.20 

0.39 

0.29 

0.104 

0.20 

0.16 

o.2t+ 

M-14 

g/r69N 

2.95 

2,1+6 

l+.92 

9.59 

7.L3 

2'ltz 

I+.92 

3.93 

5.90 

0.1'+ 3.4t+ 

o.33 8.11 

o.9r 22.37 

0.09 2.2t 

o.l,.o 9.83 

0.19 t+.67 

o.L7 t_8 

'+.

Three sepa:.a-t,e consecutive 8-hour 1lea1 collections 

v¡ere carried out. îhe sailples vrere frozen anC s.to:.ed. 

Accident.! ],, several il-eal anci faecal coll_ectíons were re_ 

n:oved from the fr.eezer. anci v¡er.e spoiled. The iteal semples 

lhat were spoiled were the firs-r, and thj-rd 6-hour collections 

frorc pig number 1 fed rvheai: and the second and third iieal 

colleciions fron pig nunber 6 fed wheat. in additj-on, all 

ileal and faecal- saraples from the second tine the i'.-Z 

diet r,'ra s fed were spoiled. 

The amino acid end chromic oxide composition of 

every 8-hour i1eal coliection of pig number Z, 7, 3 ana 4 

t¿hen fed wheât are contpared in ïable 2I . There r,,ere only 

snaLL differences between the ind.i.¡idual ô-hour collections 

for each pig. This finding u,as no! unexpected since t,he 

aní¡¡als v¡ere fed j tines daily, the sarne aaount at each 

feeding and exactl)¡ 6 hours apert. Uncier the experiinen-r,ai 

conditions cami"ed out, the data show that the anino acid 

and chrorcic oxide content from i1eal digesta froil lvheat 

obtained during each singì-e 8-hour corlection is representa- 

tive of that obtained during a conplet,e 2i+-hour lleal 

collection. 

the apparent ileal and faecal anino acid 

avail-abili|ies of the cereal grains ai,e shown in Table 22. 

The i1eal a¡¿ino acid availabilities were obtained fronr 

lö

TABLE 21, Comoarisonsl ôf the indlvlduaL etght_hour lleal collections fron wheat 

fo¡:' study 2å. 

NU¡IIBF.R OF PIG 

TII,ÍE OF 

COLLECTION¿ 

Â¡{rNo AcrDs (ø )3 

Essentlal 

_rF-6- 

HIS 

ILE 

LEU 

LYS 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essentlal 

ÄLÀ 

ASP 

GLU 

PRO 

SER 

lTR 

cHRoMlc oxrDE(ø) 

I 

3 

o.34 0.34 

0.t6 0.r8 

0.26 0.26 

o.49 0.t+9 

O.3t+ O.)4 

0.I r o.31 

0.36 O.J5 

0.40 0.40 

o,43 O.t+2 

0-63 0.62 

I.22 1.20 

o.53 0.5r 

0.64 0.6r. 

0.36 O,35 

o.77 0.I9 

r.66 L.39 

9,22 9.32 o.3? o.22 g.?7 o.27. o.2? o.32 o.2g o.33 

9.\7 o.L7 0.18 0.16 o.ià ó:i6 õ:ii o.rô 0.1À o-17 

9.29 0.r0 o.ze o.2? g.ii o.aá ó'.àä -o'.âë, o:ài ó:äâ 

9.*? 9-5t o.53 o.iî_ 9.i+ ó:r-4 

9.2) 0.39 0.38 o]? õ:ü o.trs ó:4ö õ:;; 

9.àç o.äg ó-.äá o.ii o.iÍ ó.1; 

o.3i 9.21 0.3e 9.36 o]i 

o.Lr 

o.3\ 

o-r2 

g.ie ó.ãí ó:ãí õ'.'2â ó:ii ó:iL 

o.je o.\j o.4r o.t2 9.3? o.it 

o.jä 

o:ü 

o:i3 oll ó:tt ó.3î 

ó:ii, o.tz õ'.ii ó:ii 

9.+2 o.rL 0.5r o.5? g.2t g)7 o.3? o.43 o.br+ o.L¿ 

9.q? 0.Bo 0.76 o.i7 9.t\ 9:t, ó.ii o.ò:z ó'.ð; o:äi 

l.?o r.to r.Lo r]j 9.?1 Þ.çe ó:'si) L.z2 t.zi i-.ái 

9.i.1 0.90 0.?3 0.i\ 9.í,4 o.+i ó'.ä o.id 0-.16 õ:i6 

9.92 9.65 0.63 o.5q 9.1i o:¿é ó:ií o.Èà o.iÇ -o.íé, 

9.25. 0.&,+ 

0.18 o.zl 

o.Lt 0.43. 

o.2o o.rs S.iZ o.iz Q:2t o.1i 

ó:iâ 

ö:íi 

o.tt, o.5s õ:;; 

o.i¿ ó:íí ó:í6 

L.69 r.29 1,39 r.31 r.7g 1.6¡* r.62 r.6t+ 1.5r t.56 

Conparlsons for DIE nulnbel^ l and_ó coutd noù be made 

the first 8-hour- (õ-B) €incê only the second (S_ló) 

rrear and 

ãoirèciion" iãJpããtiiäiy'v.,ere avalrabLe. 

Tlne lnterval åfter the stârt of the collectlon. 

Percent expressed on a dry natter baBis.

TABLE 22. Apparent iLeal and 

ín study 2a. 

CEREAI GRATN 

LOCATTON 

AMINO AcrDS (ø)4 

Ess ential 

--r.m- 

HTS 

ILE 

LEU 

tYS 

¡,ßT5 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

toq-Essential_ 

ALA 

ASP 

crs5 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

lYR 

NITNOGEN (ø) 

DRY MATTER (ø) 

1 

3 

4 

5 

ÏIEUM 

87.bc 

8d.3D 

8?.sA 

s2.5+ 

82. oA 

91.94 

90.548 

78.98 

84.98 

CORN 

FAECES 

92.24 

93.648 

88. ra 

e3. s4 

83. OA 

89.54 

9L'?A 

8634 

88.24 

88.54 90.84 

å?:ii' 33'2i" 

9l-.8c 94.18 

7L.zc g6.zÃ 

80.r+c %.LA, 

84.98 9r.oA 

89.04 go.2A 

82.4n d9.48 

80. zB 89.ÀA 

faecal amlno acid availabilitiesl of the cereal gralns 

I\IHEAT 

ILEUM3 FAECES 

85.8c gz.7^ 

89.rcÐ 9L.gA 

8:-.lB 89.t4 

ir?E 3å ?f 

d6,64 BB.9A 

88.BBc gz.5Ã 

?6.5c 86.?A 

82.84 88.94 

?t+.02 

z7'.r^ 

92.?BC 

n.7c 

86-88 

8ll. rB 

85.98 

82.9D 

nlc 

8r,. oB 

ai. rB 

%.74 

9?.oÃ 

89.34 

96.74 

92.54' 

89.54 

9L.24 

89. OA 

BARLET 

ÏI,EUM FAECES 

8L.5D 89.IrB 

80.¿E 91.98c 

?s.{ 83.18 

sl.51 s6.6: 

73.3" 77.5" 

80.lB 79.98 

82.2D 87.9C 

?t.zD dr.4B 

78. oc 8rÞ.38 

69.78 

zr.zD 

7?.68 

86.6D 

?L.2D 

go.9c 

76Jc 

79.?c 

?t+.98 

66.2D 

?7.t* 

l":?i" 

92.?BC 

82.68 

92 j.A 

86.98 

85. oB 

85,9c 

83. óB 

Each vaLue Ís the rnean of 6 observations. 2 standard error of the rnean. 

rreal availabilities from pig numb er 1 and 6 were based on singl-e d-hour coLLections. 

Means in the same row with the sarne superscrlpt do not differ slgnlfícantly (F

pooling of the 3 individual 8-hour collecti_ons that were 

derived fro¡n each of the cereal grains. However, apparent 

ileal anino acid availabilities from pig nu¡nber I and. ó 

were based on one single 8-hour collection. Both ileal and 

faecal amino acid availabilities r¡ere deterrnined by the 

chromic oxide nrethod (ùrampton and Harris, L96gl . For tl¡e 

cÌeterminat j.on of Ì:äT and CYS availabilities, faeces froil 

the 2 pigs, fed the s arne diet during each particular test 

perioci , were pooled anci analyzed (FiS . ,2 ) . The inciivi.cÌual 

apparent ileal and faecal emino acid availabilities and 

analyses of variance ere shov¡n in the appendix (Table 3, 4, 

5, 61 7 and 8) 

There were no significant differences between 

the apparent faecal availabilities of essential amino acids 

from wheat and corn (ta¡Ie eZ). The avaÍlabilities of 

essential anino acids from wheat and corn were signifi.cantly 

higher than those from barley. The differences in iTS 

availabilities were of a sna1l magnitude. They were 8J.0, 

80.7 and 77.5% f$ corn, wheat and barley respectively. 

the apparent faecal availabilities of the non- 

essentj.al amino acids from wheat and corn were higher than 

those from barley. îhe availabilities of .A,l,A and ASp frorrr 

corn were significantly higher than those from wheat. There 

were no significant differences between the apparent pRO 

availabilities of the cereal grains tested. 

81

Cenerail¡2, the ir eaJ_ evaila.oiiities cî aihj.nc aciis 

decreasecì irc: corn l,o r,vheat tc Larl=¡.. :he :,;S ai-?:la:.ilit., 

1n par.ticul ar, iecreased frcrn 52.C tc ì5,7 io lj )),: îor 

corn, wheat anci barJ_e1' respectil'e1:¡. 

F¡ecai a...aile'cilii_i.es lr'ere hlgher t,han ileel 

aveilabillties for alI anino ecids ícr e¿ch cf -,,he ce:.eal 

grains tesied. îhe di.fferences were largest for .,1ìG, iils, :i_iì, 

'-:LY , ln l.) and S-1,. ïn nost cases, there r¡as l-ess difference 

between ileai anci faecai anino acid availebilities frcni corn 

than fron r^heet end barley. For instance, the di_fference 

fcr LYS was 1í for corn anci 5 and tr.2í,, f or wheet end berie¡, 

respectivel;'. ihe ciifference fcr ?ijR was 7,L, LC.2 ana 

10. 2Íi for corn, wheat and 'oarì-ey resçeciive11,. 

Threcnine rvas the Ieast avail_able essential anino 

aciC for corn anci barley lr,hen deternineC at the end c.f the 

ileun. L:-'sine wes the lease available aninc acic fron corn 

ânC 'oa.rie1' when dete:.nined by the faecai enalr,sis nethci. 

i¡rsine rvas the I east available a¡:.ino aciC frc: uhe at 

regardiess oÍ lleal or íaecel cciiection (?abie 22). 

Si¿:ni_f icant pig e ífect s were obserl-eci ic:: so:e enino 

aciis (LppenCi.x, îa'cle 6 znd. 7 ) . lhe appe:.ent aninc acid 

availabilities .íron pig nu:::'cer i (replacer:eni pig ) ,¡ere 

generaì-l¡,' lolver than thcse of the cther pigs, in par-ticr-tlar, 

when Ceternined at the eni cí the ileu:n. The latter resul_ted 

82

also in several significant pig x location interactions. 

Ðry natter digestibilities based on total ileal 

dry matter collectÍon and chromj.c oxide levels r4¡ere nearly 

the same for the cereal grains (Table 23). fndividual 

compari-sons are shown in the appendix (Tab1e 3, t+ and 5). 

Dry r,ratter digestibilities determined by chromic oxide 

level-s were lower for Ii-7 and I,l- 14 than when deterrnined by 

total ileaI drl' rnatter excretion. Data obtained from l,ì_Z 

represent those fron the first Z\-hour ileal colrect,ion 

that r,¡as cåried out. Lack of experience with regard to 

the collection p'ocedure resuried in unforeseen r.osses of 

ileal digesta at that time. Elockage and associated problems 

occurred someti¡les when the pigs were fed the Ii_Z diets 

but very often when they were fed the ¡.!-14 diets. For the 

[î-14 diet, feed. intake r^¡as very irregular and. meals were 

often skipped. some pigs started nibbring instead of con- 

suming the nreals within a short time after feeding. The 

average daíIy dry matter intakes by the pigs fed jri_ 7 and 

l'Í-14 were 1486 (B?.8j1 of allowable intake) and 9i5 grar¿s 

(trt.91t" of alLowable intake) respectively (Appendix, Table 

9 and 10). The cereal test diets in these studies were 

alwa1.s consumed within t hour after feeding (ie . IOU/" of 

allowable intake ) and the anount of ileal dry natter 

collected during 3 consecutive g_hour coll_ections coulci oe 

83

TABLE 23. Conparison of ileal_ dry natter d.igestibilitiesl 

based on total dry natter excretiõn and chronic 

oride levels. 

Measurenent Total Chro¡dc 

' Oxide 

DIETS 

Barley (6)z 

corn (6) 

Wheat (t¡) 

NIaínbenance, flo 

alphafloc (5) 

Maintenanee, 14f 

alphafloc (6) 

6?.LL!2.87 

80. 0612 . L6 

n.Ltto.?7 

88.52t2.54 

èt+.StS.Zz 

Mean and standard devi.ation. 

66.L?b.86 

80.18t0.7? 

73.25t2.O5 

86.55te.49 

76.$tO ?,t+ 

values in parentheses i.ndieate the nunber of observatioos. 

84

e'l ateci back to i,he total dr¡,, natter intake from l feedin3s. 

fleai d:';,r metteÌ' digestibili!1es based on -i,otal ileal cli,1. 

niatter r¡.,ere calculated on the basis of the lâtt,er prj-nciple. 

Îhe higher i1eal dry Ììietier d.ige stib ilit ie s obteined frorr 

l.--7 and Ì.-1d by totaL iLeal dry n:at.r,er levels than b;r 

ch:'o¡ric oxide level_s in pârt reflect the l_ov,,er in-uake oÍ 

these diets bi' the pigs in compårison to their allowable 

dail"v dry nat ter intake . 

ïhe average n:etabclic ileal and íaecal anino acid 

and nitrogen lerels, expressecÌ as grat:s per lOO grams of ciry 

r'Ër-ter intake, ai'e shown in Table 24, The individual rcetabolic 

ileal and faecal anino acj-cì l_eveìs of the pigs are shown in 

the appendix (Table 9 and IO). AII j-leal anC faecal collections 

from pigs feci iì:e i",-7 diet follouin¿ the cereal test ciiet 

sequence lrere spoiJ_ed. pig nunber ó, fed i:_7 prior to the 

cereal test di.e t sequence, went off feed the Cay before the 

ileal collection was carried out. 

I'lot taklng into account the possible eflect oi bcd;. 

weight on metabolic and faecal arnino aciii levels, these 

leve1s lvere increased as the level of alphafloc lr,a s raised 

from 7 to IU,/h (fa¡le e4). For both the i;_Z and i,i_14 diets, 

there was a net l-oss (as gr.ans per 100 gran:s of dry nnatter 

intake ) of total nitrogen betueen the end of the ileum and 

the anus. there was a net disappearence of ARG, G.l,U, GLï,

TABLE 24. Metabolic ileal and faecal amino acid l-evelsl fron study 2a. 

PERTOD OF 

COLIfiCTION 

LEVEL OF 

ATPHAFTOC (%) 

tocATr0N 

AMTNO ACTDS 

EssentLal 

ARG 

HTS 

ÏLE 

LEU 

ï,ïs 

¡{ET5 

PHE 

THR 

vÂt 

Non-Ess entia]. 

ALA 

ASP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TTR 

NÏTROGEN 

L 

2 

3 

l+ 

5 

BEFORE CEREAT DTETS2 

rtEUM (5)4 

o. ol8a1-9.9119 

0.0126t0.0033 

o. ole$fs.9s3s 

0.04241s. ss99 

o.0356to.0061 

0. oo88to. oo15 

0.0224t9.9s56 

0.0444ro.0082 

o. ol8À3s, es63 

0. o¡42fq. es96 

o . 066210. 0071 

0.12381O.0115 

o,11l}6to.O'+25 

o.3t.J8!O.L2t+3 

0.0670t0. 006¡l 

o.0t_82t0.0042 

0.2148á0.038I 

7 

FAECES (5) 

o. 0288to. o12o 

0,01il**9.9934 

o.0332t9. s665 

0.0502t9. s162 

o.o456to. o13r 

o. or62to. 0056 

o.o3rsts. ss99 

O.O)t¡2t9.9939 

0. o38oto.0101 

O.0l¡62ta.9119 

o. o72o+0.0189 

0.0946ts. s2sg 

o. Olf$ts. s111 

o.ol8$1s.s131 

0. ol6$ts. s676 

0.oz32*o.060? 

0.1,Ì3610.0368 

AFTER CEREAL DTETS3 

rLEUpr (6) 

0. o4óoto. 0056 

0.017710.O01+t 

o.0352!O.Ot+Iz 

0.Ot¡[/*g.9933 

o. o4e$19. ss2s 

0.0110*0. o0og 

o. o238to.0029 

o.045516.ss34 

0.041$16.9s23 

0. 0572tO.0117 

o.o732IO.OO22 

O.ll¡2lta.9192 

o.u52t0.0690 

0.5548t0.31184 

o. o752JO. O14O 

0.0178*0.0013 

o,3oíJts.s545 

l'Íeans, expressed as grams per 1O0 gram dry matter intake, ánd standard deviation. 

No lLeaL and faecal co[ections were avairab]-e fro¡n pig nunber ó. 

fleal and faecal collections frorn M-/, fed foLlowing the cereal test diet sequence 

were spol1ed. 

Numbers 1! parentheses indicate the number of observations. 

uetermlned by acid hydrolysis. 

rl} 

¡'AEcES (6) 

0. o347ts. e13s 

o.Ot52t6.9422 

o. o442tO. Olr+3 

o.oó81J0.0292 

o.056?!0.o2oz 

0.019810. Oo74 

o.04o7ts.9171 

0.0468t0.0172 

o. 051oå0. ol7ó 

O.o632ts.s3a 

0.0943+0. o3o9 

o.rz5oxo.0376 

O.o497ts.sa92 

0.0665!9.ç2a2 

0;0502*0. O13O 

o.0302*0.0L21 

o.L%3*O.0666 

@ cl..

P.Ê;C anci SER. ?he net disappeai'ance was verl.¡ iarÊje ior 

Pi.O anci GiY. ,,euci_ne , i,t S, Ì'lJT, pi.jJ, ASp anci Tïi. snor,ved 

a nei increase from the end of the ileum to -,he anus. 

The metabolic ileat levels of pi,O and cLT varied 

extensivel¡r from pig to pig. fn general , the variation in 

1eve1s for the other amino acids was nuch 1e s s (Appendix, 

?able 9 ) . I'iost varÍation betl^reen the netabolic. faecal 

amino acid levels of the pigs coulC be attributed to pig 

nun?ber 1. The metabolic faecal anino acid levels of this 

pig were about twice as high as lhose of the other pigs 

(Appendix, Table 10). 

Lit/hüV ¿U. 

The appareni faecal amino acid availabilities 

deternined fror: ó normal pigs viere verJ¡ close to those 

deterr¿ined from the cannulated. pigs. The largest dif_ 

f erences rniere found for barle}' end rangei fron l_ .2 tc 4.8 

pei'centage uniis for pRO and TIih. r.especti-ve1¡r (Tab1 e 22 an| 

¿, ) . ! aecar avaÍr-abilit'ie s fron corn and whea! rnrere neari¡r 

identica.l for cannulated and nornoal pigs. The iTS availa_ 

bilities of nornel pigs were 8I .e, 79.g ênd. 7 j,J,.. f or corn, 

wheat anci barley respec-r,ive1]¡. fn the såne ord,er, chey we:,e 

83, 8,O.7 and.7?.jì; ior the cannulated pigs (TabJ_e 22 and Z)). 

The apparent a¡iino acid availabilities fron pig 

number ó were lower than -uhose of the otjier 5 pigs. .ihese 

ö/

¿ J{DJ¿ú ¿) , 

CER¡AL GRATN CORN 

a 

AìirNo ActDs ø)- 

_Er- 

ìeea¡+.i ^ l 

HTS 

rtE 

.1.ìtTl 

LÏS 

Iiõ13 

PTiE 

¡: u: 

vA! 

Iln¡-liec--+.i ^1 ff:* têD 

r/-1T TT 

GIT 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NITROc,Ð\r (ø) 

DRT l,:ATTiR (ø) 

Apparent faecaL airxi-no ecid. availabiliij_es 

of the cereel_ grains, in aCciiiiãn i;--nr-trogen 

and dry natter dige stibi.Iitie s 

I'or study 2b. 

or ,Ä 

92.uB 

87.84 

%.6r' 

81.84 

87.44 

9t.zE 

ô5.9L 

Ê': lA 

go.2A 

8ó. OA 

o2 dB 

86. oË 

oe ,.Ë 

on ÁA 

90. oA 

88. 5A 

89. oA 

Standard error of the r¡ean of 6 

Means în the sarne row with the 

significanrLy (p 

ô A? Ê 

r.660 

o.+16 

o.478 

n ??o 

0. 5r8 

^ Aa1 

0.552 

U.IòU 

observations per treatmen! . 

88 

sane superscript do not differ

dj-íferences were significan-t for pli¡ ancì Ar,À (Appendix, 

Table 11 ) . The inciiviiuel faecal_ a¡,:ino acid avai.Iab i1i*,, ie s 

fro¡n the pÍgs are shoun j-n the appenciix (?able J'Z, Lj, I4). 

The netabolic faecai a¡nino acid excretion in_ 

creaseci as the i-evel of alphafloc was raised in -r,he 

iraintenance diets (Tebie 26). 

I7ith the exception of ARG and pHi there r,,jere no 

significant dii-ferences ciue to weighi (Appendix, Tabie 15). 

The p j-gs diff ered approxinatel¡.,- I C kg . in weight between i jre 

first and second tir,'Le thelr r^¡ere feci the sene naintenance 

ciiet. The ¡retabolic faecal_ Afr.G and pliE excretion were sig_ 

nificantly higher for the lighter than heavier pígs fed the 

l.i-14 diet (Tabl_e 26). The individual pig d.å.-,,a ere shown in 

the appendix (?able 1ó and lZ). 

i_etabolic faecal anino acid e:ccretions were 

approxi-nate iy 3AÍí higher for Nhe r:.oxri¡âl than f or -i,he can_ 

nul-âted pigs (Table 24 and, 26). As stated previousl¡,,, 

¡here was consiCerable variation in the net,abolic faecal 

anino acid excretion in study 2a. îhe variation that was 

observed could be lai.gel¡, attribut,eci ro one particular pig. 

Stuciy 3 

This study was subdi_vided into Z separate experinenrs. 

Study Ja deals with the inîusj.on of j.soleted soy p¡oiein. .,:jx_ 

perinent lb invorved the infusi-on o.f rysine monohyciro chr-ori.cie 

i-nto the caecun. 

AÕ

ì i+;. La ¿a . l.ìetabolic faecal anino acid 

for stud,w 2b. 

P]P.TOÐ CF 

t0LL;CTIOi'i 

ÞEFORI cE.,ìt]i,i 

iiliris 

ÁFTLR 'lltulÁi 

ÐËis 

L;I¿:I OF 

ALPHAFL0C (;3) 14 

!+ 

A:lr}ÍO ACTÐS3 

Esç9Et ial 

-{'-LLl 

i-tIs 

rj.E 

lTs 

i i.C¡ l'Y 

P;iE 

iFR 

VAL 

IIon-f,s sent ia1 

AiÁ 

ASP 

L'L U 

GLY 

I)5 /\ 

c:1D 

}JÏTROGE}.I 

) 

3 

ne oBC 

. OO8B 

.0278 

. o4tE 

.OTÐ 

. 012E 

-oz5bc 

.ozgB 

.03zB 

. o4oÊ 

.o628 

. oSoE 

.Q32B 

.03zÊ 

.$zE 

. olgB 

.11g8 

.úzA 

.0114 

.0394 

.060å 

.OL7A 

. OITA 

^^.4 

.uJo" 

.oÐA 

. o48A 

. o58A 

.0884 

.It4A 

. o46A 

.043Â 

.0434 

,O26L 

¡ z.A 

nr cC 

.oo7B 

.o2gË 

.Qj,6IÞ 

.03OE 

.012Ë 

. o20c 

.o?68 

. 03tB 

.vt ^- )- -Þ 

.o5?B 

. o87E 

ac¡B 

. 03oË 

.ú6b 

. 015E 

.1218 

qô 

and nitrogen levelsl 

e_2 

.o26L, .OO17O 

.012^ .00078 

.ol8Ä .oa253 

.oi4Å .oaLLz 

.o45!' .oo3o2 

.o2oå .OO14g 

.0318 .00226 

.036'A .oo3zt 

.0454 .oo3gz- 

.or| .oo4o5 

.0884 .oozol 

.1124 .OA76g 

.o4oA .oc2g3 

. o4oA .00254 

.044À .oozg9 

.o; L .oor9ô 

,v5A .00ð61 

i eans fron 5 observations, e:i)ressed per lOO gr.an of di.;r 

matter iniake. 

Standard, errcr of the nean. 

IlÍeans in- the sane row with .the same superscript do not differ 

significantlJ, G

jictar-r' arino ac il arc i:itt c-=en ::ral.'ses a:-: shc,¡;n in 

T:bIe 2?. ihe le .,'el of LTS fr.ci: ts+2¿Sp was C.15Í hiEher tÌ:an 

ih^t ^¡ 

';-:-C) r:L¡ inÄir-ì.t.,^.1 t^+- ^-. 

'-i.dL Lr- .c.l-"1,1 .-. :îe r¡,*: v_!,-:4¿r .i6vc dt€ .ii'l:n in T¿b1e 23 a:; 

âre sunnerizei in ?a'c1e 29. 

T'he ancunt cf nitrcgon retain_.cÌ per då1, we s sig_ 

nificantl;' higher for- E-2rS? than ícr. the cther 2 diets, fcr 

v;hich ihe dailir nitrcgen retentions 'ú¡ere al-most siril-ar (Tabre 

2c; .a.ppendix, Table 18). lhe retention of nitrclen, exÞressed 

pe :' 100 grans cf çi¡rr ¡-+lcr- intake, 'r'1¡e s apprcxinatellr I g. fcr 

the E'2i3P Ci:t and C.9 -E. fcr the i=_S? and Ë-fS?+J-I3? diets. 

The latter Ì,re s nct significant at the !i-, ]er.-el of significance , 

but wes sísnificant at the 1O;:1 ler.el cf si::nificance. percent 

nit'o¡¡en retention and bi"clcrical va.rr:e we.e the highest fci. 

E+iSP and were significantl¡; highe:. than thcse .fcr E+iSp+a-ISp, 

bui not tiìan the values for E+2lSp. 

if all- caecal_l¡' infusei ISp h¿d 'ceen Cisestei, absorbeC 

anci utili zei tc the saäe ext3nt in the lar..3e ini-estlne as in the 

s¡nal-l intestine, then 18.0 g. cf niticgen v¡cu1C heve been re_ 

te ined per dal¡ (ïa'ole 2ç ) . ff not ut ilizeC at all , it nai, be 

:xtrectei that 1i, Ê g. cf nitrcã3n wouli 1--e1,.3 been i"etained .f:.cn 

the cae cafl-;' fed fSP. îhe ercunt retê-ined fr.c:: Ë=iSp*C_ïSF 

'¡':a s jound tc '¡e 15.?1 C., ',rhich is cnj-v C.tI .r. I roie th.en 

lts.qr ''I < Êa 0.11 . 

Õl

T ABLE 27. Amino acid and nitrogen compositionl of test 

diets in stud../ 3. 

DIETS E1-¿!Ðr E+ISP E+ISP+LYS 

AlirNo AcrDS (ø) 

Essential 

--T-FG- 

HTS 

]LE 

LEU 

T!.e 

I.,:ET¿ 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

--TÏÃ.- Non-Essential 

^ eD 

CYS¿ 

CLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NTTROGEN (ø) 

0.88 

o.lo 

u. /) 

r.32 

o.7r 

ç.¿4 

0.96 

o .57 

o.87 

o.69 

1 ?ô 

0.21 

4.23 

0 .68 

o.7t 

0.44 

? .l+86 

I E*p"""""d as percent of dry matter. 

2 Ðetermined b:¡ the oxidatíon ¡irethcd. 

0.68 

c.27 

4.55 

1.03 

o.;6 

c. 21 

0.68 

o.so 

aì o< 

o.22 

3.39 

0.55 

L, J9 

4.55 

0.31, 

2.096 

e.66 

4.27 

4.55 

I.A2 

o.7t 

0.2I 

4.7 5 

0.68 

u.> / 

L O',1 

3 .Ll+ 

t.)4 

v.) / 

V.JJ 

¿.vvL 

92

!tI-i,) Z¿ fndividual dai ly niti"ogen intakes anC faecal ancl 

urinary losses and soíté calculated paraneters in 

study 3a. 

PERTOÐ ]I iir 

Pie no. I 

lìitrogen intake 

(s,/da.t ) 

FaecaI nitroEen 

loss (g/da¡.) 

Urinar'¡ nitroeen 

1oss" (e/dal'J 

liitroeen retaíned 

t 

\ ál ^/;^--\ \rdl I 

I'iit:'ogen retained2 

Ìiitrogen retentì on 

(::)t 

EioL oli c al 

valüe (:í )4 

en intake 

Faeca1 nitrcgen loss 

Urinary nitrogen loss 

liitrogen retained 

l{itrogen retained.2 

liitrogen retentionS 

Ei.ological value4 

Þi¡: ¡n ? 

Ìrtitrogen iniake 

Faecal nitrogen loss 

ilrinary nitrðgen loss 

lJitroien retained 

tiitrolen retained2- 

Nitrogen retentionJ 

Ðiological value4 

(¡+ersp)l (E+rsp) 

,,'l ô( 

"AÔ 

16.80 

t7.?6 

t.o23 

4I.L4 

50. ó8 

34.88 

,7 20 

L).Ló 

14.31 

0. B6c 

41 .03 

52.06 

?'7 '7 Ò 

JñO 

14.41 

lo.Zy 

0.904 

43.tr 

53.06 

48.1ó 

ro.4z 

tt t,1 

15,42 

o.855 

32.O2 

4C.9L 

(B+ts?-ù-ïs?) (;-2ïsp) 

U+.45 

9.9s 

t8.¡z 

15.95 

0.95s 

46.27 

l+5 .l+5 

Ê (ô 

18.49 

r8.37 

1 .005 

l+O.42 

lþ9.81+ 

I Abbreviations in parentheses indj_cate the clj.et fed- 

93 

(!+rsP+C- _iSP ) 

)u.)ö 

o r.t 

2t+.61 

ro.J() 

o.867 

)..+t 

39.93 

+2! 

t+7 .54 

o . r,Lu 

)^ ,7^ 

l-ó.Jó 

o.96t 

Ji5. OÞ 

40. yo 

rr: !ì-c Ð ì 

39.53 

t.¿) 

15.48 

1ó. 60 

o'89r 

52.A4 

" crans of n:trogen reteinec per r0o grans of cÌri' r:atter in-"ar;e. 

a 

Percent nitrogen retained.. 

l::::lt nitrogen retained. fron_nitrogen absorbed; Ìietabolic 

reecer anc¡ endoãenous urinary l0sses were no! taken into âccoun!.

TABTU 29 

DT¡I1 

II!gq 

l'litrogen retained (g./rl"y ) 

llltrogen retained3 

lJitrogen retention (Íl)4 

Eiological value iJí)5 

f tliourru with the 

2 Standard error 

3, +t 5 As shown 

The averagel amounts of nitrogen retained, nitrogen 

retentj-ons and biological values for dietå in stud.y ja. 

E+2ïSP 

18.004 

0.9t)6Â 

LO.o7A 

t+9.16Ã 

D+TSP 

same superscript in tire same ro!! do not differ significantry (p(.05). 

of tlle mean. 

in lab1e 28. 

r5.80ts 

0.8854 

L2.2rlqc 

roA 

B+]SP1.C-ISP 

L5,9LB 

0.8934 

T,46D 

42 378 

a,2 

¡Jx 

.27L8 

.oL5z6 

.62?r 

'1 

1. ¿1õ 

\o

¡¡¿¡ for E+ISP. Therefor:e, 'uhe rel-ative i.etention of caecat l:¡ 

infused ISP r\tâs onl,.: Ji,I of ihat of orall'¡ supplied fSP. 

The average ni'r,rcgen intake, faecaÌ nitlogen 1oss, 

uriner:¡ nitrogen loss and retained nitr.ogen -,tere )7.UC, 7,Zt+, 

t4.ló anci 15.60 g. per day respectivelj¡ for the pigs fed 

bl-ISP. In the sarie order, ihese values were l+7 .66 , 9 .95 , 

2l-.ð0 and 15.91 g. pe:' ciaT respecrir¡ely for pigs given 

Ë+ISP+C-ISP (fab1e Z6 and 29). Of the nitrogen caecaliy 

i:rfused which was IO.Z62¿., 2.7L3g. v¡as lost in the iaeces, 

7.++ag. was lost in the urine and O.t15S. was retained. 

Jxpresseci on a percentage basis, Zó.Lií of the nitrogen froln 

caecally infused ISP was excreted in the faeces, 72.5.)¡ was 

¿xcret:d in ihe uri ne and 1. !i:3 was retained by the pi-gs. 

Studv 3b. 

ihe indi'¡idual ciata are given in TabLe IO and are 

surnr::arized in Table JI. Dala fror,r pig nurnber 6 on t:.eatrnent 

E+fSP+C-LlS were not available. Statistical anall,ses coulci 

be perforned with the inclusion oí the calculated raissing 

values (Table li ) . i{owevei, this 'r¡¡ould. be of no use in 

1(ì - 0.li :)(1o.00 

\) - l_).õ0)( x ICO. 

2(g.;¡ + ro.37 + 10.85) : 3 = ra,z6. 3g.gs - 7.24 = 2.7L. 

4z1.so - rL.3ó = ?.t+4. 5t;.gt - 15.so : o.rrr. 

,o5

.¡;t Et f¡ ra\ ïndividual daily nitrogen intakes ancÌ faecal- and 

urinerj' lopses and sor:re calcul_ated parâneters 

in stud¡r Jb. 

PiRIOD rt rir 

intake 

Faeca1 nitrosen loss 

G/d.v) 

Urinary nitrogen l_oss 

G/aav ) - 

Nitrogen retained 

G/arv) 

r liitrogen retained.2 

I\,litrggen retention 

(fr)r 

eiijiogical value (ii)4 

Pìô ñ^ Â 

Nitrogen intake 

FaecaL nitrogen loss 

ürÍna::y nitrogen loss 

L itr:ogen retained^ 

Nitrogen retained¿ 

i'iitrolen retentipn3 

Eiological value4 

Píe no. ó 

üitrogen intake 

Faeca1 nitrogen loss 

Jrinari.' nitrogen Ìoss 

Nitrosen retained 

liitrolen retained2 

llitrogen ret entíonJ 

ljr-oIog]-caI val_ue¿+ 

I, 21 3, l+ 

5 

96 

(E+rsp+c-tys)1 (s+lsp+i,ys) (B+Isp) 

3t+.88 

/.LO 

13.04 

14.68 

0.882 

l.t ño 

53.L7 

(E+rsP ) 

34.88 

7 .68 

1r ?o 

14.81 

0.900 

4¿.40 

5lt . lt5 

(E+ISP+LTS ) 

35.o4 

7.62 

10.80 

16.62 

0.992 

+t.4) 

60.6t 

As shown in Table 28. 

2'7 ÕA 

6 't+6 

13 .50 

18.00 

n ool 

l+7.1+2 

57 .r4 

37 .79 

7 .39 

1t, aþ 

1ó'¡e 

ô oaìo 

t+3.34 

TAÐLì 3I. lY"frg?l anounts of nitrogen retained, nitrogen retentions and 

bi.ological values for dÍeis i.n stud1, jb. 

2 

DTjlTS 

ÏTU]:S 

I'litrogen retained (e/day) 

Nitrogen retained3 

ltritrogen retention4 (i¿) 

Eiological vatue5 (i3) 

Statistical analyses were not perforned. 

Values in parentheses do not include the 

IE 

* ¡ ) Âs shovrn in Table 28. 

BI'ISP-I-C-LYS 

r5.68 

0.877 

l+I ,97 

52.88 

(r5 . fi )z 17 .71+ 

(0.896 ) 0.988 

(trz.zz) t*z.ztr 

(sl.sl) sq.oz 

n-!TQ D-LI ve E+ISP 

calculated missing values. 

l-5.36 

o.866 

4I.I5 

5t.27 

\o 

{

-r"his study since the error degrees of freedom woul_d. d.ecrease 

fyom 2 to 1 resu.lting in the increase of F critical fro¡n 

19.0 to 200.00 (at the J,rà leveL of significance). 

All pararaeters determined were the highest for 

E+ISP+LYS and the lowest for Ë+lSp. The values obtained 

for B+ISP+C-LTS were slightly higher than those of B+lSp 

(Table l1) . 

Including the calculated missing value the arílount 

of nitrogen retained per day increased by O.32I¿. upon LyS 

infusion ínto the caecua. Ora11y given LIS increased the 

arûount of nitrogen retained per day by Z.3g2e. (Table jI). 

Therefore, ihe relative irnprovement in nitrogen retained. 

per day (S. ) of caecally infused l,yS was only ll .t3il ot 

that oraliy supplÍed LYS. 

Study l¡. 

Study 4a. 

The nitrogen and. fiber l-evels decreased fron 

B+S+l{ to whole wheat and to flour (Tabl e 32) . B+S+1,,Í contained 

much higher leve1s of ARG, HfS, LyS, AiA, ASp and GLy than 

flour while those of THA., VAL, SER and TyR were slightly 

1r¡.69 - r.-.36 = o,32. ?tz .zL, - L5.36 = 2.32. 

3 (o.zl | 2.3Ð x too = t3.Lt¿. 

AR

TAlltE 32 Proximate, acÍd and neu.tral-detergent fiber ancl chrorìic oxicle analysesl 

for diets'of study d. 

DTI¡TS I,JI{OLB TIHEAT 

LEI¡EL 0F AtPHAFtoc (ø) 

Jr:luå (,¿) 

NÍtrogen. 

Ether extract, 

Fiber: 

lrude 

Ac id-det ergent 

lleutral -det ergent 

Ash 

Chromic oxide 

2'4e 

r.66 

2.3 5 

5.38 

12,L7 

4.82 

o.5z 

f,xpressed on a dry weight basis. 

FLOLIR 

2.35 

r.03 

n rÃ 

3.2r 

3.43 

4.01 

o.56 

!r-S+Ì,i 

2.7 5 

4.48 

8.trg 

12.94 

40.98 

8.44 

o.55 

PROTBÌN-FRII]] 

510 

0.09 0.10 

1.06 1.16 

3 .86 6.80 

6.t z 9.9o 

3.26 3.os 

o.59 0.55 

L5 

0.11 

1.00 

10.83 

L4.6t+ 

3.r5 

o.55 

\o 

\o

higher. fhe levels of PliI , GiU and pRO were nuch lor,ver 

in E;S+i-., than in flour. As expected , the arnino acici 

'I evel-s of whole whreat '¡ere be-r,vreen those of E+S+i_ and 

rroì.Ìr ( _LaC,J_e )J ) . 

Statistical_ anall.,ses could not be perforned, 

et leest not in the forn of a single cross_over desj-gn on 

t,he apparent amino acid a¡¡ailebilities .fi-c:r r¡rhole wheat, 

flour and Ë+S+Ì,i (Table 34). pigs nurnbered 1, 2, 4 and.7 

re.íused to consuÌne the E+S+i: diet (Fi.g. I ). Ðata obtained 

fron repì.acerirent, pig nunber ó (ciay 23-29) are included in 

the avai-labilities of ani-no acids fron Ë+S+iÍ. 

Generall;', apparent ileal and faecal anino acid 

availabilities decreased frorn flour to whol_e r¡¡heat to 

B+S+l!Í. Total nitrogen and dr:. ¡rttu" digestibilities 

followed the sene pattein (Table 34). 

ihe differences in percentage unit,s beiv¡een il_eal_ 

anci iaecal availab ili-i,ie s were the snallest for flour and 

t'he largest for diet E+s+r'.i. lhe differences for arr- d.iets 

vrere alrva1's the nost pronounced for AF,G, älS, TI{R, Gi,y, FitC, 

and StrR (la¡re 14). 

L).sine and ?h-Lì, r,,¡ere about equall;r the least 

available essential anino aci,ds of whole wheat and fLour 

when de'r,ernined at the end of the ileun. Lysine was the 

least availabie f:"on these 2 diets when deternined by the 

100

TAEIE 33 Amj-no acid coinposition of diets from study d. 

ÐIETS tr.,IHOLE I.!'HãAT 

ßL c/r68v2 

AI.:ÏTIC ACIÐS 

'¡cêsh+ j _TFG^l 

dlù 

rlE 

L¡u 

l.¿î, 

PJiE 

iri¡. 

'yAt 

itl on- ls s ent ial 

ÀiA 

,\ cÐ 

GI,i] 

GIY 

PRO 

c¡Þ 

T:-.-i, 

o.66 

o.3z 

o .5L 

1.01 

w.) I 

o.73 

0.40 

0.50 3 ,25 

o.7 6 4.9L 

L.69 30.5c, 

0.60 3 ,92 

r.u9 9.69 

0.60 3.92 

c.34 2.L9 

4.27 O.47 

2.O7 0.29 

3.52 O,55 

6.57 1.oo 

., )Y u . ¿, 

r.37 0.17 

4.72 O.76 

¿.)Y U.JC 

!+.3L 0. ó1 

I ExpresseC on a dry weight basis. 

2 Graris per 16 grains of nì-trogen. 

3 Ðetermined. by acid hydrolysis. 

FLOUR 

/" g/t6¿i; 

3.24 

¿.vr 

3.?t+ 

!. (4 

r.1ó 

)..) 

2.44 

l. a^ 

1.0i 

o.,rz 

4.55 

1.01 

o.59 

9.72 

u.oo 

a.+5 

u.4u ^ 2.','ô ã/ 

o.7g 

^r.iâ4^ v.)t ).J) I.t, 

5.L9 35,57 3 .23 

v.+o ,t.¿> U.o¿! 

r.67 11.45 a.9i 

o.¡¿ 3.99 C.óó 

0.30 2.A5 O.34 

E+S+il 

I01 

s/t6st: 

o . .l_l- 

2.t+6 

3 .18 

ÃÕo 

I la 

r.45 

? !r1 

.

TABLE 3ò. Apperent llea1 and fâecal a¡nlno acld aveilebllftiesl 

of 'r,vho16 wheat, flour and B+S+li{ snd B+S+M_D for study ,}. 

I¡CATION 

AMINO ACÎDS (ø} 

Essentlal 

--¡rõ- 

Hts 

II,E 

LEU 

LIs 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAI, 

Non-Essêntle]' 

WHOLE WHEAT (6)2 

FAECES 

6z.t!L.7 9,+.6!0.j 

88.411,4 %.9!o.9 

89.112.o 91.6t1. o 

89.9Jr.i 9t.a!o,s 

79.5:?'] d6.rt1.2 

92.t+t2.2 93.[11.8 

9r.511.1 g4.t!o.7 

78.¡t2,5 89.110.9 

86.ztL.T g]-.rí.r 

_ffif-- 

79.6t2.6 86.111.5 

ÂSP 8O.8*z. j 88. Ot¡..2 

GLU 95.6to.6 g7.gto.L 

GLr ?2.6t6.2 90.6f0.6 

PRo 79.LtLt+.2 96.8{.I 

sEn 86.VtA.5 gt+.'!o.g 

rIR 89.2!L.T 92.9!¡.2 

NrrRocEN (ø). 85.2tL.7 gt.1to.6 

DRr MATÎER (ø) 78,2*r.6 69,1*0.5 

¡- Mea¡s å.nd standard devlation. 2 

obseñrations par dietaty treatnent. 

ILEI'I.1 

rl,oun (6) 

FÀECES 

90.7!2.5 95.#rJ 8f.êr1.j 

Ð.9!o.t 96.6t1.r ?8.ita.6 

91.9!0.6 gt+.?!r,i 72.gt2.3 

9t+.6!o.5 95.5!L.4 7\.h4.o 

8U.2!L.6 86.0!,+.5 6ó.4È4.6 

9J.TtL3 93.t+t2.? 7?.8t3.8 

95.51L.L 96.3t1.1 ?6.ot2.5 

85.4t1.5 gzlt23 fi.gt6.j 

92.7ts.5 gt+J*r.6 7rJ!z.z 

86. ¡.to.9 90.Bta.B 70.2!o.? 

85.5xL.O 89.2f9,O 69.È!L.2 

97.gxO.L gÉ.610.[ 65.8t1.2 

78.5t7.¿ 93.6xL.8 57.?r8.9 

83.0114.? 98.5ts.n Zo,3tu.o 

91.210.4 95.Btt'J ?2.2!z.L 

%.L!o.? 94.411.4 7L.L4.o 

90.5h.8 95,6to.g 69.Btt.rr 

90.zto.,+ 9j.olo.8 LV j!2.7 

B+S+M (3) 

{unbèrs ln pqrenthesès- lndlcate the nuûber of 

, Detêrnlned by acid hydrolysls 

FA-ECES 

B+S+M-D (6) 

FAECES 

90,0*2.1 7L.5t6.7 90.2{.0 

88.8*2.5 n.6+3.r 88.011.5 

74.6!z,o 69.6!L.6 Z5.j!U.o 

78.2t2; ZL.7ty.7 Èo.7t2.g 

75.stt+,2 i?.l,i'.9 77.6t3.L 

8t.dtr.Z Z6. j!6.o n.z!7.6 

79.5!r.8 n.g!L} Bt.5!2.6 

7L3+.5 t+7 .84.9 Z,+.?*) .z 

T6.o!u.7 66.5!2.6 78.2!t.z 

75 .5t3.3 

75.6!2.8 

89.9io.9 

?è 3tL.5 

89.5+2.4 

83 .1f1.6 

78.Êt2.L 

8o.gta.7 

65 . otl.5 

60.7t5 .9 

6t+.213,3 

83.81r.6 

3L.gtz]..o 

-47.5+66,5 

67.7!2.8 

6Ê.5!2.6 

59.2t6.3 

69.ztr,L 

76.2!r+.O 

78 .zl;z .5 

90.911.4 

79 JÌ2.j 

78.,+t2,8 

8,+,2!2.? 

78.6t? .8 

83 . O*1. 

ü.9ro.3 

'+ 

ts 

\)

faecal analysis method. 

The ileal availabilitíes of essential amino acíds 

fror¿ diet E+S+I{ were very low. They were 66.4 ana y.)iL for 

iïS and Täi. respectively. îhose of the other essential 

amino acids varied between ZI .j and St+.}î¿. Isoleucine, 

LïS, THR and VAL were about equa11¡' the Least available 

from diet B+s+ì'{ r¡rhen deternined by the faecal anaLysis ¡:rethod 

103' 

and their avaiLabÍlj.ties ranged fro¡n 7l .3 to 76.96 (Table 34). 

The apparent ileal availabilities of ARG, GIy and 

PRO were markedly lower for the cornstarch dituteC Ë+S+i..i diet 

(f+S+i.t-O) rhan fo:. the E+S+ir.{ diet. The ileal availability 

of PRO fron E+S+¡.I-D was even found to be negative i.e. more 

PRO leaves the end of the ileun: than is ingested. The ileal 

availabilities of the other amino aci.ds were also rower for 

E+S+].i-Ð than for E+S+Ì.Í but to a lesser extent. The apparent 

faecal arnino acid availabilities of Ë+S+ll end. E+S+li_D, vrj.th 

the exception of PRO and i,$T, were of the same order 

(Tabte 34). 

The individual apparent ileat and faecal amino 

acid availabllities, in addition to nitrogen and dry natter 

digestibilities and average daily dry natter intake of the 

pigs fed whole wheat, flour, diet E+S+i,j and diet E+S+1.:_D 

are shor/vn in the appendix (Table L9, ?Or ZI and, ZZ). 

The levels of the ileal and faecal anino acids,

total nitrogen and dr.r¡ natter increased e.s the level of 

alphafloc of the protein-free di3-,.s was increesed. The 

j-ncrer:ent i:r ar.ino åcid levels r.¡as r:uch larger v¡hen the 

leve1 of alphafloc was raised from 5 to lOÍj than fron 

Io Lo I5/, (Ta¡le 15). 

!'or al_l_ protein-free cìiet,s, lhere was a large 

disappearance of ARG, TIji,, GLy, pRO, SnR, total nitrogen 

and dr" natter bet¡¡¡een the end of the ir-eunl and the rectu¡rr. 

The net disapþearance was lerÍ:est for p?0, followed b ¡,, GLy. 

Proline and GLY in this order were arso the fir.st and second 

nost p::.oninent anino acids in iteal digesta. The levels of 

these a¡rino acids in i1eal digesta varied markecillr from 

pig to pig as shown by the relatively 1r"*u standard 

cieviations for these ariino acicis compared ¡o ihose of the 

other ailino ec j_ds (Tabl e 35) . Arginine v¡as -r,he aos-L pro_ 

ninent essen'r,ial_ a¡nino acici in ilea1 die,osta. 

SnaLl but consisient, increases were founci for 

i:i, !:J, iTS,;.;T, illJ, T.ú anci ÀSp fro¡;l -.he end of the 

il-eum to the rectun (îable j5). 

0nl1' 4 of the ac-{,uaJ- ó test pigs consuneci the pF-iC 

diet (Fig. I ). 'jhe average nerabolic ileai enli í¿ecaj- a;.:i:t

TABLE 35. Metabolic ilea1 and 

in study l¡¿. 

LEVEL oF ATPHAFIoC (ø) 

LOCATTON 

AMTNO ACTDSz 

Ess ential 

--Ãñõ-- 

HIS 

IT,E 

Ï,8I' 

LYS 

¡,8T3 

PHE 

THR 

VÀL 

Non-EEsential 

--î:iÃ'- 

ASP 

. CYS3 

GLU 

OLY 

Pn0 

SER 

TTR 

NTTROGEN 

DNT MÁTTEN 

t" 

¿ 

? 

rr,EüM (6) 

0.04919. s23 

o. or4fs.693 

0. o21to. OOI 

o . o39Io. ooz 

0.02lfg.693 

0. oo6to. oo1 

O. oz3ts. ss4 

o.OlPtq. s95 

o.031t6.6s4 

0.0411s. ss9 

o. 056to. oo9 

o.o¡ts.ss2 

0.07119.912 

o.139tO.Oó5 

o.t+7t+!O;2j 

o.03810. 006 

0.Ot3tg.s92 

0.20Jfs. s76 

IL.6l t6.95 

faecal amino acld levels 

FAECES (6) rrEUM (5) 

o. o22to. OO2 

o. o10to. ool 

o. oe7ts. e94 

0. o42to. OO5 

o. o36ts. ss3 

o.o12to.OO2 

o.o2óJo.oo3 

o.03oto. oo4 

O. O33to. oo,+ 

o. o3$ts.6s5 

o. o61to. 006 

o. o10jo. ooL 

o. o68to. oo8 

0.03r+s.664 

0.02610. oo5 

0.0251s.692 

o.Orlfa. s94 

o.101tO. OOg 

6.48 !O33 

o.056Ès. s14 

0. oL7to. oo2 

o. o2lts. ssg 

0.05119.911 

o. 036Jo. oo8 

0.00810. oo3 

o. o3oJo. oo7 

o.051ts.6qg 

0.04316. s69 

o. 05óto. o1o 

o. o78to. or3 

o. o16to. oo3 

o.094ts.913 

0. r7rf6. s43 

o.57?to.2?2 

0, o&9t0. oo7 

0.015t0.004 

o.256tO.O52 

L7.69 tO.99 

Numbers in parentheses indlcate the number of observations. 

H:;Ï-il3o"li"tf,å*"1iåî?lå'fi¿rf;äåressed' as'erams per 100 grams of d,ry rnaæer inrake. 

10 

FAECES (5) 

o. ozPtg. s93 

0.O14tq.662 

o. o39to. 006 

0.05916.966 

o. or+8t0. oo7 

o.oyt6.g93 

o. 037ts. s95 

o. or+rto. oo7 

0.04919.967 

0.053Ès.9s6 

O.O8!¡t6.s13 

0. O1jts.6s2 

0.096fs.915 

o. o43ts. q66 

0.ol+6to.006 

o. o35ts. s64 

0. o16to. oo2 

0. 139*0. 019 

Lo.JJ x6.44 

% 

rrEuM (3) 

0.06110.012 

o. o22to. OO7 

o.Ollts. sg5 

o.05719. g1g 

o. O39ts. s11 

I5 

TAECES (3) 

o.o33ts.s64 

o. o15to. OOL 

0. o45ts. s93 

o. o67to. OOr¡ 

o.o54ts.s65 

o.o33tg.6s6 o.o4,oto.oo3 

0.059+0.o1r+ o.orÌ5to.oo5 

0.04436.s1s 0.05319.9s5 

o.o5$1e.e66 o.o59ts.ss7 

o.o8r1o.ot2 o.o96to.oto 

o. rooto. ot 9 

0.16!ts. s15 

0.58510.161 

o.05316.916 

o. or6to. oo5 

9.27L+o.o3r+ 

?6.32 x0.g5 

o. Lo81o. oro 

0.o47t9.995 

o. ol8ts. ss4 

O.O37tg.gg2 

o. o18to. oor+ 

0.161t0. OrO 

L4.7àtO.99 

o

Generallir, there were no suLstenriat diÍferences due -u o ,lci;. 

weight on the neiabolic iiear and faecal_ a::ino aciC l_ev:ls. 

The ievei-s of ij-eal ÀF,.C, pR,C and. GLy varled sl:_ghl1r; iriore 

than tiie levels of the other anino acids (Appendix, Tabte 24). 

a-rg 9:'- nu*tioers -..*L^--- 3 and 5 lrere the only ones of the ó 

test' pigs that consu¡¡red ihe pF-li dÍet (lig. 3¡. The average 

netabolic ileal and faecal a:tìino ecici l_evel_s obtai-neC f:on 

replacenent pig nirïbe r 6 are inclucied in ciata fcr diei pF_L5 

in Tab1e 35. ?ig nu,nber ó gaineci about I j kg. fron tl:e firs-. 

ti¡:e (dal¡ 12-18 ) to the seconci tine (day 3t+_UO) it was feci 

106 

the PF-I5 diet (Fj-e. 3). Âlthough ihere were so¡ae di_fÍer.ences 

in ileal and faecal amino acid revels betvreen the 2 corrections, 

they were of a relativell¡ snêll nagnitude (.ê.ppendixr. îable 25). 

the individual neNabolic i-Ieal and feecal a:iino acid 

levels , in adC.i--r"ion to nítrogen antj. dry natter (as grans per 

1C0 gra,ts o-f Cr1- matter Íntake ) ancÌ daili, cÌr]r n¿¡¿u" intake 

are shown in the aopenciix (?able 23 , ZL and 25 ) . 

Stuciv Lb. 

sixty percent oí Lhe part,icres of the crackeci l^¡heat 

did not pass thi.ough a 2.CO riüt sieve, gOi, dici not pass 

ihrough a 1.0C arÍl screen (Table 3ó). The particle size 

dist,ributlon was derernineci after tìie cracked rvheat cliet 

was peJ-leted. .4. 250 gran sarnple was -uaÌ;en, steaaed througìr 

t'horoughly untir disintegration occurred., dried ancÌ sieved.

ÎABLE 36. Particle size distribution of finely ground and 

eracked r.rheat and of the Íleal digestá derived 

thereof. 

PRE.PROCESSTNG FTNEIT GROUND 

PARTTCI,,E 

DTSTRTBUTIOñ ølJ 

>2.00 

1.00 to 2.00 n¡r 

0.50 to I.OO nn 

0.25 to 0.50 nn 

0.L25 to O;25 nm 

There were no significant dlfferences betv;een the 

apparent faecal anino acid availabilities, total ni-trogen 

and dry metter digestibilities fron finer-y ground and cracked 

'¡¡heat (Table 32; Appendix, Table 26). l,iith the excepiion 

of Ì'ET, GLU, SE^Þ. and PRO, the apparent ileal availabilities 

of ar¿ino acids ruere significantly higher .for ground than 

for cracked wheat. The ilea1 availabilities of tïS of 

ground anci cracked wheat were 81 .5 and 72.6/, respectively. 

'v/ith the exception of iiIS, THR, ASp, cliJ, CLy, 

108 

and PRO, iì-ea1 amino acid availabilities were not significantll/ 

different from faecal availabilities for ground. wheat. The 

ireal amino acid avairabiriti-es from cracked wheat were arr 

significantly lower than their faecal availabilities 

(Table 37 ) . 

The individual apparent 1leal and faecal ar¿ino acid 

avaiLabilities, in addition to nitrogen and. dry rîatter 

d i6e sti-bilitie s and average daily dry aatter intake fronr the 

pi.gs feC cracl

TABIE 37. Apparent ilea1 and faecal anlno acid 

availabllities of ground ana craòlcãã 

r'rheat for study l¡b . 

DIET GROTND WHEAT CSACKED IfITEAT 

IOTATION FAECES 

ai¡tti2AclÐs 

Essential 

- ÃñE- 

Hrs 

ÏTE 

lEu 

tÏs 

TtrT3 

PIIE 

TIIR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

AÏ,4 

Àsp 

GLI¡ 

GLT 

PRO 

SER 

TÌ? 

NITBOGEN (ø) 

DRT MATTEB (ø) 

L 

2 

92.04 9r).4Â 

91.18 94.ÀA 

9o.zÃ gL.2L 

gL.sA g2.g^ 

81.54 85 3A 

8d.oAB Bd.9À 

92.* %.5A 

8j.78 BB.7A 

d8.64 91.34 

82.La 8?.14 

82.88 B?.14 

gS jB g?.àL 

i]-.zB 9o.rA 

Él*.¡B 91¡.gA 

gB.2AB %JA 

89,84 9o.7A 

88.48 %.LL 

É0.4n 88.84 

Standard error of the nean. 

86.5c 

È5.?c 

85.68 

È?.68 

?2.68 

63.68 

89.48 

78. Oc 

83. r.B 

7\.58 

77 Jc 

94.18 

74.Lc 

83.88 

è4.?B 

85':B 

âtr.zc 

76!8c 

a-1 

¡Jx 

109 

%.94 o.6L5 

%.94 o.i57 

89.94 o.zz5 

gl.LA o. :>St 

d3.84 1.842 

89.óA L.zLg 

92.94 o.t+25 

87 JÃ 1.05,+ 

go.jA 0,782 

86.5L r.5r5 

8ó.24 1.045 

gz.6A 0.53L 

89.84 o.g7g 

96JL t.6t+t+ 

goJ[ L.L56 

90.6Ã 0.609 

92åÃ o.uzz 

88.84 o.4oo 

Means -in the same row wlth the san¡e superscript do not differ 

significantly (P

STiTnr¡ t 

ÐTSCUSSTC}JI 

The experinent on the cannulated pi_gs (study 2a) was 

carried out during the spring and sun¡:e r oî A9?L. ihe experi_ 

nent on the normal pigs (study 2b) was carried out during the 

sunmer and fall of LgTl+. 

CannulatÍon did not seem to affect the apparent faecal 

anino acfd availabilities of pigs fed barle1,, corn or wheat. fn 

general , the apparent availebilities tended to be slightly higher 

for the cannulated than for the nornal pigs (Table lg). The 

largest differences were found for the a'lino aciid availabilities 

from barley. 

ln addition to the insignificant effect of cannul_ation 

on apparent faecar a¡äino acid. availabiriti.e s , the results obtained 

show the reproducibility of the faecal analysis method. 

Faecal collections from the cannulated pigs fed the 

l"i-7 diet following the cereal test diet sequence were lost. 

The iI-14 diet was only fed to the cannulated pigs following the 

cereaL test diet sequence. Consequently, a conparíson between 

the metabolic faecal anino acid excretion between the cannur-ated 

and normal pigs coulci on11' ¡" n:ade for ì;-Z fed prior to the 

cereal test diet sequence and for I-r4 fed foll0wing the cerear. 

test diet secuence. 

lThe studies are 

studi¡ 2r stud;' 4, study discussed in the followj.ng secuence: 

3 aad study 1, 

1l_c

TABLE 38. Comparisons 

-9f appgy,eqt faecaL amino acfd 

dry 

availabilitles, 

narrer. 

nitrogen and 

digesribiliries berween cannurareã-ãñ¿ ñormai'pü;-iãã- - 

corn, wheat and barley. 

CEREAL CRATN 

AMrNo ACIDS (ø) 

EssentÍa1 

ARG 

HTS 

IÏE 

I,EU 

LYS 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

ASP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NrTnocEN (ø) 

DAT MATTEB (ø) 

2a 

92.2 

93.6 

88.1 

93.8 

83.0 

9L.3 

86.3 

88.2 

90.8 

86.6 

9b.L 

86.2 

93. t+ 

91. O 

90.2 

89.1+ 

89.4 

CORN 

9L.2 

92.b 

87.8 

93.6 

8r..8 

9L.2 

85.9 

87.7 

90.2 

86.0 

93.8 

86.o 

93,t+ 

90.6 

90.0 

88.5 

69.0 

¿1 

1.0 

1.2 

0.3 

o.2 

1.2 

0.1 

0. tÞ 

o.5 

0.6 

o.6 

o.3 

0.2 

0.0 

0. r+ 

o.2 

0.9 

o. Il 

VIHEAT 

92.7 92.L gtr.9 9À.r 

89.À 88.9 

9L.5 9L.2 

80.7 ?9.9 

92.5 92.6 

86,7 86. r 

88.9 88.6 

8l*.0 â3.3 

63.1 82.6 

97.o 97.0 

89.3 88.9 

96.7 9T.o 

92,5 92.L 

89.5 È9.5 

9L.2 9r.1 

69.0 68., 

colu¡nns 4l B an4 C lndicate the difference in percentage units between the faecal 

anino acid avaiLabil-ities from cannulared ana äon-cãnffii.Ëd pie"-iõ"-"ã"i,-iñà"t 

and barley respectiveLy. . 

sl 

0.6 

o.8 

0,5 

0.3 

0.8 

-0.1 

0.6 

0.3 

o.7 

o,5 

o.o 

0.l} 

-0.3 

0.I 

0.o 

o.t 

o.5 

BARLEY 

cL 

89.b 87.t+ z.o 

9L.9 8?.ê tÌ.t 

83.1 ?9.5 3.6 

86.6 8+.r 2.5 

77.5 73.5 ,l¡.0 

87.9 86.2 L.? 

81.r+ ?8.3 3.L 

8t+.3 8L.1 3.2 

77,4 7t+.8 2.6 

77.9 7t+.6 3.3 

92.7 9r. l} ]..3 

82,6 79.8 2.8 

92.3 9r.r L.2 

86.9 8r+.3 2.6 

85.0 82.5 2.5 

8j.9 82.o 3.9 

83.6 81.8 r.8 

H 

P 

ts

There seeäred -,o be substantial d.i.fferences betl./een 

r-he xnetabolic faecal_ aniino acid excretion f:.on nornal_ anci 

cannulatecÌ piSs (Table 19). -{ closer look at the indiviCuat 

data obt,ained si:olved iliat the ¡:etabolic .faecal a¡rino acid 

excretions fron pig nunber l- fed eit,he r ì.:_7 or i.._lL .r¿¡ere 

considerabL;r higher than ihose obtained Íron the othe:. pi¿_s 

(ilppendix, Tab]e lO). This cig was alwa;is ve¡l¡ pronê to 

blockage v¡hich resul_ted in a re"y Iow dietar¡r intake 

(.'tppendÍx, Table 9 ) of the ì.-? and ì--I+ diets and in er(cessive 

lcakage at tines. Proper dieta:,¡. eauilibr"ation wit,h respect 

to the r:aintenance diets had probably not taken pJ_ace ai 

t,he t'i¡i:e the faeces v,,ere cc't l-ec-ueC. Tn other lrc:.Cs, the 

íaeces that '¡¡ere collecteci na;, have ccn,r,ained undJ-ge sted 

residues of the pig gl'ower ration that uas fed pr.ior io -r,he 

feeding of the ì.;-7 and i--ld diets. ùIoser agreenenr- betr,yeen 

ihe netabolic faecal ar:ino acid excietion fro;r nornal anC 

cannulated pigs vrere obiained v¡hen the daia fron pig nunber 

I were e:

113 

TABLE 39. Conparisons of the.,metabolic faecal anino acid and 

nitrogen excretionl between study 2a .nã-Z¡.-- - 

LEWL OF 

ArPEArr,oc (ø) 

A¡ÍINO ACIDS 

EssentÍa1 

-Tm'- 

HTS 

TLE 

T,EiT 

f,TS. 

METJ 

PEE 

THR 

VAI 

ASP 

GLI' 

GLÏ 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

I{ITROGEN 

.o29 

.oar 

.o33 

.or0 

.o+e 

.016 

.031 

.03l+ 

.038 

2a 

.o24 

.010 

.030 

.o43 

.o4o 

.014 

.o27 

. o3o 

.O3l+ 

.046 (.041) 

.o72 (.o6L) 

.095 (.086) 

.038 (.033) 

.039 (.033) 

.o37 (.O3Ll 

.o23 (,0201 

.022 

.008 

.o27 

.o33 'oltt 

.012 

.o25 

.o29 

.o32 

.0lro 

.062 

.080 

.o32 

.a3z 

.03l+ 

.o19 

.032 

.015 

.044 

.068 

.o57 

.020 

.041 

.ou7 

.051 

2a 

.030) 

.01rù) 

.o39) 

.o57) 

.0119 ) 

.017) 

.034 ) 

.0r+0) 

.044) 

.063 (.05r+) 

.o9r¡ (.083) 

.125 (.111) 

.05o (.or$2) 

.oó7 (.058) 

.050 ( .0r+5 ) 

.o3o (.025t 

14 

2 .oz6 

.012 

.038 

.054 

.0t1, 

.o20 

.031 

.038 

'ol+5 

.o53 

.088 

.LLz 

.ot+o 

.040 

.0l}4 

.o23 

.L44 (.r29) .118 .t93 (.L67) .L75 

I E*p"""""d. as grams per 100 gran dry nåtter intake. 

2 val,r"" in parentheses exclude d.ata obtained from pig nurber 1. 

3 Determined by acÍd hydrolysis.

should be taken into account during the formulation of 

die*.,ary arnino acid leveLs in order to neet the requirements 

for optirnun Ì"esponse. 

The apparent availabilities of LïS especially 

and those of THR, ÌET and TRy of cereal grains are of 

practical impor-r,ance. .4s was mentj_oned previouslT, the 

nethod used for TRy analysis did. not yield accurate 

dupJ-ications. 

0n1y sraall differences were found between the 

apparent ileal and faecal anino acid availabiliiies for iïS 

and i'¡Eî from eoi'n, wheat and barleir ( Tab1e 40 ) . f,he dif_ 

ference betlveen ileal and. faecal iiS availabilities were 

1.0, 4.0 and t+.21i for corn, wheat and barley respectively. 

Ïn the same order, these d.ifferences were 2.1¡, 2.3 and O.5i.! 

for lET. 

¡rl1- f^^^^' 

,,..o "aecaL analysis nethod night overestinxete the 

actual availabili-r,y of TIJR. The difference between iLeal 

and faecal THi, availabilities l,¡ere 7 ,Lt, LO.2 and 10.2!å for 

corn, wheat and barley respectively. overestimation of TFiR 

by the faeca] analysis r¡rethod v¡ould occur if Tlin were sub_ 

jected to nicrobial_ fermentation by the flora in the large 

i,ntestine . 

the differences bê-r,ween apparen-r, faecal and ileal 

amino acid availabilities of the other essentiar- a¡cino acicÌs 

114

TABLE 

'+0. 

ApparÊnt rleal and faecal aÍ¡ino acid avarr.abir-ltr es, in additron to nrtrogen, 

d¡v na*e., srarch and crude riber ar!.ãliuurtrãs årã'-tlrã-ãi3ãipËã"äiå" or 

these substances Ín the targe fntestiñã. ---- 

Essentla]. 

-Eq- 87.1 s?.2 

!I! 88.3 e3.6 

rLE 8T.S ¿ìB.l 

IEll 92,5 93.8 

LIl" 82.0 83.0 

I.4ET,/ 01 o 49 .5 

PHE 90.í òr.r 

ry 78.9 86.3 

vAL 8,r.9 g8.z 

Non-Essentlel 

-TrÃ-_---_ 88.5 90.8 

ASP, $.9 ¡}6.6 

qx , 82.L 9O.2 

8lV 7I:2 Zt:L 

PRo 8o,r+ sER 9j.L eu.9 

TfR 

ii.o 

89.O 9O.2 

¡¡1noqp¡'r tØ1.. 92." 8e.4 

lRT MArTqB, (ø) 8o.2 ¿S.rr 

qT4lqH (ø)& .,.< e8.2 s9.9 

CRUDE FTBEn |y'"|, L.2 ii.i 

2 

3 

5 

CEREAL CRAIN 

LOCÂTTON 

rLEUM FÂEcEs ¿.t.1 62 

37.5 

l+6,7 

6.6 

L7.2 

4.9 

-29,L 

6.L 

35 .r 

2L.7 

-4.8 85,8 

-5.3 89.!. 

-o.6 85,3 

-L,3 86.9 

-1.O 75.7 

+2.4 8ó.6 

-0.8 88.8 

-7.t+ 76,5 

-3.3 82.8 

I'IHEÂT 

rtEUM FAEcEs ¡,.r,1 A, 

*,i ;íti 7t!.2 -1r.0 B6.d fa,i Ai,i 96.? iL.9 

ts,ç 

,,\.ç -6.r g¡,.r gz.b tj:i _6:i =e:ó 

e.3 -L.z B5.e eg.i Li.6 _t.¿ 

2?.\ -7.o 82.9 9r.2 4d.3 _8.3 

\9.2 -?.? 7i.3 de.Q id.á -ti.í 

II,EUM FÂECES [.I.1 A 2 

"î:8 i3:ï ti:i :u,:'n 

89.4 26.2 -l,r 7' 

9L.5 gl*Z 35,4 -t,.6 6: n:, :r,:i 

cg.z zo.s -4.o 22.? 27.2 ti:i _L.z 

9C.? 17.4 -2.3 C9.! 7i.e *ö.¡ 

2?.2 33.3 -3.T g?.? qi.i =i.i tl.á _\.2 

å3:l \t:2 -13:í ià:3 ål:l *:Z -!Z:i 

73:', -;à:3 '3:å ZZ.2 27:L -;t:Z 

Digestlbttlties in thè ¡.arge intestine 

Differ€nces Differences ln percentaje ncr"centqc¡ inits úñt+e between hÂ+-, ^ faecal and irear estlî¡ates. 

Deteflnined by the oxidatlon 

.nethod. 4 

dlgesta fron 

For the deterrnlnation 

rhe 2 pigs' fed 

of starch 

the 

dlgestibillties 

iáme aièã- aüi:irË-åã'"il'particular tesr period, -iõõi"a. 

were poo 

"ê 

I::,tlî-9"t,:,:T:n::1g1"of crude flber disesriblri;fes disesta fron 6 piss rea th" test dlet, v¡ere pooLed. 

".r" 

.¿tl 

g?.7 77.\ 25.3 _7.? 

'!!.V 7Z.e 23.0 _6.i 

77.9 ie.z +s.e 

99.9 22.7. bj.e -u.i _6.r 

7\'? 9?.9 jQ.o -n.[ 

+sti ',Êtâ 'titt, tll:l 

7\.9 85.9 ,+3.7 _11.0 

a?'â frf iï,i .i,'i 

F 

P

varied from O.87c for PHx to 5,3ii for äIS from corn, fron 

3.li,i, for Pi{it to 6.Víà for ARG from wheat and from /¡.0f5 for 

fLE to ]",L5,4' for HrS fro¡: barley. 

116 

Generally, there lJas an i-ncreased net disappearance 

of amino acids in the large intestine fron corn to v¡heat to 

barley. Total nitrogen, drl' matter anci starch but not crude 

fiber follo¡¡ed the sa¡ne relationship (Tab1e 40). 

For all the cereal grains tested., certain anino 

acids alvrays disappeared to the targest extent. These a¡nino 

acids were AB,G, HïS, THR, CTS, GLU, GLy, pRO and SEñ, (Table 

40). The net disappearance of nost of these amino acids was 

also extensive in the large intestine of the pigs r.,,hen these 

wei'e fed the maintenance or piotein-free dj_ets (Table 2t+ and. 

35), lïowever, these observations do not necessaril]r mean 

that the micro-organisms of the large intestine are mainlr, 

active on the netabolic amino acids present in di¿esta frcn 

pigs fed cereal grains. These observati-ons coulci sin:p}l/ nean 

that the flora has a particular affinity for the degradation 

of particular amino acids. 0n the other hand, a type of flora 

ma¡'.have established itself in the large intestíne of the 

pig with a dependence on endogeneous substrates. Endogeneous 

substrates are a consistent and fairly constant source of 

potentiar nutrients for ihe flora throughout the life span of

A l_imited amount of comparative data are available 

and are shown in labIe 41 . The ileal availability estimates 

of amino acids obtained by Easter (L973) fro¡e corn were nuch 

T17 

lower than those obtained i-n this study. Faecal avairab ities 

were al_so lower but to a lesser extent. The cotlection pro_ 

cedure employed by Easter was different than ihat used in this 

study. fn Easterrs study, ileal digesta r4ras collected for 

each minute of a 24 hour day over a 5 day period. Fifteen 

eouall5r spaced coll-ections of 96 minutes durati.on were obtained. 

lhe collection procedure used ciid not pernit the deterroination 

of iteal amino acid avaítabilities on the basis of total aníno 

acid intake, ånd tota] anounts of amino acids passing through 

the end of the ileunr. Easterrs estj.mates are based only on 

the rel-ative chrornic oxide content of feed. and digesta and give 

no indication of 'r,he total amount of chroni.c oxide recoveï'ed 

from ileal digesta. The experiments carried out in this stud.y 

allowed for the deternination of ireal amino acid avairabiÌities 

by both total collection anci chronic oxid.e revers. Ðei:er¡ninations 

b1' both meùhods were found to give nearly sirnirar Ílear ava - 

ability estimates for the cereal grains, indi.cating total 

recoverl¡ of chromíc oxide fro¡:r i1eaI digesta (Table 23). 

Easter did not return any of the i1eal d!.gesta that 

was coLlected from the ilear cannura back into the aninar vÍa

TABLE 

CEREAL GRATN 

LOCATTON 

TìEFERENCE 

'+1. Comparison of apparent ilea1 -and faecal amlno acid availabilities from 

corn and barLey as obtained from dlfferent-rã¡ðratories. 

AMrNo ACIDS (%) 

Essential 

ARG 

Hrs 

TT,E 

LEU 

LÏS 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Bss entlal 

---ÃTT--_- 

ASP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TÏR 

rI,EUI,Í 

A1 

73.O 

77.1¡ 

68.4 

76.8 

6tr.t 

73.8 

73.2 

61.r 

69.7 

FAECES 

¡l 

ILEUM 

B2 

È7.t+ 88.o 

88.3 9o.7 

87.5 83.tù 

92.5 88.5 

82.0 81.2 

9L.9 9s.t 

90.5 85 .7 

78.9 80.8 

8tr.9 8j.3 

83.9 80.9 

91.8 90. t+ 

7L.2 78.3 

8O.rÌ 9z.L 

Ê8. ¡ 83.8 

8t1,9 86.6 

89. o 86.7 

1 R"fu"un.e A indicates Easter (Lg?Ð. 

c 

Reference B indicates data from this study. 

3 

67.2 

4.6 

77.8 

50.1 

76.O 

7L.L 

76.5 

Reference C indicates Zdbrowska (L973 a, bl , 

FAECES 

B2 

92.2 

93.6 

88.1 

93.8 

83.0 

89.5 

9t,3 

86.3 

86. 2 

90.8 

86.6 

9l+.L 

È6.2 

93.t+ 

91.0 

90.2 

TI,EUM 

92 

81.5 

80.rr 

79.L 

8L.5 

73.3 

80.4 

82.2 

7L.2 

78. o 

69.7 

7L.2 

86.6 

7L.2 

80.9 

?6.3 

79.7 

BARIET 

II,EUM 

ç3 

82.O 

75.O 

77.O 

7È.O 

70.a 

80.0 

67.o 

75.O 

68.0 

75.0 

8l*. o 

80. o 

83. o 

72.O 

78.O 

H 

ts 

@.

th.e caecal- cannula. Fhil_l:pson (]-g52) Ín stuCies vrith sheec 

fcund that ihe e.r:ount of i.uccenal .digest: rêturnêd tc -,he 

ì: si:'l ^1-ì.r.ì = ,¡-:. = ¡n-rq: i¡. ¡,^: 

_c.-.¡!u_L-: :.¿u u. vv_.r- 

=rr 

uC.- O:ì ti.ê f:cv¡ cj 

i j-:e ste Ír-cr the prorriilel cennufå. ,,hen nc di-ge sta. ,,ra s 

l e turned withln er,ren oÌle hour, tce fiow rate ,,¡/e s inci.eeseC 

bl. 7C',''. .i:: i::::-ees= :n iioi.; r:.¡e a'ccv: the :lcri:ef -lìow rate 

et the e n,l cf the ileun (r.rhich ccurd ha.".e cccui.Ì.ei in ¡a s*.e:. I s 

studies ) :ra;' ¡¿i'. resul-teci in a decrease in protein ci3astl_ 

'rilit;' a''d,far anino acid :bsci.ptlon ani ther:fcre l-cr.;e:, ifeaf 

:ri::o eci.i avail:.h:Iit:es. 

-rn gsneral , the ilea1 ar:.:ino acii ar,.ai1aÌ:ilitie s 

c'cteineC b;- I3'..rcirsk ¿ (L97) a , ': ) for barie;- coî.pêr3 r.e r;. yell 

lvi*,h thos: obtained j-n this study (ïabte 4t ) . Tj-_ e data obtalne

L2A 

TABLE 42. The disappearancelof arnino a 

starch aåd. crude fiber in .¡!ilã¡r3.lliå5ii"3ï narter, 

CEREAL GRATN CORTV .I,I¡I{EAT 

AtrtrNO ACIDS 

Ess ential 

--rrõT- 

HIS 

ILE 

LEl' 

LÏS^ 

MET¿ 

PITE 

TFN 

VAT, 

effii*=de 

ASP, 

crs' 

olu 

GLT 

PRO 

SER 

TTR 

NITROGEIq 

DRÏ MATTER 

STARCH 

CAUDE FTBER 

1 

t 

.o2L 

.01À 

.003 

.oL7 

.003^ 

+.oo6t 

.003 

.o27 

.ol-5 

9. 

1. 

1. 

018 

0L9 

016 

0tl3 

07l+ 

L65 

03z 

004 

L36 

2 

10 

23 

.040 

.017 

.oL7 

.ol+5 

.018 

.005 

.025 

.040 

.034 

.049 

.053 

.oatt 

.191 

.088 

.L43 

.05¿l 

. o1t+ 

.2L5 

L5.7 

4.L6 

o.57 

BARIET 

. 0à6 

.o25 

.016 

'ol+3 

.oL7^ 

+.001J 

.o3L 

.o39 

.035 

.03? 

.02b 

'oua 

.180 

.084 

.138 

.053 

.019 

.21+l+ 

L7.4 

5.01 

L.39 

Expressed as gra'ns per ro0 grans of dly natter Íntake. 

Dete:srined by the oridation method. 

Plus s5'gn indicates an increase Ín the quantrty of amÍno aci.ds 

fron the énd of the ileum to.tñ"-î"ãËã".

ia111. Cisalpeâranc.r in the ia:"¡= in*":stj.ne ci 1,he pa:.ticuiar. 

¡rrf¡ian;c 

.A,1though this obser.t ation could .le ccinciientaJ_, 

the inc:.ease iu st,aich i isappear.a,nce frcÌ,i cot n t o rrheet _1 c 

L:'r..'-r. !..r !çJ in _Li.r +l¡^ (.¿i- r¿,¡.:e I-'.-^ intestlne r.;a s Cirectf .¡ proporticnal tc 

toi:al niti.co"rl ai..pp"êi.ance it on these cereaf -qiains in th: 

_:.-¡_! I ::-r-c ri-!-_,ru4:r=. i he-d+i F^ 'j ;:.jroI,,s:s in the :"u:en tekes piace Lhi.cugh 

p=ptides c-f d¿creasing chain leng;th to f:.ee aninc aciCs. 

Ìhese free ailino ecj-iis are ÍinalLi, degradsd to ar:nonie end 

shcrt-chain fat-u;. ¿s1¿.. ?:,esunabJ_i,, this tl.pe c.f bacterial_ 

h;.ârc1;-'sls elsc tâl.i3s place ín ihc câecur;1. ?l:e exteni. cf 

bacter-i al- hl.Crc1,.sis cí unCige si.eC e xc3ene ous and/c:. enCc_ 

Ê'3necu_s pro-1.ein will iepenC cn the ancunt of cnerg;. th.et :s 

a.¡aila.ble to the nicr.oílcre, cí i-lhe larg: inte stine . 

llcr": undigestible star-ch fi,on barl_e¡. ct" Irhcât thê.n 

îi'on ccrn 3nters the large intesti,ne and is avai iai-.ie tc the 

nic:.oflcra (îabi.e 4C anci L2 ) . -ll. s e. ccnsec',tence , rel-at ir¡elj. 

nore bacieriaì- h¡.'drol;'sls cí undiSe sted prctsia v¡.i 11 .ùai:e pr_ace 

r.'h.¡ .,¡¡-r: L.þl !:ir_r" ^:¡ ê ui ,,L^^+ ...,i.cac. rather ihar: corn, is îl: â:lc. â :elå:i7el,, 

]-arger proCuction cf anncnie and shcrt-cj:ain jait-¡ âciCs t¡ili 

re sult. -1. r:i.opoi"ticn of the annonia prcCuceC in -,he j-ar.3e in_ 

te stlne lsill r:e abscrbed. ¡.s the anouni pi.oC:rcei increases, 

e.bScr¡ticn l"li I ] --î¿' J_¡, aisO increa se . ,1.t the sane t i:le , rr,ith 

i"nci'ease in es::onla a'csorption, a picpcr.ti.cn cf the inci.ease ir 

qn:o:ì.1: p:c.j'_tc:J ',vi11 'ce :ss::ii-ateC -c;. tì..e ::lc:c_or-¡-¿;:isi:s. 

12i

The :.efc¡.:, c::e -,.rcuJ-C elsc izre3t :_-.c r. e ;l.i.c:.o'ciai_ prci:J-:: s¡-n_ 

i?2 

tle sis in the Iarq_^ lnte sti-ne ¡¡ihen barr c., cr ',,.;l: e ¿ t is fed anC 

tlls s!^.culd b+ refl=ctad 'c'¡ :e lativel;, higher I:ve_s c.f J.¡. p.l. in 

the f aec=s fron bar1e.,' and vrh=at than frct corn. lio,¡rever, 

it should be ke¡t ín i::ind that ¿s the nccro-or¡:anisns norre 

Ccwn the lar.se intestine, nart cf tl"ese r,^ríl1 under,grc 

autslygls, presuneblJ¡ prcDorticnar to their nunbei , Annonia 

s:ens tc be the nejcr end p:.cduct cl Ce¡ir.aCaticn of :icrcbia.l 

prctein and is a.bscrbed (l_ichel , \966\. The le.,¡els of DAFÄ 

in the faeces r¡tere n'Ìee surec but the :'er.rccucibilit¡¡ of r.esults 

r¡¡a s pcor and thereÍcr.e did not r/úarrânt intercretation. 

!iqepcç:renc.e cl starch anC crucie 

rlceY' Ln tne let"F.e intêstine. 

-1. substant ie1 ânount of starch fr.c¡r r¡heat and barl_ev 

Cisapnear.ed in the larse intestine, nanel:, l+.L6 and 5.Ol 

grens respe ctivel¡.. (Ta¡te ¿Z). lhese val_ues correspcnd +.c 

5.? and 7.8Í of the tctar. cieter'¡ starch f.cn r,¡heat ani ,oarLe-, 

re spectivel: (Tal:1e 4C). Jor. ccrn, star.ch dig:sticn 1,^ra s 

neerl" complete b.'' the :nC of the snal_l intestine. lnlir l.l-9 

grans, co¡'respondins to l_ .71, of tlie total díetar.., intake . 

- 

díserpear.eC in the Large iniestine (:eble !,C and L2), 

!,olr:es et å1 , (L9?)) alsc founC starch dÍg:estion frcm ccrn tc 

be r:+arI'.' conpl:te 1..,' the _^nd of tl^.e snel_l i::t:st lne . I:: rf,is 

stud.; ccnilete dl.qesticn of sta:-ch rças fou_nd 'c-.- the faecai 

en¿l -¡sis ne-uhcC (la¡ie ¿C ) .

ff the ¡3r"rinin. cfql"^h cni---i¡c the Iars_. intestine 

r^jê s fei'nented Ín t!ê se:lc renne t- es in Ì.un€n ferr:entation. 

then l-31' of t¡ê +nerr:' '¿:o'.:1: ':: îîn\.?rt --d i::t: 'î:ct :t i=1 csll- 

ì:crìie s . 15i Ncr-lld 'ce lost as heat ¡'.nC ne thane an¿ 7 5:t .l¡culi fte 

abscr'red as vclatile fatt-.' a.ciCs. liolatíIe f:t-Ll- acids :re 

utilized wi'uh about 65í o-i the eíiicienc)¡ cf carbch,¡irates. 

The net j'ield to the ani_;lal_ of the energl¡ disappeering in 

the iar'ge in-te stine Ís then ê tu;"L of ¿rucose ec.ì.i ïâìents 

(iìctnes et ai. , 1973) . The ectuei âr.ou.nts oÍ en=rgi. icst îr.cn 

starch tc iìie ¿ninaL fro;: corn, wheet and barieir -wcuto then 

aaa 

'oe C.Ll', L.5C", end I.3C¿ gr::s per IOC gra;,-.s oî Crr- ;la*;ter 

int ake re spectivell¡. 

Po-uent iatl¡i, the flcra cf the large inte stine ne;,, 

plai,- e. role in naking unCi6:estible câ^rboh)¡ûrate ¡veii:bia tc 

the ani.nal as vola.tile íati;. aciis. The lâi,ter nâJ¡ be ci 

scne ì.mporiance to the enínal when wheat or oariei, is feC. 

The total a.Ícunt oí Cisappear¡nce ci crucÌe fiber 

frcn the cereei gr-ains in the ì_arge intesti.ne iid not foliow 

the seme rela'uicnship as that oí star.ch frcä corn, wheat ani 

L t -: < i't ^¡ 

a- _ - 

- .i: /r^^\ 

x.)/!.tul = C4,i. 

(me ) ìl=ee -- -'--i 

(6t' x5.cL) =I.90. 

(rcõ ) 

'. )1 

(64 xr.lZ) =C.43;t".L(:-(5.t* xt,.Lê) =i.5C:

arley. i;heat and corn used. in this expei.irr-ient had approxi_ 

mately the qane crude fiber content but relatively nore cru.de 

fiber disappeareC from corn in the large intestine than fronr 

wheat (Teble 40). Ðue to the relatively low anount o.f sterch 

r24 

fro¡n corn entering the large intesti.ne, the .flora mal/ have had 

to obtaín relatively nore energy from the crude fiber fraction. 

The distribution o.f particle size of the cereal grain 

diets and the ileal dìgesta derived fron the cereal grains are 

shown in Tab1e 43. the percentages of particles larger than 

1.00 mrr were 37.7, ?9.8 and 6t.9fl for the corn, wheat anci 

barley diets respectively. Tn the same order they were ì2.!, 

3 5 .t+ and, 27 .5i:; f or i1eal digesta from corn, r,;heat anC barley. 

The fractions larger than 1.00 mn were found to 

contain unriigested cracked grain particles and fíbrous nateriai. 

the higher percentages of 1arger pariicJ.es in i1eal d.igesta 

from v¡heat and barlel/ than from corn reflect the dietary par- 

ticre size distribution of these grains. Higher ileal anrino 

ac'id avaiLabilities and starch digestibilities na1, possibl_j¡ 

have been obtained, fro¡r wheat and barley if these grains had 

been ground through a finer screen before they vrere rnade into 

pellets (page t*6 ) .) 

the inplications of the effect of size of grinding

TABT,E ,+3. the dlstribution of partícle size of the cereal grain diets .and of 

the íLeaL digesta deiived fron each diet. 

CEREAT., GRATN 

PARTICI.,E 

DISTRTBI'TTON 

)2.00 nn 

1.00 to 2.00 r¡m 

.50 tô 1.00 mn 

.25 to .50 nn 

.125 to .25 nn 

T 

2 

on i1eal amino acid availabilities were not realized prior 

to the sta:'t of this experi.nent and the effect of dietar;, 

particle size distribution v¡as reexarnined in raore detair in 

studt' 4b. 

A certain degree of fractionation of the ingested 

dletarl' conponents v¡ilI take place during stonrach enptyÍng. 

îhis in turn will determine the uniformity of flor,,¡ ancl 

conposition of digesta through the end of the ileu¡n. lhe 

anount of fractionation of digesta by the stonach will be 

influenced by the particle size distribu.tÍon of the diet. r¡ 

these experi¡rents, particle size distribution rrra s largest for 

r26 

wheat and only minor differences in the amino acid conposition 

of ilea1 d.igesta f:"on .r,he individual B-hou:. collections v¡ere 

found (Îab1e 21 ). Therefore, it r^¡ou1d be safe to assune that 

the individual 8-hour corlections of i1ea1 digesta from corn 

and barley were also of a si¡ailar con:position, 

As was explained previously (pale 76 ), the rnetabolic 

ileal and faecal anrino acid leve1s in study 2 v{ere originalJ-y 

deter¡nined b¡r aid of the Ì,I-7 and l.Ì-14 diets. These diets 

contained 4É casein as the onl.v protein source. 

True faecal anrino acid availabilities frorn casein for 

ihe pig were found to be very close to IOO% (:egum , 1973). The

1 a,l 

avallabi.Iities cf the essentlel eriino aclCs, -,¡;1th the excepii-on 

oí lii of .¡hich t he availabi-iit¡.- was 95 . t*;, , rânged Erari 97 .g 

to 99.9i. Consecl,entl-¡r , ihe anino acicis in faeces coliecr.ed 

fro¡: oirs fed casein should Ì-.. e incii-cative of +.he ¡:etabolic 

faecal a:ino acil losses. 

Two na"intenance diet s v¡ere fcrrul:ted , nenìe1:' r,^,¡it h 

? and. L4Í alphafloc r.espectíve1_r'. Dietar¡r f iber level has 

been shown to affect tha ¡letabolic f¿ecal nitrcaen excretion 

in pigs and rats (I-.hn, fcSL; ite.r,.er, 1956; t,itchell , I95U; 

i'rhiting and Eezeau, 7957 a,b\. Therefore, it can be expected 

that díetar¡r fi'cer level- will also affect the netabolic 

faecal excretion oí the individual anino aci.cis. 

Ileal and feecal satrpl-es fror:: ì.-i fed to the cannulated 

pigs after ti^.e cereal test. diet sequence wer.e lost and the 

effect of body wêight on the netabolic il_eal and faecal anino 

acid levels could not be assesseci. Tl:e effect o.f rleigh-u 

on the netabolic faecal nitrogen anC anlno acirj l_evéls, when 

these were expressei es grens excreted per lCC grans of dr-lnatter 

intake, was fcund to be ver;; snell for the non-cannulated 

pigs in studj' 2b (iatte Zó). fn adciition, onl:¡ smal1 ciifferences 

due to weight of rats on the netabolic faecal_ enino âcid 

excretion were founci in st,uci.i. I (:eble 13 ) . 

ln the assunpticn that there ras no effect of weight on 

the netebolic ainino acid ani nitrogen Levels fcr the can- 

nulated pigs, raising the Cíetar;r alphaflcc level f:.on Z tc

1{f increased the r:retabolic ileal and faecal amino acÍd 

an

T¡,BLE ,+4. Leve1s of amino acids, total nitrogen and dry natter in il-ea1 

digesta and faeces fron the cannuLated pigs fed the rnaintenance dÍets. 

T,EVEL OF 

ATPHAFL0C (ø) 

AMINO ACTDS4 

Essential- 

--îrG- 

HTS 

TI,E 

I,EU 

LïSr 

MET., 

PHE 

THR 

VAT., 

ALA 

ASP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NITROGEN 

DRY MAÎTER 

2 

3 

l+ 

5 

.o33 

.012 

.o33 

.o39 

.o3r+ 

.009 

.oz]- 

.OlrZ 

.036 

.040 

. 06r+ 

.120 

.o97 

.3r4 

.065 

.ot7 

.201 

l3.25 

7T 

.o24 -.009 

.0Io -.0ø2 

.030 -.003 

.0r+3 +. oórr 

.040 +.006 

.011r. +.005 

.o27 +.006 

.030 -.00d 

.034 -.002 

.o4r 

.064 

.086 

.o33 

.o33 

.o3L 

.o23 

.L29 

8.65 

+.001 

.000 

- . o3r+ 

-.o6t+ 

-.28r 

-.031 

+.006 

-.o72 

-À.60 

.0116 

. oL8 

.036 

.044 

,o\2 

. olt 

,o23 

.ol+5 

.Ot z 

'o5o 

.o73 

'f.l+7 

.14d 

.576 

.078 

.018 

.306 

23.3L 

$-7-wqs -fed prlor to the cereaL test diet sequence, results from plg number L were not, 

inc luded. 

M-14 was fed following the cereal test diet sequence, results fron plg nunber I were 

not included. 

columns A and B indicate the differences between il.ear and faecal revels. S 

Expressed as grams per 100 grams dry natter intake. 

\o' 

Determlned by acid hydrolysis. 

Urz 

.030 -.01ó 

.or& -.00[ 

.o39 +,003 

.o57 +.013 

.049 +.007 

.oL7 +.006 

.03[ +.011 

.or+o -.005 

.0ÀÀ +.002 

.05l+ 

.083 

.111 

.otrz 

.058 

.045 

.o25 

.L67 

l3.l+2 

-.o02 

+.01-o 

'.Ðe 

-. 106 

-.518 

-.o33 

+.002 

-.r39 

-9.92

of tiìe j.leun to the -faeces. These increases na;,: have 'ceen 

Cue tc de nci'o nicrcbiel sl,'nth3sis of these eirj_nc acids 

fron nltrc:en th:t was Cer.ived frc;: ;ic:.cbia1 dear.:inaficn 

Oí 'r,he na-ic¡ ¿initto eciis present 1n n'Ltcin. 

The le ,¡el_s of Pi.O in il_eel digeste. frcm Ì.--l and 

ì--Id r¡s¡¿ .314 anC .57C gr zns per ICC ;rans cí dr;' *.aa". 

intake respectivel-":' (ieble 44 ) . îÌ:e PÈO l-e',.eLs in ileal 

diëe ste frcn corn, whêat end barle',¡ were . 2ZZ, ,LlL ato 

.21 2 respecti';el-1,' (Table 42). True il:el av:iiabilities 

cf PF,O e:

pêr iCC ãrens cí irj,' :âtter intake, cf tie ¡er:a.l and 

r'::.intenanc: ilers ¡ave ccrresponCing net;bolic ileal ?;ìC 

'I ¡r¡al c ¡l 1ôn '] 

" 

barle;. rcspectr:-lel-r. Thus, iru= ileal- pF,C ar,'ailabiiitie s of 

9î.3, 9a.9 :ni 103 .Çii vrere obtainecÌ ícr cci.n, wheat anC 

barle-r respec-r.i.ve 1". The cal_cul_aticn carr.ie cì cut assuned 

â lineâr ::ola'.íclshin ì:ett;een crude fi'ce ¡ intake anC 

'i I c:1 ÐP:1 1-r.:l c 

.lccording tc Sauer et 3.1 . (f9?L) neiabolic a;rino 

acíC 1e\'eLs ccrrespcncing tc perticular test C j-ets sl:culd 

be Cet=rnined !.ri'i,h crotein-free diets thet ccntain the sare 

level cf unii eestible d:.¡' :attir as the tes.t diets frcin 

tvhic¡: cne Ce:e::.lines tf.e true a:inc e:ic ¡'.-aileiilltle s. The 

^?^:1h+- ^ -ia .a',. ú:l-Ci.,inLS ñaêc.iF- .È;Ê^rr-È C' C.f7 I:âit:¡ + 

I-rùÐ-:.: L:-r !,,i::_ -le enJ CÍ the iJ_:U:, 

pe r 1Cû grans of drrl' netter intaire , r,vere Lj .Zi , Z) ,3L, Lg ,gC , 

26.7C e!\i. lJ.8C 3rans îar i--7, i_-1,!, ccÍ'n, r.;heat anci barle;r 

respectil¡ê1" (lab1e 42 enC 4f ). Sinilar t;-pe cf ccr.reciicns 

(as ior e c-uel- ci'ude fibe:. intake ) íor the deterninaticn cf 

retahclic il-e al- PÌC level_s noul_i result in tru¿ ?l-"0 aveil_a_ 

biLities exceeding 100f, fcr eII ce:.eal_ gi.ains r.ested. 

Ti-.e interpretation cf dei.a c'cta j-neii Í:.cn the 

nei:rt=nance anci ce:.eal test Ciets i:: tiê c:.:r.-ic,:s secticr: 

ir'ere Ì:ased cn :'=sult,s -,hat were expr"essed ês êi:ans reÌ. IOC 

¡:'l:s c-i ::';i .::e'*t:r lnta).=, Th: :1-3:.eã: C:i1-.- .ir;- i-.âtrej. 

ir.t:ke '¡" *"1:e p1;s îed _l-? e:ld i.-lt¡ was ll"ã: (ê?.31, o.f 

'l?1

al-lowable intake ) and Ç35 grar¡is (48,9!3 of allov,'able iniake ) 

132 

respectivelj¡ (Appendix, Tabl-e 9). The average dail¡r dry natieÌ' 

intake of the cereal diets by the pigs was equal to the 

allowable daily intake in aii cases anci was l_d55, Id49 anci 

LE57 for corn, wheat and barley respectively (Appendix, 

Table l, 4 and 5). Calculations baseC on equal total crude 

fiber intake for the cereal and aaintenance diets (in the 

sane aanner es they were caried out for crude fj.ber iniake 

per 100 grams of dry n:aiter intake) will result in true 

PRO availabilities of 96.7, 100.4 and lO7.li; for corn, rvheai 

and barley respectively. 

From the previouè discussion one might believe that 

PRO of casein was o.f relatively low availability at the end of 

th.e ileun. Ìf this was the case for pfi,O, what thon about the 

true ileal availabilities of the other amino aci"ds fron casein? 

laking into accounl the possibility that casein was 

perhaps not completely digesied. and absorbed brr the end of the 

i1eum, coraplete protêin-free diets v¡ere fed to the cannul_ated 

pigs as part of study 4a. Therefore, the ciata obtaineci íor 

nretabolic ileal and faecal anino acid levels fror:: feeding the 

protein-free diets in study 4a rvill be used ior the estinations 

of true ileal anino acid availabilities f:"om corn, wheat anci

'ìi+.:^ 

e aï'ô t 

-l .i ^+ ^ 

lhre: ijjí:rent :rcte1::-jree dieis cc:rtainllg !, 

l-C anC 1j;1, alphafioc j.espectiys]..r r,.r3¡o fed -.o the pigs 1n 

study La. The ê,.r3râîe iallv dr-. :etter inta]:: r",ere l_l5l Ê. 

ícr ?I-5i I)57 g. for.PF-10 anC 1109 g. íor pF-15 

/'^-^-;i- a^r-r ^ .r 

\.-:.:v.-.--s:-!, -c.-!v .. , 21. and 25 ). 

Coniinucu_s prcblens h'e.rê experienced du_ring the 

f:eCin¡ of the ?F-l_5 iiets. Elockage ccc,_,.rr.ei fr=c_uentl¡r, 

Sften the cannuiae 'cecane dlsconnectecì, z.esu_ltíng in large 

ioss:s cí digesta. lhr:e cf the 6 pigs l.rent ccrpletel_v cff 

f :e d after. the fir.st ci- se ccnC cê,,¡ th.i -"h=i, vere cffered the 

Pi-15 C j-ets, The refor.e , suita'oie statist,icei ¿¡¿frrs3s fç-r, 

the deterninêtion of t]:e effect cf bcC¡i v,reight end l_evel cf 

di-.târ-r' f i':e r cn ;::eta'roIic i,Lea1 anC faecel anino acid level_s 

cculC nct be per:-cred. P:.evious Ì.esults c'c.tein=d frcn pigs 

fed the naintenance Ci3ts (Tâble 26) and fl.on i-:ts feC ihe 

prctein-fr:e dier.s (Ta'cle 1û ) shcl"¡eC that --he:.e .',.;a s ,¡ir.t ual_l..- 

nc efÍect- cÍ i¡eiEi.t on thenetaboiic faeca.l- ¿¡-.ino ¿cic ievels 

t.;hen these l/rel.e expr_êssed as grens pet 1OO ,ri.a:ls cí Cri, 

äetier intak=. _r.lthcuqh Cata l.rer,e a¡,-a i-'t a':1: onl¡, í:-cr. pigs 

¡r::,¡hc-ar{ Á .-Á O +l 

, r e :ì-ã r.sults obtain:C sç=:t:i to i.r:cicere 

that r,¡eirht haC nc ne_cÌ. 3Íf?ct cn tle :retâ.'cclic il_e:I 

:::inc :cij i-.-:.:r s (.t¡psnCix, Te'rle 2L a:1: 2: ). 

ns 

'I i?

ïn general , increasing the fiber levels of the 

protein-free diets increased the netabolic ireal and faecal 

anrino acid and nitrogen revers. The increment in the reveJ-s 

of iLeal and faecal arnino acids levelred off as ihe arphafroc 

content of the protein-free diets was raised fro¡r l0 to L5ji 

(Table 45 ) . Due to the lir¡rited aäiount o.f resulis available 

from diet PF-15, it is not possible to tell if the increase 

in metabolic ilea1 and faecal aníno acid levels with in_ 

creasing fiber intake is of a linear or a curvilinear 

relationship. Theoreticall¡r, it is not unreasonable to 

pos¿ulate a limit to metabolic losses by the ani¡nal and 

assune a curvilinear relationship. 

. The relationships of the ileal and faecal ar¿ino 

acid and nitrogen 1eve1s betr,veen I.l_ Z and l{_lle were basically 

L3l* 

sirnj.lar to those observed be.tween pF_5 anci FF_IO (Tab1e 4& anci 

45). For both PF-5 and PF-10 (and also for pf-15), there was 

a consistent net disappeârance of ARG, TH.,ì, Giy, pRO and SiR 

in the large intestine. consístent net increases were found 

for flE, LEU, i,yS, i,fET, pHE and ASp. 

ït seemed that as the leve1 of alphafloc was j.ncreased 

fronr 5 to rofi, particular anrino acids decreased, nore (for e:lar,rple 

GLT and PRO) and particular anino acids increased nore (for 

exanple ll,E, LEU, LYS and pHI). fn other r,rords, nore nicrobial 

fermentation seemed to take place in ihe large intestine v¡ith 

PF-10 than with pF-5.

TÂBLE 45. Amlno acld, total, nltrogen and dry ratter appearânce (+) or 

disappearance (-)t in the large intestlDe 1n pigs fed the 

proteln-free dLets. 

LEvxL OF 

ALPHAFLOC (ø} 

LOCATTON 

ÂMINO ACIDS 

Essenùla1 

-tñe'- 

HTS 

ILE 

I,EU 

LTS 

MEl 

PIIE 

THR 

vAL 

Non-EssentlaL 

ALA 

. ASP 

cTs 

GLU 

CLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYT 

NITROGEN 

DRY MATTEN 

1 

? 

ILEUM2 FAECES2 A 

. o[9 

.0r4 

.o2L 

.o39 

.02? 

.006 

.o23 

.o39 

,ort 

'o41 

.056 

.o13 

.07L 

.!39 

. r+Zt+ 

.038 

.o13 

.205 

TL.67 

.o22 -.O27 

.o10 -.ootl 

,o27 +.006 

.042 +.003 

.036 +.009 

.012 +.006 

.026 +.003 

.030 -.009 

.o33 +.002 

,036 -.o05 

.06r +.o05 

.oto -.0o3 

.068 -.oo3 

.031 -.10¿t 

.026 -.4'+8 

.026 -.o12 

.o1¡l +.oo1 

.lot -.104 

6.1+8 -5.L9 

10 

IIÆÙü2 FÀECESz B 

II,EUT{2 FAECESz C 

,o29 -.O29 .061 

.01À -.001 ,o22 

,o39 +.0r0 . o31 

.059 +.008 .O57 

.048 +.o12 .o39 

.0r7 +.009 

,o37 +,OØ .o33 

.0,¡1 -.010 .o59 

,0[9 +.006 .olt[ 

.056 .o53 -,oo3 .O58 .o59 

.o7t .08t+ +.006 ..o81 .096 

.016 .o13 -.003 

.094 .096 +.0O2 .too .108 

.L7l .oi3 -.128 ,tç9 .or+7 

.ii? .0116 -.53L .185 .o38 

.0r+9 .o35 -.01l} .o52 -O3? 

,oii .oi6 +.OOi ,016 .oI8 

.256 .t39 -.117 ..27L .1q1 

L7.69 LO.st -7.J.6 26.32 14.78 

Expressed aB grans¡ per 100 gran dry natter intake, shovrn in colu¡nns A, B, c and D. 

CoIunnB indicate lfeal or faecel 1ev6ls. 

Converted results fron Holmes et aL,, (1974), 

-.o28 

- ,oo7 

+. O24 

+.010 

+.0t5 

+.007 

-. olr+ 

+.009 

+,0O1 

+. O15 

+. o08 

- .r22 

-.51+7 

-.016 

+. o02 

-.110 

-It. rrl 

Lk.51 

ILEuM2 FA¡cEs2 D 

.L37 +.10ó 

.006 +,003 

.051 +.O25 

.o89 +.048 

.o92 +.056 

,o20 +. o17 

.o55 +.O33 

.o72 +.030 

.o59 +. O2t- 

.o48 .o82 +.031+ 

.058 .1lo +.o72 

.005 .o25 +.020 

.080 .L62 +.082 

,082 .o78 -.oot+ 

.33L .OtL -.297 

.oLd .o50 +.o)2 

.0[o .o71 +.031 

',+27 .360 -.06? 

L9.20 13.[O -5.80 

P

liolnes ç! al. (L97U) fed c:.otein-free Ciers 

containing Id. !'rJ alphafLoc to 6 cannul_ated pigs that ',.reigired 

approxinately !+5 kg. Their results and those obtained in 

these studies lrere quite díi.ierent (Tabte 45 ). ir'ith *,,he 

exception of PRO and clY, Iiolnes et al . (L9?L) found a 

net increase of al-l andno aciCs between the end oÍ the il_eu_n 

and the anus. These increases lîere ver¡r substantial for ARG 

especially, -:U, :TS, ASP and GLij. The anino acid corirposition 

(grains per 16 grans of niirogen ) of netabolic faecal protêin 

f:'orn pigs deternined at diffe::ent labor.atories j-s shov;n in 

'1 1A 

Table 46. Al-though there r^¡ere difÍerences i n ."he composi tion 

for sonre anino acids (?Tij, S:.,', and TyF; in particular ) , generat Ìy 

speaking the resulis obtained. i.n these studies, ihose of 

Danme:.s (1964), car-1son and Ëaylei, (r9?o) ând rggun (1!/t) 

cor4pare reasonebll¡ Heli. The netabolic faecal anino eciC 

cor:position obtained b,r' äoh¿es et al. (l-97 U) diff ered nar.Ìredlli 

frcn those obtained in these s'undi.es and -ír.on the o-,,her woriiers, 

e speci-al 1¡r t^rith r.egs.:.d to the conient of ÁRG and ijfS. rnsuf_ 

ficient dietary ecuilibration may heve taken place by the tine 

iiolnes et. al- . (197 4) collecteci f aecai riate::ial_ . ihe la'urr,er 

rnal¡ have contrib'uteci to t,he rel ative,r y ]arge increases -,,hat 

'1.¡ere iound for sc:lie ar:ti no acicis betrveen t,ile end of the iie,;.-t 

anc.l '¿lie anus in their siud.i es (îabLe l*5 ) . 

The levei oÍ .fiber i-nciusion in the proieir:_ír.ee 

diets j-n t,hese studies dict no'{, seen ¡o have a na;or effeci

TABTE tÌ6. Anino acid composltionl of metabolic protein d€ternined at 

df fferent laboratories. 

AMT$O ACTDS 

Egsential 

AAG 

HIS 

rLE 

I,ETJ 

IYS 

MET 

PHE 

lHR 

vAt 

Non-Essentlal 

I 

t 

ALA 

ASP 

cYs 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TÏR 

SAUER (1976)2 

PF-5 PF-10 Pr-15 

3.t+9 3.3t+ 

1.58 L.62 

l+.28 l+.18 

6.65 6,?9 

5.?o 5.53 

r.90 L.96 

t+.Lz b.26 

L.75 t+.72 

5.23 5.6t+ 

9.66 9.67 

1.56 1.50 

LO.77 11.05 

l+.91" I+.95 

t+.Lz 5.29 

t+.L2 4.03 

2.22 f .8¡) 

5 .70 ó. 10 

3.28 

L'ttg 

l+.1+7 

6.66 

5.37 

3.98 

l+.1t7 

5.27 

5.86 

9.5L 

LO.73 

\.67 

3.?8 

3.68 

L.79 

Expressed as grams per 16 grams of nitrogen. 

ÐAIJIMERS CARLSON ANd 

(L964) BAYI,ET 

(1970 ) 

3.20 

1. &0 

Il. OO 

5.60 

4.90 

2.10 

3.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.30 

9.00 

r..50 

9.1+O 

I+.20 

3.80 

1. d0 

ulão 

6. r+o 

4.30 

3.80 

5.10 

4.90 

5.00 

8.30 

8.00 

ö.30 

2,20 

4.?o 

3.00 

EGGUM HO¿MES 

(r97r) er al 

]Jemt 

l+.I9 6.09 

2.O9 O.27 

3.97 2.27 

6.07 3.96 

5.65 L.Og 

2.O3 0.89 

5.09 z.t+t+ 

,1. 38 3 .2o 

t+.82 2.62 

5.61+ 

8.3t+ 

1.61 

10.66 

è.48 

7.OL 

3.t+4 

3.61+ 

5.78 

1.11 

7.20 

3.L7 

L.5L 

2.22 

3.L6 

Determined for protein-free diets wíth different levels of alphafloc. inclusion. 

?

on tÌre co¡iposi-i,ioil oí neiabol_i c feecal protein (?abie +j ) . 

Proline in par.ti"cul ar antj. GLï were present in 

abundant ânou.nts in il_ea.] digesi;a fr.o¡a the p:.otein-free diets. 

118 

(Tab1e 45 ) . These obse:'veiions v¡ouLd elin; nate the possibi--i-";. 

tilat PRO f:'on casej-n lvas oi lo-iv availability. b,- the end oí ihe 

j-l-ew;r. The level of P;ì0 in iieai tìigesta froin pi.- j was ev€n 

higher thån tì'iet, ob'r,ained í:'ora ì _-f ( iabt e +4 and 45 ) . The 

levels of FRO obt,ained íror: eiihei' pF-lO, pF-ij or ìl-i4 were 

oi the saine order. 

.¡.pparent ilea.l- anino acid evailabili-ties and. rttrue 

j.l-eal availebilit,ies that uere calcul-ated by using d.i fferent 

correclions for ;:ietabolic ileal anino acid Ievels are shoun 

in Tablg 47, 4'ð and 49 for cora, wheat anC barle¡, r.especiiveiy. 

l.ie'r,abolic i-Ieal anino acicÌ corections for obtaining 

irue avail-abiiitÍes wer.e carried out as follo,.os: 1) On the 

basis of equal crucie fiber in-ual.:e of the cereal_ ancì. proiej_nfree 

ciiets ani 2 ) cn the basi s of eoual encì,nt s of unciigesiible 

dr¡r nalter passing t,hrougl-r -uhe end of the íleun fron the 

cereaL and protei.n-free ciiet,s. For exanple, as the ievel of 

crude Íiber intake increased frcn J.3ó;, íoi. pF-,< to ó.ðO;, ior 

PF-10, the level of ne¡eboiic ileal_ LyS íncreased fron .O2J 

to . Cl 5 Êrer1s per lOO grans of cìr;r ì:ie-,,',, e Ì. j.niake (Table 32 anC 

45). Then, by exirapolation of the line conneciing these 

2 points one cen esiinate the netabolic il_eal_ ITS levels et,

TABLE ,+7. Appqlel! ileal anlno acid availabflfties from corn and the estimated true 

avaÍlabiLiùies as caLculated by the use of dlfferent type of correciions. 

TYPE OF 

CORRTCTION 

AMINO ACIDS 

Essential 

-Trc'- 

HTS 

IIE 

I,EU 

LYS, 

lffiTo 

PiTE 

THR 

VAL 

ASP 

cYs 

GLU 

GLT 

PRO 

SER 

TÏR 

NÏTROGEN 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^ø)r 

APPARENT 

.l+l+5 .056 

.251+ .030 

.354 .0U5 

L.3o7 .O99 

.338 .06r 

.25O .020 

,523 .0À9 

.36h .o?7 

.456 .069 

.760 .088 

.723 .116 

.200 .036 

2.085 .L66 

.399 .L29 

.8L3 .222 

.505 .O?? 

,395 . oÀ.3 

r.995 .348 

B2 c(%f 

87.1+ 

88.2 

87.3 

92.L 

82.0 

9L.9 

90.6 

78.8 

8t+.9 

88. t+ 

8t*. o 

82.t 

92.O 

67.7 

73.? 

8t¡.8 

89. t 

82.6 

D4 

CRUDE FTBER 

INTAKE 

E("/"''5 

.0rÈ6 97 .è 

.013 93.3 

.018 92.L 

.o35 95.t 

.024 89.t 

.005 9¡1.0 

.020 9L.5 

.o35 86.5 

.o27 90.8 

.036 93.2 

.ot+g go.7 

.012 88.0 

.063 95.L 

.L29 100.0 

.t+38 L25.6 

.O3tr 93.5 

.oLz 92.2 

.188 92.O 

Column A lndicates the dietary arrlno acid content. 2 colo*r, B 

ilear 

indicates the apparent 

ani.no acid revels, expressed as grans per r00 gram ãry natter tntake. 

colunn c indlcates the apparent itear amino acld avai.labilities. 

Colur¡ns D indicate t!9 lespective corrected netabollc ileaL amino acid levols, expressed 

as grams per 100 grams dry- rnatter fntake. 

Columns E indÍcate the respective true lleal amfno acid availability estlnates. 5 

Deternlned by the oxidation method. 

\o 

TRUE 

DRY MATTER 

P¡,SSAGE 

Dl+ 

.058 

.oL7 

.o2g 

.051 

.035 

.030 

.05r- 

.ol+3 

.05a 

.078 

.09l+ 

.t7L 

.577 

.0119 

.015 

.256 

Eø15 

100.r+ 

9t+.9 

95.5 

'96.3 

92.3 

96.b 

92.9 

th.3 

95.8 

2!.7 

96.5 

IIO.5 

LI+z.L 

9l+.5 

92.9 

' 95.4 

D4 

.028 

.oo7 

.003 

.012 

.009 

.002 

.007 

.oLz 

.003 

.006 

.00r+ 

.009 

.020 

.07l+ 

.222 

.or3 

.009 

.o90 

PROLINE 

Eø)5 

93.7 

90,9 

88. r 

93.3 

81. e 

92.8 

92.O 

82. t 

85.5 

89.5 

8t+.5 

86.5 

93,L 

86.2 

100.0 

8?.3 

91.t+ 

8z.t

TABIE ,¡8. Apparent-Íleal amlno acid availabititles from wheat and the estimated true 

availabllities as calculated by the use of different type of corrections. 

TÏPE OF 

CONRECTION 

AMINO ACIDS (ø) 

Essentlal 

-ætr- 

HIS 

ILE 

I,E1' 

LYS, 

I\MTO 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

-m'-- ASP. 

cYS0 

GLT) 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

A(%f 

APPARENT 

cv"f 

¡4 

CRUDE FTBER 

ÏNTAKE 

E(/ò5 

DNY MATTER 

PASSAGE 

Ev")5 

?gr, :8i? 89:I :8tl Etr:; :ïrL B9:Z 

{r44 .065 85.t+ .otd 89.t} .031 S2.s 

97.O .L?Z 86.9 .O3r+ 9O.r+ .Oi7 SZ.t 

3-ç? .999 7r.? .92tr q?. j .oie 's6'.t 

?t+L .o32 86.7 .oOi 88.t 

ç7\ .o75 8$.8 .o2o 91.6 .033 s3.? 

3_96- .q?l 26.+ .03rr $i.z .ote ef'.i 

5I+5 .o9r+ 82.8 ,026 8?.j .o4rÌ So.ð 

.L27 .o35 Ê1.1 .058 85.9 

.L67 .Qb7 q2.3 .081 87.3 

.ot+z .012 89.3 

.32L .06? 9¡1. t .100 g5.o 

.LI+9 .L26 95.9 .L69 Lo3.5 

.191 .\32 L\6.7 .585 L27.3 

.101 .o33 89.3 .o53 Sz.L 

.o57 .012 88.9 .016 89.9 

. 1188 

.677 

.28L 

Il.4À0 

.566 

L.t+t+5 

.633 

.Iro7 

z.60T 

NONE 

82 

NÏTROGEN . Ll+5 

7L,O 

75.3 

85.1 

92.7 

73.7 

86.8 

8tl. o 

86. o 

82.9 

.184 

90.0 

Lr 21 3, \r 51 6 Refer to Table tfl for expranatlon. 

.27L 

93,3 

¡4 

PROLTNE 

E(r"r5 

:86á E?:2 

.001 85.6 

.009 d7.8 

.006 77.r+ 

.001 gZ.t 

.005 89.6 

.009 78.8 

.000 82.d 

,00o 75.3 

.008 87,9 

.016 93.L 

.066 85.3 

.L91 100.O 

.010 85.6 

.oo8 d8.o 

.076 8¡. ¿ 

. oo4 7t+.8 

ts 

O

TABI,E l+9. App+Iel!-iLeal arnlno acld availabillties fron barley and the estinated true 

availabilities as cal-culated by the use of different type of corrections. 

TTPE OF 

CORRECTTON 

AMINO ACIDS 

Essentlal 

--ffiE_ 

HIS 

rLE 

I,EU 

LYSz 

MET() 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

AtA 

ASP. 

CYSO 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NITROGEN 

L, 2, 3, l+, 5, 

A$f 

.569 

.229 

.390 

.855 

.l+L5 

.L93 

.60L 

.381 

.5LL 

.t+82 

.691+ 

.zLg 

2.927 

.l+85 

L.2t5 

.501 

.36t+ 

2.222 

APPARENT 

B2 

NONE 

cv")3 

.to6 81.À 

.0r+5 80.3 

.082 79,O 

.158 8L.5 

.111 73.3 

.038 80.3 

.Lo7 82.2 

.110 ?L.L 

.120 77.9 

.L46 69.7 

.200 7t.2 

.Orl9 ?7.6 

,393 86,6 

.f68 65.tþ 

.232 80.9 

.LLg 76.2 

.o7h 79.2 

.558 

7L.9 

D4 

053 

oL5 

02b 

04'+ 

030 

007 

026 

oÀl} 

036 

Ol+7 

070 

01À 

080 

L52 

CRUDE FTBER 

ÏNTAKE 

5L6 1 

ot+2 

0t rl 

225 

6 R"f"r to TabLe l+7 for explanation. 

E$)5 

90.? .06r 

86.9 .O22 

85,1 .03r 

è6.? .o5? 

80.5 .o39 

83.9 

È6.5 ,O33 

82.7 .O59 

8r+.6 .0ÀÈ 

79.5 .058 

8r-.3 .odr 

8lr. o 

89.3 .100 

96.7 .L69 

.23.t+ .5t:5 

8[.6 ,o53 

83.5 .016 

85. O 

TRUE 

DRY MATTER 

PASSAGE 

DÀ 

.27L 

E$)5 

92.L 

90.0 

86.9 

88.2 

82.7 

87.b 

86-6 

86.0 

8L.7 

82.9 

gõlo 

100.2 

L29.L 

86.6 

84. r 

87.L 

PROLTNE 

nb Eø15 

o2g 

oo7 

004 

013 

009 

002 

007 

013 

oot+ 

.009 

.006 

.009 

.o22 

.076 

.232 

.oLrl 

.009 

.09lr 

86.5 

83.4 

80.5 

83. O 

75.1+ 

8r.3 

83.1r 

7r+.5 

78.7 

7L.6 

72.O 

81.7 

87.3 

8L.o 

I00.0 

79,o 

82.1 

79.t 

ts 

þ,

c:le:' Ie',-=ls ci cmde ilber í .e. zt the cir_ii: iib=r le v=is 

¡j the cere.:i ¡:.:i::s. Thc cr-u_Le íiber le'..Eis c.i cct.::, l.ih-:at 

if: ìa:'::. ;,'Cr.: 2.62. ? -:.ê çrì : r':-. -¡..nc -i: ì-: l ,, /-.hì ^ .t.\ 

.- 

_ 

-¡¡ 

- 

L--Ì: .r:---= ^êÈ^ Utus¿, ^..¿.j^-â i-L:c: !¡_r,.. 

3jì--¡ I 

^r..¡- i_u:¿ _- ^r-^.1 ^ 

=:S 

2t.. t_.y-¿e.4\=)_.. \ _cL,t_j 47,/. 

,.,^-..: 

\¡iC:-L* :11-: 

_..:,.^ 

ccrr: s¡c:ri.i"::¿ ::t::cl_ic 11e:1 _IS 1_-',._.ls cf î.2*. C. ?4 end 

',r.iU ¡re:s -rer .l_ r-ìC g:.a::s ci dr; ::tter i¡:t;ke (:abie LT, 1¿ 

a.ni +? ) . The a¡par=nt 1leel a:i;:.c aci¡l 1e.,-=is l;ere thcn 

cci'rec:e d ícr the cci-iespcncing Ee r-abclic il ea.1 anino acii 

l-e'¡ais ancL ti'ue il-eel anino acio :vailatilitie s r.ie¡e cbtalned. 

Fcr the ês _:i::ìêiicn oÍ true ilea.l ava-i labil-it res c.i 

a¡:ino aciCs 'oaseci cn 'te c_ue1 irlr n^tto- pass:ger?, the ca1_ 

cu-lations '..¡e'e based on the r-erel s cf i.ndige stible dri.' neti:r 

passing thrcurh the enC of the it eun fcr -r,ho tes'u and 

pi"otein-free diets. The ¿-.,pe of cci.rections thåt were cetr:ei 

rlrz 

cut resul--eC 1n :rue atailahit it ies ci lìî tl-.¿t ::lc:e i:c lOC.., 

íc:: all cer:e.l- gi'ains. i:r aiditicn, true a',,eilabi,. i-ties cf CLy 

exc:ei:d lic.' 1n scre inste.nces ( -abì: l-? , a.- a::d 19), 

It si:c;l_i be ke lt :n n1::: .t,het :_et:':olic il_cal ¿::tno 

:ni^ I ^=--i c .a^,--.?èc-^-.li-- f L! ^ -:.- r:,ù ^^h^^t _=¿:_: i)qi -:i:+c r.,r¡¡ ^.,: -^ 

n¡ l =l¡Ä t ,...-a -- .-, 

iwç!- !-u .!r-1:ç-rr- -¡ ùri oate c'ctainei i:.cn iiiets ?F_i ¡ ncÌ pi_1C. 

-_^¿ 

^r-^1i^ .:r - 

î,î-^¡ ^.¡t -- ¡_: rc.!u.L*\_ *¿-:-.,L j= r_^,_ î ¡ j _- ---^ ;.: _ 

-¿ r./c:.ij U. ,.ä.:jie _i C:.lI:. _- -. _ _._ct 

ll-l5 ¡rr.4 ''-..q= qr-: i¡va 'r:e,r 'ci:q.,¡ ì-¡¡¡-...¡ ¡i tL: --¡.^t ¿ 

' ' '2, -_. w;rJìiS 

thct i.¡e r: e::ccu:r,e¡'=d :urir; the l:eil::g cí ti-1s ;iet. ::or.,e -.-:r.

tne in-r, erpreiat ion of resu_lis obtainecj. l+cutC not' chang,:, 

esse ntiall;-, .v:ti ií data fron Ci-ei pl-i j r^rere incl_udeC. 

fci' the extrapolation cf ireiabolic ileai enino åcid levels 

í:'c¡l the pi'otein-free ciets. Si.:rilari;', interpre¡ation of 

¡'esults '.,voul-d nol changa if calculations based on total 

cruri¡ j:be:' i niel:3 or -r,ot â-r HJr;- :::a-".uei. !assaC3r! .r..iüre 

âô,--.;^¡ ^,.+ 

e

t.aþ e .+) J . '_hcs: ?xtl.erlolâtions rcsulie C 1n veri, f ol.r l:v;l_s 

o.f netaÌ:o1ic i-ì eal anino acicÌs ancÌ ;ave t:.ue ileal_ a.,¡aila_ 

bi.lit_v estj.nates thet Heie ver-;: close io the corresponding 

apparent availabi.liti, esiiraies for ;ros.L a;linc acirls (Tabie 

î'I , +¿ ç.i.Lu +i I. 

ft is reasonable -r,o âssune that, -r,he true ileal 

availabilities of pEO fro:r cereal grains wil_1 be less than 

J-uu,;. '"j.leref ore, even ihe calculat,ions based. on ïì.COi, ti.ue 

Pì',0 ar,-ailabilii¡r fron cer.eal Sieinsr v.;i1l_ cr.erestinate the 

n,-taboli_c j l_e al- anino acid ievels associ ated r,.;ith the f eedin;; 

ur urie cereel g:al_ns. 

F-egarCless o.f -r,Ìre correciions used, ihe es.ûì;rated 

iÌ'ue l-.t_ee.I ¡IS avaì labil-ities .iion corn, v¡heat ancj. bar-iey- 

r';e:'e s''i,' i i'elatir¡ei;, 1ov¡ in r:el_âtion io t,ìre othe:. a¡.lino ac i cis . 

Corections baseC on ecuar ci-ucle fil-.er l-evel s r-esulteci i_n 

esti¡aated true i_leal_ LyS ar,-aiiabiii.i;ies of 69.1, E2.J and 

à^ --t üu.);" - lcr corn, wheet and bar.lei- respecti--;ei¡;. fn tha.u saüe 

order, their r,,re:-e 92.3 , ¿5. 5 and .ò2. ji) ,tihen .cased on ecuaì 

rr di'1" ilett,er .lassage rt. 

liov,'eve r, the i¡.pe of i:.eiabolic correc-i,ions iler_ 

íor;red can not be l.aiid since ¡rue iieal pi,O e.nci CÌ,] ava-i l-a_ 

LL+1" 

b;l-it,ies lve:'e obtalneC -,i:at e-.:ce:ied IOC).. Due to the :::-- e :ls j ;e 

cisappearance of these anino acids in rhe iarge intestine 

(presi*rabir. by nicrobi:-r. ci:g.::i::ailcn ) , t¡ue faecal a.¡ailabiliiies 

oÍ the se 2 anino acics ciid;.:o._l e::ceeci .l C0,,.

the calculations and postulations made are subject 

to several- possib]-e errors: t) fhe variability of the ileal 

PRO levels bethreen pigs fed the protein_free diets (Appendix, 

lable 23 , 2tç and, 25), Z) .{lthough consistent r.esults were 

obtained with regard to data fror.r di-ets pF_5 and. pF_lO, these 

could not be subjected to statistical analysis and j ) Es_ 

timated true availabirities were based on rinear responses 

from data o'otained from the pF-5 and pF_IO dier,s. 

- ïn conclusi.on, there is the possibility that the 

use of protein-free diets for estimation of n:etabolic ileal- 

amino acid levels (and therefore also for metabolic faecal 

anino acÍd leve1s ) may result in overesti¡nation of the 

actual levels. 

r45 

The following discussion will deal with some possible 

explanations and postulations as to.why protein_free d.ie-r,s can 

overestimate the metabolic irear and faecar a¡nino acid losses 

as v¡e1l as nitrogen losses. 

According to líasset (1965) ingested protein is 

mixed with several times its mass of endogenous protein in the 

sraall intestine so that wide fluctuations in the amino acid 

roixture avaj-lable for absorption rvill not occur. The 

relatively constant amino acid nixture produced r^rill contríbute

to naxinrum efficienci.' in the utílization of amino acids by 

the animal . 0f course, this proposed horneostatic mechanisrn 

is of a short terra nature and will fail if a protein deficiency 

(or a specific anino acid deficiency) is imposed 

on the animal for: longer periods of time. 

r46 

Nasset (1965) estirnated that the total dailir enount 

of endogenous proteín secreted in*vo the lunen of the smali 

intestine of a ?O kg. raan to be 14I-351+ grans (Table 50). 

the estinate calculated by Irlasset is much higher than that 

calculateci by Fauconneau anci l.richel (L970), rvhicl: r.;as only 

67 grarns (Table 50). The ratter authorsr dic not incl_ude 

protein fronr intestinal juice as part of the endogenous pro_ 

*,,ein derived from dige stÍve secretions , Not includ.ing 

estinates fron intestinal juice in Nessetrs calculations, 

the amount of protein secretad frorn digestive juices into 

the lumen v¡iIl be 24-63 grams. The rninimu¡c estimate 

obtained, 24 grams, compares reasonably well with that 

obtained by Fauconneau and ì.üchel (f9?O), which was 17 grams 

(iable 50). The estinates fro¡n both sources for protein 

derived fron mucosal shedding were not that different, 

namel¡, 50 and ?7-9L Zrams (fa¡te 5C). 

The manner in which l.Íasset (L965\ arrived at the 

relatively large contributi.on of enciogenous protein from 

intestinal juice to the total endogenous protein fron the

T¡.BLE 50. Estination of the daily endogeneous protein secretion into the lumen 

of the small intestine of a f0 kg. rnãn. 

RETERENCE 

ÏTE[fS 

PROTEIN FRO]{ DTGESTTVE 

SECRBTTONS 

Sa l iva 

Castric.Iuice 

Pancreatic.Iuice 

fntestínal Juice 

Fi ]e 

Subtotal ( A )? 

SubtotaI (D )J 

PROTETN FRO¡.I I,IUCOSAL 

SHEÐDT}ÌG 

TOTÂL PROTEIN (A): 

101ÂL PROTllIll (D )r 

r,uc,ls4l PROTËIN ij OF TOTAL 

(E )J 

I 

3 

VOLUME. PROTETN PROTETN 

Iiters (range ) 

1.0- 1.5 

2.5- 3.5 

L.2- t.5 

t .0- 2.0 

l-5.2-27 ,O 

5.2- 7 .O 

Daily volrrme of the di¡restive secretions. 

Additions include data fron intestinâf juice. 

Additions do not include data from inbestinal juice. 

}TASSET (T9651 FAUCONNEAU 

and I{ïCHEL 

(r970 ) 

{, (rang,e) 

0.2-0.8 

o.3-o.5 

1.0-2.0 

0. ¿l-1.0 

0.1*-0. ó 

grams ( range ) 

2-I2 

8-18 

I2-3O 

40-200 

2-3 

64-263 

2tn-63 

't'7 _o1 

rt,r-3 5l+ 

101-154 

50-90 

€lrâms 

3 E 

I 

1 

12 

r7 

50 

67 

ol 

75 

F 

\ì

digesl:ive secre-uj-ons is no-,- cieer, j,rasset (f?65) s.ua-r,eci 

e s ioll-cv¡s : lrThe vol.,¡ne s of secret,ion viere deriveci Í:.on 

ìììany sources anci except for i niest.inal ;uice, the:; are 

generailir availabie end accepteci. lhe large volu¡::e for 

int,estinal juice was computed Íro¡i the fåct *,het ti.ie pi*l_orus 

adnii'u s 7 iiters o.í gastrJ_c ccntents to t,Ìie ciuocienu-n in 

24 hr. enci thet gasiric contents are diLuteci three t,o Íive 

-"i-nies in the duodenum anC upper jejunun (E?írgstror:i ei aL, 

L957 ) , rr Subsequently, ¡¡âsset estiÌ:ra-ued t,he t,otai vol_une of 

i,ntestinel- juice secreteC daily into the lunen to be lCt to 

20 l-iiers , r,v i'uh variations in protein content fro:n O.lr to 

r- .Oi'i (Tabre jC ) . 

-n i ¡f ¡¡n 

_rr. lruc.r¡rêting iVasset rs data, Íi:.st of alL it is 

unclear how he errived at / Iit,ers of gastric contents io be 

enptied iaily into -r,he duodenum. !f these Z 1iters, a rjax_ 

irtun of onl-y 3 .5 ¡.o 5 li-,,ers cân be êccounted Íor by sali_va 

ând gestric juice (Table 50 ) . Seconcily, liasse*,, inf ers fron 

'¡ork by Ëorgst,r'åh et aI. (W j? ) that ãestr:_c contenis ere 

dj-iuted t,hree to five ti¡ries in the duodenun ancÌ uppei, 

je-'unun. Ëorgsrrðr:: ë"r af - (L9j7) fed 5CO n1 . Iiquid test 

diets to ó hurian sub;ects. Sari:ples o_f di¿esta wer.e taiien 

by intubation. -jhe test neal ,1urj.ng its passage ihrough the 

duoden'¿n was ciilut,ed to a volune of 1 .5 -uo 2.5 liiers . 

Poll:elhyf en¿-f ,çcol, v¡i:ich is not absorbed Ín the int,estine , 

-Lt8

i,'as used es a Ì-eference subsrance ro neesure lhe diluri on. 

Ëor¡ever, the

lá'c:'ov¡ske. (:?1) :. 'c ) ::l not inii.?t? a si -r::í:ca::¡ dilution 

of i=ad ni.--:'cì::: a'.: t':,a endc:tncus nit:c':n secrote: ir ih¿ 

ircx:ì:âl pa::s cí thc ali:r=::te::- tract âs ies ':eo:: s.r:¡esteC 

by liesse t. Zé'crcrgsk¿ (L973 a, b ) fitteC ducC=nal- r.e-€nti.:.nt 

cennul-ee tc 5C kg. piEs. Lith the e).ceriion oí îLï, ti.e 

eninc aci,l corpcsi+- i on oí digesta cbtainei at the erd cí 

the duoCeriu¡: enC thet cf the Cie-t Íei ucre 1;er' s:niier, 

-41'¡c j¡e is Íc:-l::i in :"eleti'-':1-;' high ä:cr:::t s in ;I¡'ccchct ic 

¿ciC of the lrile a:rC its selts. 

ì.ot ia1:ing in¡o acccunt, the ,jcu.btful I evels ci 

enjc.qencrr.s pÌ-c:,t:n se cretio¡:s jz'cr i:rt¡stlnal ,':ic:, p.r.ct.:in 

I Ãa 

Corir:eC í;:cn ¡:Lr_cosal shedding iL'il_l :eke u_p iÌ:e na;or pi.cpo:.ticn 

cf the tote-.l e:cc3enous pr.ctein, na:reI;,' ?5;; u.si:rg iate fi.cn 

Feuconneau and l.ichel ând 5C to gCii (a-;:raee is 7C;, ) Lrsi.n6 

^-+^ 

rt,^* /-.'^t^ (a\ 

v.. Ir¿ÞJ=ú \ -cr:-t )vJ. 

Ìle =n:cle::cus protein ie :-1,.-ec frcr: sh:dc:C c=ll_s 

¡a..' b= subdir¡i Cei int,c : I ) protein cr aninc e^cids J-ocse1;, 

contâine i in tl:ese cel-1s. The p:ote in r¡il-I 'ce I ar.geI-r' :rade 

r'¡ ^f ^.'+^^1 ^^*j^ - "lZ-.'::eS tLat h,,C:.c1-.,Sê .{¡ -..i +,.i¡^^:.ir- 

anC Cisacchar-iie s, 2 ) prctein anCT'c:: an1:'Lo :c j.ds ti.;htI;- 

esscciated ;¡iih inn:i' ar:d cut-..t renì¡i"ane stt'-:ctul.3s, :nC I ) 

nLlcr..l s pÌ'ctei-n associareC l.;:-th the autsr äen'cr.ane pårt cí tìte 

cells. lhe l:st 2 t'-tas cÍ ¡rctei:t .?r3 cf : lc'¡rlr digest i":ii-it: 

th:n the c:'tcple sri3 g:'ct€in ¡nC rr'ill ihe r=fc:e :ake :: tl.e

:1a.ior' ¡oz'ti o:'r of 1::Ci.-esti blc e::do¡.eno,.is prctein tl.et 

v¡as founC at the enC of tie ileur¡. peptiCc_g11,,ca ns (par.t, oÍ 

Íìucu_s protein) are resisiant to trlrpsin and peosin (¡.l1-iso¡, 

i97A). Ihe rel-ative diges;ibiì ities o-i rvhole cell_s of 

bacteria and cell contents indicated that niiroêen in r.,rall 

structures was undigestibl-e (Tannenba:,rn , 196€:), 

is it possible, then, that the prc-uein-free Ciets 

that were useci in these studies increased the shedding of 

epithelial ceLls allove the 1e.¿el nornall-.,- tajcinq place du_ring 

th¡ Lrrç r--çuurè iô..^ i h - ê or +L.- rnè cereai -uest diets? Fee

52 

Ìocations in the body, mal¡ have taken place. Âs rn¡as explaineC 

previous}¡, a pert of the endogenous protein derived frorn in_ 

creased cellular slough-off mâ:7 escape nornal digestion (i.e. Uy 

digestive enzynes) prior to the end of the ileun. This wourc 

result in higher ¡retaboric ireal a¡:ino acid revers than those 

that would be obtained during the feeCing of balanced diets. 

The higher r¿etabolic ileal arnino acid levels in turn nay give 

rise to higher netabolic faecal levels. 

Protein-free diets are usualI¡r enployeC to determine 

the metabolic faecal ar¿ino acid and nitrogen losses. ln most 

experiments ín which protein-free diets are used., faecal 

collections are caried out after 5 to lO davs i.e. before feed 

consunption becornes too 1ow. The determination of ¡¡eteboli.c 

faecar anino acids and nitrogen during this tir¡e rna¡l well have 

been the measurement of the undigestible protein conponents 

derived from the increased loss of intestinel cerrs. Ðue to the 

extensive nodification of msls¡61ic ileal a¡nino acid 1eve1s by 

the flora in the large intestine, this rneasurenent will be 

¡nore evident when determined at the end of the ileun than when 

determined b;r faecal colle ct ion. 

The epÍthelial cel1s of the smalI intestine na1, have 

been shedded at an increased rate, inítially during the feeding 

of protein-free diets. The amino ecid needs of these celrs 

could be directl.v dependent on the suppl¡r of arnino acids pro_ 

Cuced during digestion. îhis suppl,v would be verj¡ 10ü¡ du:.ing

+'-5 frâ¡.in_- ,â 5É^1"êi¡_.--- ì.r1!ð J 

c_-:-_- !-- :-=-r ¿rr* ^¡r . h:;s i-.-si.l: i:: 1nc::ase,j 

shsd.din; cí th.sê ceils, 

li:e :.e lucticn in ceil nu;:'cer of -uhe sñell intestine 

cer 'ce ¿itr-JbuleC to CecreêseC r-ate cf cel-I jcr'::.tion er.d./ cy 

increasaC r.êt3 cf celi lcss. ihe inci-e:s:d râte cf ceil 1oss 

t¡rcul-d lilie1;. be the first l'êsFons3 cf the sr:ail intestine tc 

Ði'ot:::l :=fici:nc'' i.:. e shcrt t3rn ccr:t:.o1 ì-:-cci:â::ls: . ì=- 

crease C rete oí ce11 fcrria-uicn a nci ceIl lcss wi'l f prcbabt:¡ 

beccne noi'e croninent ês proieir: defic:enc,,, ccntlnues íor 

longer FÐi'iods cf tine. lhe 1¿tter nechanisi: j"epresent s e 

long t -^r'::l ccnti.ol- nechanis;:1. äoope r et al. (Lgí!) :nd tÌ.crdn 

et al. (L963) obser\¡ed sl-c'¡er cs11 r.ener.;el of th-: intestinal 

cells and reir;-c:C nisl.aticn cí cel-ls f:.cn s¡¡,ç¡5 tc the ti_p oÍ 

the vil-li during aCvancei stêges of prct:ir ieficierc¡.. 

ll:e rr:l'ious irt:rlretation of î,i:nts t:kin¡ rlec: in 

the snal-l- ínt,estine utcn feeCing cf loui ll.ctein or p:.otein-frae 

C:3ts rrculd ':e oí us: i.c the an1:el c¡r-- Íi rk-e reducticn i- 

cel I :rur'ce:. is rct accc:pa::1ii ì-,- :educ:C a'csc:":tior .oj e r:c_ 

3enous cr eÏo,g€ncus ?ainc acids . iel_e : s: cf the injir¡idual_ 

enino ecids 'c-.' tl:e proteol¡rtic enzr.¡nes cf the iiEestive 

trâct retl':z' than êbscr-pticn of :-ninc acids il"cn the snall 

int--stin: ci ti., ¡ig ur:s icunC tc':e:"al: ií:itl::: i:: tl_+ ut.i_ 

liz¿tion ci prctqin åt +.he int?stin?l- le'..:- ( Z|'crc,,ts, q. -i c^'r '^ I 

, .t i t " t'' t 

li':r'te{ s:cs ,.f th: sn¿l_l intestine frcn ¡¡ct:in deçIate: 

anir"tel s r¡e¡': ÍcunC tc t i":.nspoÌ--i, er:ino acids :c¡e ra¡idi,, into 

'I Ãt

the sac than from well nourished rats (lierskovic , 1969; 

Kirsch et aI ., 1968). Therefore, the increase in absorplive 

154 

capacity of the reduced number of celrs in the smalr intes-i:ine 

durins protein deprivation nray partially compensate for the 

reduction in absorption due to celrurar ross. Tn addiiion, 

the intake of protein-free dj-ets by the test animals is 

usually much lower than that of nore baranced diets and less 

epithelial cells will be necessary for absorption of the 

digestive end-products. 

Snoot< (19ó5 ) studied rhe effect of the feeding of 

protein-free diets on the content of proteolytic enz],nes in the 

pencreas of the rat. Compared to cesein, e protein_free diet 

depressed the pancreatic content of chynotrypsinogen and 

tr¡rpsinogen. Tn addition, digestive enz,"-me s were found to be 

less rapidly inactivated (by autodigestion) in the snaIl 

intestine when diets containing protein were fed (snook and 

ì,ieyer, L964 a and b). Peptides of dietary origin seened to be 

responsible for the decrease in autodigestion. Consecuentl:¡, 

the feeding of proteín-free diets wiIl resuLt in reduced 

enzyme secretion from the pancreas and in faster inactivation 

of enzymes secreted into the intestinal lunen. The lov¡er 

enzyme aciivity, ín turn, nay result in a reduction in digestion 

of endogenous proteÍn that is derived fror¿ shedcied nucosal cel_ls. 

The v¡ork by Snook (1965) shows that enzyne secretions 

are reduced when protein-free diets are fed. Therefore, one

hÌould expect underestination of netaL,olic i1eal and faecal 

ånino acid leve1s when determined by the use of protein-free 

diets. îhis seems to be in contradiction to staternents nade 

earlier that protein-free diets overestinate metabolic ileal 

and faecal anino acid levels. However, one should keep in 

nind that protein derived fron digestive secretions nake up 

155 

only a snall proportion of the total endogeneous pt otein 

(Table 50). In addition, one maj/ expect the digestibi].it¡r of 

enzyne protein (by eutodigestion) to be higher thån that sf 

protein from shedded nucosâl ce1ls, The enz],rces secreted by 

the digestive tract are lrsÍnpl]¡r¡ folded peptides, rvithout 

undigestible protein co¡xponents that are associated with nucus 

protein or cellular membr:ane naterial fron shedded epithelial 

fn addition to the 1evel of fiber in the diet, the 

t.t'pe of fiber was found to affect the netabolic faecal nitrogen 

excretion in pigs (T,ihiting and Eezeau, l-95}a), .{s the Cietarl, 

level of pure wooC celluLose (So1ka-F1oc ) .r¡as increased frorn 

5 to 10 to I5,4", the level of netabolic faecal nitrogen inc¡.easeC 

fron .10 to .14 to .I5 grams per lOO grams of dry natter intake. 

Raising the dietary level of nethocel in protein-free diets 

fron 7 to 14íj increased the metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion 

fronr 0.0ó to 0.07 grems. Protein-free diets containing 14 and 

2€l' oat hulls resulted in ¡retabolic faecal nitrosen exc:'eticns 

of .09 and .1/¡ grans per 100 grams of dry ¡natter intake

esp:ctivel--,'. The actual cruCe fi'oer conten_.:s of solka_ÍIcc, 

L,. 

-..c -î L--JU-- h^^ô l c.r:u ^É^ u- ^^+ r. :.,;1ls r¡:êre êiFrcxi::ateI:, i: , 9.A and ;C;i 

eâc¡'^r'i"âr" -L^ 

",, 

_!j Ciff::'e:Ìces s-t\,cr in _¡1 netê'a3l i.:tjLai,___ ie fr.c¡l rit-¡:-¡ .-__. _r_n 

excretion bettreen the three fiber sou.rc3s tr3re stlJ.l r,-:r;r 

:r¡il3::t vihen ti€se 1r€r€ correcteC for ecual cruCa fi-cer 

Al ohafloc 1"."'a s the sou:"ce cf f i.ber use.d. in the se 

stuCies fcr the deterninaticn of netebclic ileat enC faecel 

anino rcid 1:'..e1-s. The conposition of cruCe fib=r (or that 

cf acid and neutral-detergent fiber r¡rhich r:ore closell.r Ì.elata 

to the absolute anount of unCi€:estible Cietar; dr;., natter 

conte nt ) of Aì-ph:fl-oc na;r be cuite diffe:,ent frc!:r thât oí 

crud: fiber of ct"her sources, such es fron cereaf grains. 

îhe differences in concosition rvould b:,ing about different 

lhl¡sicaÌ characteristics v;hich woulci result in iifferent 

ph¡'sioloEical and/or nut:.itiona1 responses 'o;' the *uest ani:::als 

upon ingesticn of the diets. Cr.ude fiber. i.s conpcsed of 

cel-1ulose, J.igni.n and other poll.,sacchårlCes in .,-a::ie^bIe e::cunts 

Cepending on the source ol crude fiter. fh=re were i::ge 

dlf f erences betr¿;een the con-¡onent s o.f cr.ucie fi'cer' in abíli"t.,' 

to :'etain nat:i. anC to forn gels. Cellulose 1^râ- s least e'c13 

to ¡'etain weter (ì¿s¡v;ood, ì-973 ). 

.l.s r¡as explainei previousl;,, th? test iiet r.iill be 

diluteC 'c1' Cige sti.,'e ;uices Curin¡¡ its passa5e tì:rcueh th: 

stcr:ach, duodenun and. upper je;unun. fn adciition, water '¡ril1 

756

from the epitheli-al cells into the 1unen. Fron the upper 

t57 

;e.iunuri on to the end of the ileur;r (and to the anus), water 

v¡ill be reraoved bv absorption. The degree to whi_ch water wi_ll 

be absorbed na¡r depend on the type of unCigested dietar¡, 

conponents renaininE in the end of the snall intestine i.e. the 

t¡rpes of undigestible components in relation to their water 

holding capacíties. As the water holding capacity of the 

remaining digesta decreases, presurnably the extent of ph1,,síca1 

abrasion of epithelial cells by the digesta i,¡ill increase anC 

vice versa. ln addition (when the r^¡ater holding capacity is 

low), the physical pressure of Cigesta on the intestinal v¿all 

will be increased and this r¡or-lld. result in increased peristal-tic 

activit¡r. The latter, in turn, will cause nore friction be- 

tlr¡een the digesta and the epithelial cell r,¡all , the re'c7 in_ 

creasing the ph¡rsical abrasion of ce1ls. ihe r.elationship 

betr^;een nucus secretion and perist:1tic activit.v is not known. 

Hov;ever, it !-s reasonable to assune that digesta that is 

difficult to move needs more rnucus for lubrication purposes 

so that passege is eased. 

I1eal digesta f,rom the cereal diets seemed to be of 

a nuch more rrliquidrr nature than digesta fron the protein-f:,ee 

and maintenance diets. Linf ortunatel]¡, dry nratter contents 

were not neasured. The ileal digesta frbn the cereal grains 

flovred r¿¡ith ease into the collection bags ciuring sanpling. 

ï1eal digesta fron the protein-free and maintenance diets were

of e thick, ..'iSCcr-'.s and Sr-ickrr nåture . The sr::-f I in;est 1::= 

seon=C tc l:..'e dlfiicult;' in nc'.'in-: ti: il-ea1 di5este Îr'ct 

these di:is intc the collecticn ':a¡s, ilccke:: cccu.Ì.reC ât 

tin=s Cu:'in. ccllecticn cf ileal Ci:":sta frc:: tl.rse iiets 

and flow haC tc i:e essist:d scrretin?s 'c.' a¿:it1i. íi r,ishínl 

'¡':ic:" irtc tl.r il+:1 cân:tu1ê?. 

fn sLlrie r"' , prctêin-íi'e e iiet s ci a cc::tposii.i,on 

si;iilar :o thê cnes us=C in tl,ese stuiies, neji ccnceivabì;¡ 

:---c4.r.-¡ ^rrc:.:ras in ti.e :rUCri_tlOn¿i ¡¡a r:l-.-.si ¡ì ¡:..i e¡. 

r:echanisils cperâ.¿ing in the s:r¿l-I in¡es'iine , col:pa-reci .,vith 

those tal

such and to detei'nine factors affecting the metabol_ic losses 

from the aninal . Secondl¡r, protein-free díets are used to 

deternine the n¡¡intenance losses of nitrogen (urinary plus 

L59 

faecal plus cutaneous nitrogen losses ) . The latter is inportant 

for the assessnent of protein needs for nraintaining 

aninals or adults (l'.unro, L969 ) and for the differentiation 

between Frotein reouire¡:ents for growth (and/or producticn) 

and those needed for naintenance. Ðepending on the type of 

protein-free diet used, rnaintenence losses of nitrogen deriveC 

from faeces ma.v actua11.¡ be overestinated. 

Certainly, knowledge of "retabolic ileaÌ and feecä1 

anino acid leve1s (and generall¡r speaking those of other 

díetary ingredientS) is of iaportance. I{ovrever, to sa¡r the 

1east, the use of protein-free diets for arriving at these 

estír¿ates should be reevaluated. Future studies i.e. bi.' aid 

of isotopes, malr be warranteC .to study this topic. 

, 0n a practical basis, í.e. for forräulation of 

dietary amino acid Levels in relation tc requirenents for 

r¡onosastric anirnals, it is not inportant to have separate 

knowledge of the arÂounts of undigested and./or unabsorbed 

díetary and rnetabolic a¡:ino acids. Eoth sources of anino aciCs 

(protein) are lost to the aninal The detarmj.naticn of apparent 

amino acid availabilities will_ be sufficient. 

ïn the previous discussion ¡ììost attention was paid. 

to the estimetion of true ileaI an:ino acid availabilities.

. 160 

True faecel availabilities werê not discussed. Interpretation 

of calculated true faecal anino acid availabilities would be 

more ¡risleading since an edditionaL error cones into plel./, 

nanel¡r that certain ânino acids are s¡rnthesized by the flora 

in the large intestine upon feeding of protein-free diets.

STUÐÏ L. 

The result s obtained frcn stud¡.- l*'r rvill be discussed 

prior to those of stud:. 4e. 

The ileal- nitroqen ând ,Cr:,' natter iigesti'cilities anC 

the ilea1 a-¿ailabilities of al1 anino acids lvere hJ-gher for' 

finel-'r grounC than for cracked r,;h e at- (Table 51 ) . For no s',, 

anino acids, these increases vrere significant. The increased 

availabilities were due to 1) the absence of cracked or 

'oroken feed particles that r,¡ould have escaped physical 

digestive breakdown in case cracked u¡heat was fed anC 2) fine 

grinding nay have resulted in an increased release of aleurone 

protein fron the aleurone cells and n:ore of this protein na:¡ 

have been available for diqestion. 

161 

The first reason for increased a.¿ailabilities of anino 

acids fron finel¡,' ground over crecked ïheat is shown in Table Jó. 

ïhe dietarl.' particle size distribution of fíne1¡.' ground and 

cracked wheat is reflected in the particle size ciistribution 

of j.leal digeste. Cnl1' 5i, oî the p:rtlcles 1n ileal digesta 

frcn f inel¡i grounci r.rheât ldere larger than 1.0C ¡:n. iioriever 

approxinateL,v 25f of the pa:'ticles in i.leal digesta fron 

craci

TABLI 51. The apparent i.l-eal and faecal amino acid availabilities from ground and 

cracked wheat in addition to the digestibÍlities of amino acids in the 

large intestine and the differences in percentage units between ileaI 

and faecal amÍno acid availabilities 

TYPB OF 

PR]I- PROCESSIIIG 

LOCATION 

AÌ,1nr0 ACIDS (ø) 

Essential 

HÏS 

ÏLE 

LEU 

IYS 

PHE 

J. nlt 

VAL 

lJon-Essential 

--ÏÏî-- 

ASP 

GLU 

OLY 

PRC) 

SER 

TYR 

92.O 

91.1 

90.2 

ol Ã 

dr É 

oro 

83.7 

88.6 

82.L 

82.8 

95.3 

8r .7 

84.5 

88.2 

89. I 

IrrrnocuN (i3 ) 88.4 

DRY I:ATTER (f ) 80.4 

I 

.) 

o, ,. 

9l+,1, 

9r.2 

92.9 

85.3 

ô?Ã 

88.7 

9r.3 

87.r 

87.r 

97.8 

90.1 

95.9 

93.3 

90,7 

93.4 

88.8 

GROUND 

3 0.0 2.2 

37 .L 3.3 

lo.2 1.0 

ß.5 1.4 

2O.5 3.8 

8.5 0.6 

30.7 5 .O 

aa 1 a.7 

27 .9 5.0 

25:.O U.3 

53.2 2.5 

t+5 .9 8.4 

73.5 11.4 

t+3.2 5.I 

8.8 o.9 

5r.7 Ãrl 

t, t c1 8.4 

86.5 

àF n 

85.6 

87 .6 

.ia A 

89.4 

78.0 

Òr.r 

7l+.5 

ar7 ') 

9l+.L 

7 l+ .l+ 

83 .8 

84.7 

85.3 

CRACKED 

93.9 

93 ,9 

89.9 

92.I 

B3.B 

92.9 

87 .3 

9O.5 

54,8 7.r+ 

57 .3 8.2 

29.9 t+.3 

36.3 4.5 

t+O.g 1t.2 

33,o 3.5 

t+2.3 9.3 

43 .8 7 .t+ 

86.5 

86.? 

97 .6 

89.8 

96.3 

9o.3 

90.6 

92.) 

88.8 

t?.r 12.0 

39 .2 8.9 

59.3 3.5 

60 ,2 L5 .tr 

77.2 r2,5 

36.6 5.6 

36.1 5 .3 

49 .7 7 .6 

5L.7 12.0 

Di.ge stibil itie s of amino acids, nit.rogen and dry matter in the large íntesti-ne. 

Differences in percentage units between ileal and faecal amino acid avail-abiI itie s . 

Differences between ileal anino acid availabilities from finely ground and cracked wheat. 

8l+.7 

76.8 

H 

o. 

t\) 

c3 

ÊE 

E' 

1.t 

3.9 

dÕ 

J.) 

EÊ 

'lt 

7.3 

o.7 

).5 

l+. 5 

1n 

3.6

(îab1e 5I). Lysine, GLT and ALA are relatively high in 

aleurone protein. Phenylalanine, GLU and PRO are reletively 

low in aleurone protein (Tabte 2 end 33 ). Ëxtrapolations 

as tõ PRO end GLY with regard to increased availability of 

aleurone protein for digestion due to grinding should be 

L63 

considered carefulll' since these 2 anino acids are found in 

relativel;r high amounts in netabolic il.eal protein. 

the faecal amino acid availabilities v¡ere onl¡r slightly 

and non- signific antly higher for finely ground than for cracked 

lvheat (Îable 51 ). therefore, it is very diffícult and 

unreliable to ßeasure differences due to rrpre-processingir b;r 

sÍnpl¡,r evaluating faecal digestibility rûeasurenents. Additional 

rneasurernents, such as urinary nítrogen losses or rate of gain, 

should be carried out concomit ant1y. The latter findíng is 

in agreement with data that inciicate that availabilitl¡ values 

determined bl' faecal analysis ere generalh, 

higher tHan tiro se 

deter¡:ined by grovrth methods (de lluelenaere et aI .,1967i 

Nesheim and Carpenter, 1967i Pâyne et a1 ., 1968). The ileal 

and faecal availabilities of LYS fror: ground wheat Ciffered 

onlir to a sna1l extent (81 .5 anA 85Jí¿). Tn this case it 

would hâve ¡nade littIe diffe:.ence if LYS evailabilitl¡ had been 

deternined by the gro!,th or the faecal- anelysis nethod (Tab1e 51 ). 

The net disappearance of anino acids in the large 

intestine !,râs higher for cracked than for finel¡r grounC wheet 

(TabLe 51 ). A higher leve1 of undigesteC starch fron cracked

l¡rheat entering the large inteslíne may have allowed for e 

higher leve1 of microbial fernentation and amino ecid dís- 

16t+ 

appearance. 0n the other hand, sir,rpl¡r ¡nore nutrients in general 

maJ' have been available for microbial ferrnentation. 

the results obtained from finel¡r ground and cracked 

wheat of stud:.' [b âre compared vrith those of ground wheet from 

study l¡a and v¡ith those of cracked t^rheat fron study 2a (Table 

5?). Even though different varieties of wheat v,¡ere tested, the 

ilea1 amino acid availabilities of cracked wheat fron stuCl: 2a 

and 4b conpare very well . The i.leal availabilities of ar¿ino 

acíds from ground wheat in studl,' 4a were betÍ,een those o'otained 

fror,r finel1, ground and cracked wheat frc¡r study l+b but vrere 

closer to those of finel¡"' ground urheat. The conparisons of 

results fron studíes 2a anC l¡ shovr the reproducibility of data 

as the:.' relate to the t-r'pe of rtpre-processingtr of wheat and to 

the methods for determining ileal ar¿ino acid availabilities. 

iíoreover, the differences betr.¡een the ilea1 anino acid 

availabílities frorc corn, wheet and barle¡r in stuClz 2a v¡ere not 

only ¿¡s to the type of cereal grain tested but also to t.he 

rianner of rtpre-processingtt to v¡hich each cereal grai-n vras 

The ileal ariino aciC availabilities decreased fronr 

flour to rvhole wheat to E+S+¡: (Îab1e 53). The LTS availabilities, 

in particuler, decreased fron è1r.2 Lo 79.5 to 66.1+. 

L¡zsine availabilities fron flour, detern:ined ei-ther by

TABLE 52. Comparisons of ileal and faecal amino acid availabitities fronr wheat from 

studies 2a and l¡ as affected by the type of pre_processing. 

LOCAT TOI'I 

TYPI OF 

PR.E- PROCESSTNG 

STUDY 

A}TÏNO ACTDS 

Es se nt i.a 1 

ARG 

HTS 

ÏLE 

LXI.I 

LYS 

PIIE 

TIIR 

VAT-, 

--TÏr_- 

llon-Essential 

ASP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

I t{1 

(/") 

4b 

86.5 

ÒE a 

85.6 

87 .6 

72.6 

89 .4 

78.0 

83 .1 

NTIROCEN (il ) 84.7 

DRY r,',.AT',1'rR ffi) 76.8 

CRÂCI(EI) 

2e 

85.8 

89. r 

85.3 

ÊÁo 

dd a 

/o,) 

82.8 

7t+.5 74.0 

7V.3 75.4 

9t+.1 92,7 

14.4 lJ. / 

8¡ . g 8ó.8 

84.7 84.1 

85.3 85 .9 

C, c) 

/J.J 

]LEUI,T 

l*b 

92,O 

91.1 

ont 

9L.5 

81. 5 

92.9 

à1 .7 

88.6 

82.1 

oJ.Õ 

oÃ 2 

dì .l 

dr È 

dd , 

89.8 

CROUND 

4a 

87.1 

88 .4 

ecJ l 

Roo 

79 .5 

9r.5 

78,1+ 

86.7 

79.6 

80.8 

95.6 

7 2.6 

86.3 

89,2 

88. lu 85 .2 

80.ò 7à.2 

4b 

93.9 

o?Õ 

89.9 

or 'l 

83 .8 

oto 

87 .3 

90.5 

Òo.) 

97 .6 

89. B 

96.3 

on? 

90.6 

c]ô1 

88.8 

CRACKED 

2a 

92.7 

o,, o 

89.4 

o1 ( 

80 .7 

92.5 

86.7 

88.9 

84.0 

83 .1 

97.o 

89.3 

oA,1 

Õ, Ã 

AoÃ 

9r.2 

89. o 

FABCES 

4b 

94,tt 

94.1+- 

9L.2 

oro 

d- 

02Ã 

88.7 

9t.3 

87. r 

87.L 

97 .8 

Õnr 

95.9 

90.7 

93.4 

88.8 

GROUIID 

9t+.6 

o?o 

9r.6 

o?, 

86.1 

or" 

89. r 

9r.7 

BB.1 

88.0 

o?o 

90.6 

96.8 

94.) 

oro 

93 .3 

89.4 

F c¡.

TÀLLì' 53, Appa¡ent ileåI ¿ûd feecê1 ênino âcid avêi1âblllties, in eddition to nitroE:ên 

ånd dry ri;:tte¡ digestibilitics and the disê¡peârance of these substences in 

the Lêrge intestine. 

Dïra]' 

Âriruo ÀctDs (f) 

Dssentiâ1 

/iRG 

H]S 

IT,E 

L¡U 

Ï,YS. 

I:EÎ, 

PIIE 

TIA 

vÁL 

Non-llssentía1 

A5P 

cru 

CLY 

PRC 

s¡n 

TYN 

¡irrRocEN ß ) 

DNY I:ATTIR II) 

FI,OLIN 

rLEUìi FA¡cEs L.r.I a,2 rl¿u¡l ¡Êc,rs L.t.1 

87.1 

88.4 

89.1 

89,9 

7 .q.5 

92. t+ 

9r.5 

78.tt 

¿6,7 

7c).6 

80.8 

95.6 

72,6 

79.r 

86.3 

89.2 

e5,2 

7 8.2 

9t+.6 

93 ,9 

9t.6 

93.2 

86. r 

93 .4 

9t+.) 

89.r 

9L.7 

d8.I 

88.0 

97,9 

90.6 

96.8 

94.) 

89.1 

l{HoLE tlr.rEl\T 

56.6 -7 .5 9a.'7 95. 

47 ,1, -5.5 93.9 96. 

22.9 -2.5 93.9 9t+. 

32.7 -3.3 9t*.6 95. 

32.2 -6.6 81,.2 86. 

L).2 -1.0 93 .? 9). 

)2.9 -2.8 95.5 96. 

t+9,5 -10.7 85,4 92, 

37.6 -5.0 92.7 9!. 

52,7 -n.9 

4t,.3 -2.7 

t3 . r -0,I 

16.7 -o.9 

11.¿ -r.8 

I05,d +o, J 

17.8 -o.8 

t+7.3 -6.9 

2r,9 -7,6 

ö4. ö 90. O 

78,5 ¡tÊ-É 

72.9 j L.6 

7.1r.t, iè.2 

9!.& 7 5.5 

2!.9 tL.) ?r.j 

76,0 

1*1.7 -8.5 

65.7 -r8.0 

84,? -l?.? 

5t,\ -8.o 

3t+.3 -3.7 

5L.7 -B,I 

57.tr -IL.2 

86.1 90.8 

85.5 Ê).2 

97,9 98.6 

7.8.5 9),6 

dJ.o 98.5 

91.7 95.8 

93.7 9)+.4 

90,5 96,r+ 

9o.2 95.o 

33.8 -t+.7 7A.2 ? 5.5 

25.5 -3.7 69.8 ?5.6 

33.3 -A.? 85.8 f,9.9 

?a.2 -r5.1 57.3 78,3 

9r.2 -r5¿5 ?AJ At.t 

t+9.9 -i+.1 72.2 n3.I 

18.8 -1.3 71.1 ?8.8 

62.r -5.9 69.8 Bo.9 

t*9.o -d,I 43.3 65,0 

1 Digestibilities of ar¡i¡o acids, nitrogen ãn¿l dr-v mâtter 1¡¡ the lêrge intrestine, 

2 Differences betrveen ile¿I end faecãI estim¿tes, 

3 Determíned by åcid bydrolysis. 

^2 

Er S+l 

tLDU¡f F^xcEs L.r.l az TLIJUj: FÀ¡cf,s 

D.r.SJît (D ) 

3t+,2 

tr7.9 

6.3 

16.¿ 

27.r 

1S.0 

14.6 

37.7 

I5.2 

-5.2 7r.5 9o,2 65.6 

-10.1 73.6 88,0 54,5 

-r,'t 69.6 7i.5 rg.tl 

-r+,3 7L.? 8c.? 3o.r, 

-9.1 57.5 ?7,6 t+7.3 

-t+.() 76.5 ?3.2 11,+.0 

-3.5 ?3.9 St.5 29.r 

-17.3 47.ü 7t+.7 5r.5 

-t+.7 66.5 ?8.2 3t+.9 

17.8 

r9.2 

28,9 

t+9,2 

61.6 

39.2 

25.6 

)6.8 

3e.3 

-5.) 60.7 76.2 

-5.6 6r*.2 78.2 

-r+.I 61. Â ..a.9 

-21.0 11,9 79.3 

-r9.2 -t+?.5 78.1 

-r0.9 67,7 ¿4.2 

-?.7 68.5 ?8.6 

-1r..r 59.2 83.0 

-27.? 69.2 e) .9 

39.9 

3r.L 

\3.2 

69.( 

¿5.t+ 

5r.r 

32.r 

5e.) 

t+7 .? 

a.2 

-r4.t, 

).3 .) 

-26.9 

-II.7 

-r5.5 

-14.0 

-7 .r 

-47,t+ 

-L?r.e 

-to. t 

-10.1 

¡¿ o\ 

o\ 

-7L.7

L67 

ileaI or faecal collection, were very sin:ilar. Calhoun et al 

(1960), using rats, found the LTS availabilities frorn flour to 

be 84.5% and 82.O'fr using weight and carcass nitrogen gain 

respectivel.v as the method for measurement. Their estirnates 

cornpere verJr well to those found in these experinents, 

irrespective of measurenent by ileal or faecal collection. 

the relativel;r low LYS availabilitl' 6¡ flour (TabIe 53) 

elíminates the notion that LYS availability from cereal grains 

is solelir deter¡ained by the amount of LYS present or associated. 

with aleurone cells. The relativell' low availability of LTS 

frorn flour in relation to the availabilities of the other ar:íno 

acids may possibly be due to the large number of lys1r1-pro1¡zl 

peptide linkages found in flour. These peptide línkages are 

completel¡r resistant to trypsin dÍgestion (page 14 and 15). 

Generally, the disappearance of amino acids in the large 

intestine increased from flour to whole uheat to E+S+i,l (fable fi). 

Tn other word.s, the lower the availabil-ities of amino acids at 

the end of the ileum, the nore the faecal availability estinetes 

will deviate from the ileal availabilities, ïfith the exception 

of THR, the faecal availabilities of the essential amino acids 

maj¡ still reflect the ileal availabilities on a qualitative basis 

(i.e. the order of least availability). 

As was discussed previousl]¡, the ileal availebilities frcm 

whole wheat were dependent on the t.vpe of ltpre-processingn. l¡hole 

wheat vrâs ground through a 2.AA a¡n screen in this study. If the

¿iheåt had been crackeC then larger Cifferences in anino acid 

availabllitj-es betvieen those of vrhole u;heat and flour niê]¡ wefi 

have been observed. If the whole wheat had been fineli., gz.ounci 

(as in studv 4b), the availabilities obtaineC ;:i6h*" have 

approxirnated those of flour (Table 5l and 53). The ileal 

availabilities of flour are unlikel1.' to be inpr.oveC b.¡ 

grinding anC therefore represent naximun values. Flour, as 

obtaÍned, was alreadr¡ of a ver:,¡ pohJderl' ccnsisteilcr,'. The 

!+S+i.: Ciet vras not ground prior to pelleting. Consecuently, 

there nighi be an inprovement in a¡:ino acid availa'oilities 

fron F+S+il over those obtained in this study (Table 5j). 

i'ihcle rvheat rvas milleC tc gíve 75i: ll-aúr, anC 25i 

Ð+S+¡.1. Therefore, the total anj.ount s of the individual anino 

acids froa flour (x 0.75) plus those oi E-S+ì,. (x 0.25) should 

be eoual to the total'arîount of the individual anino acids 

.l_oõ 

contained j.n ¡¡hole viheat (x 1.0). The recover;' of the seperate 

aa.ino acids fron flour plus E+S+i: ês a percentage of those in 

whole wheat ranged fron 9l+.0 to 10L.Ol (:a¡fe 5¿r). 

The level of eech anino aciC found in i1ea1 digesta 

derived fron 100 grans of whole v;hear- should be ecual_ to that 

de:"ived fron 75 grans of flou_r' plus that frari 25 grans of E+S+::. 

The latter v,¡ould be the case if no associative or other 

unspecifi3d effects occur. 

The ileal levels of e¡rino aciCs derived íron lCO grans 

of whole wheåt can be calculateC frcn the inCividual anino aciC

ÎAELE 54. The recover]trof anino acids fron E+S+ì.; end flour 

(colunn A),-in addirion to the ifeaf aninJ ãJiAavailabi-lities 

fron Ë+S+II that were neasurecl 

n nr ÎÌt.lÀ1 

.À.:IINO ACTÐS (i) 

Es s ent ial 

._-ffiitj1U 

HÏS 

LËU 

LYS 

Dt-'l 

TI"R 

-vAL 

llon-Issential 

--ì-fl.i- 

À eI] 

ctü 

GiY 

r¡! \.,/ 

SfR 

-L -L -rL 

directlT (colunn E) and those of E+S+ii that vüere 

calculated b]' Cifference fron crackeC v¡heat and 

flour (colun:n C ) and froi,r finell,. ground vrheai 

and flour (colunn Ð). 

oA.' 

104.0 

103 .0 

102.0 

96.0 

102.0 

oÀô 

I00.0 

84. I 

/ë.) 

Ja t) 

7 4.t+ 

66.t+ 

,71 è 

Et l\ 

I !.) 

102.0 70.2 

95.o 69.e 

102. C 85.8 

97.o 57.3 

102.0 70.3 

103 .0 72.2 

9¿*.0 7L.l 

ïhe recovery of the individual 

E+S+I,: as a percenteFe of those 

Q^ ,j 

60.7 

67 .4 

,/.t 

AàA 

11 n 

AÂ 

rL "' 

Ac '1 

,70 '2 

Aà. 

co. / 

ar\ ) 

dE ^ 

,74 1 

È)A 

/ l.ó 

84.0 

70 n 

75.4 

?c aì 

ù6 J 

ö / .\ 

oaa 

ò1 t 

aräino acids from flour plus 

in u¡hol-e wheat. 

]69

availabilities and the Cietary leve1s. The ileal levels of 

anino acíds derivéd lrom 75 grams of flour can be calculated 

in the seríe mánner. The ileal excretion levels fron 2l grans 

of E+S+ll are then calculateC by difference from those derived 

from lOO grams of whole wheat and ?5 grans cf flour. As the 

170 

dietar-v level of each a¡:ino acid in E+S+Ì!i is known, the 

availability of each amino acid can be cal-culated. These 

calculations were carried out using ileal anino acid availabilj.ties 

from finel-r' ground and cracked wheat (Table 51 ) in order to 

arrive at maximun and minimum possible aruino acid availability 

estimåtes respectively from E+S+l{ (Table 54\, 

the minimun possible essential ileal- arnino acid 

availabilities from E+S+ii ranged from 57,7 far LYS to 8O.?* for 

ARG. The maximurn availabj.lities ranged fron 77.8 for LYS to 

90.7% for THR (lab1e 54). Therefore, the potential availabilities 

of amino acids from E+S+Ì.,Í may approxinate those of whole v;heat 

(Tab1e 5l ) . 

',¡/ith the exception of ÎHR, GLY and PRO, the directllz 

determined amino acid avâilabilities for F+S+li were found to be 

between the minumura and maxinum calculated availabilities fron 

E+S+¡.':. Threonine , GLY and PRO are Fre sent in relative large 

anounts in metabolic protein, e1'en at corrected levels 

(rab1e 47, 48 and 49). The directly deterrnined availabilíties 

of these three amíno acids were all lower than the calcu.lated 

estinates. Fiber l-evel as such has been shown to affect the

I7L 

¡ìletabolic ileal a¡nino acid 1evels (ia¡fe ¿*5 ) . The l_e,,,el cf cruCe 

fiber of E+S+l: (8.49Í) was ,ruch higher than that of whole wl:eat 

(z.l;i\ or.fl-our (C.z5l,). The calculatlons for- the avaílabilities 

of E+S+l: were based cn differences betrr,een ileal 

amino acid levels fron ¡¡hole wheat and flour anC na-r, have 

resulted i"n over: s t imat ion of ileal ava il ab ilit i-e s 

o f TIiR , CLï and pp.O. 

The calculated availabilities of the other a¡rino aciCs 

v¡e¡'e in the râng? of those found directl.¡. This latter would 

onl',' occur if the Cilution of '-rnCigested ÍleaI dietar¡., anino 

acids b¡r the enCogenous arnino acids (¡'1¡¡ the excer,tion of 

!liP., CLY anC PF"C ) was of e r-elatíve1.1¡ sna1l propo:.tion. 

In or"de:. to obtain nor"e deta cn the availabilities 

of aninc acids fron E+S+l,î (since onlj¡ I sets cf results were 

available ), the Ê+S+ì: diet was dil_uted with 6Aí, cornsterch to 

give the E+S+i:-D diet. The ileai availabilities oí al_l anino 

acicis íron Ê+S+;.:-D r,^,'er e lo¡ier t,hân those of Ë-S=ì- (:aì:ie 53 ) . 

lhe availabilities oí .tì"G, tLï and ?RO in per*riculer v¡ere nuch 

lower. These a;iino acids a:-e also r¡erl- prci;:i_ne nt in :etabol_ic 

íleal pro"'ein (Ta'cle 45 ) . 

The higher intake of rhe Ë+S+-:-D diet (Ió49 g/iai,,) than 

of the Ë+S-l^ diet (831 S/aa:.) by the pigs coulC have been 

p::'tiallir responsible for ihe loiver il-eal- anino acid avai-labilities 

cbtained froa E+S+ì:-¡. DietarS' end aetabolic protein r,.¡il_ 1 be 

retained for a lon¡"er period of tine in the snall intestine r¡¡hen

-iocd intalie is l- c,nr then when icoci intake is high. lher.eícre , 

v:ì:n int;l:e is 1c:,:, ::icre r,i:e ¡:i11 'co F3rîiitcd fcr ji;=s."icn 

end sbsorption oí p:.c'',ein and oth€r nutrients. 

Difíerences in i-leal enino aciC er¡ailabiiities anc 

nitrogen Cigestlì:il-ities shcul_d. 'ce cie -uectei ií there l.;ere 

i'el:'.ive1;' Lar¿.- .,rtirtlc::s in Cletari. intake c;. pigs íes ¡i_e 

sa¡:e dieis, The ciietarl. intake cf the pi;s _i:d ¡_S-...-D veried 

.frc:r ¿ nin,i:xun cf L)?6 ¡/ o.ey îcr pii nc . 1 t o a ::xiEun ci 

134-l ¡o. p j.r nc. !. ihe il-eal nit:.c3en ci-gestibilities r¿:ei-e 

aZ.t) ?nd 4e .9,- îor pig no . i ancì ! respec+-ivel;r. Generalli. 

sFeal

1n:i;ii',:..1- -"::irc acÍd ¡'.-;ileiiI1'. 1.:s ::n::ì i:.c: l.ã i:r ?-C 

lrstcr Qç7) ) fec cc:':: io 15 ',:; p,i.:s, at â :.atc :-î 

!.5 .g ;e r .r:; 'cocÌ-. r+eight . fn the preseni studies, corn v;:- s ied 

to the pigs e" an app;:oxirête Ì'rte ci 27 g Fer l.: r ':cC;' r+eight. 

-l-^ ôr.^-^-^ .,'l^-l 

^--i-^ ^^.i.ì ^.-^.il-:îr: _--t i-.: s c¡r¿ined :r- rh: 

L/,) 

FÌ'esêllt stildi3s uere l-!.6 pei.cenrag: unirs i1*-i¡,;: rl:a:: t::cs: 

:':t¿1:rei 'c; :';stcr (Lç:2). ll: dijfe:'enc:s i:: percenrage .;n.i s 

Íoi' ihe inci.¿iiual a¡:lino :ciC :-r-ail-¡.tlIities b:tween the tv¿o 

s:uiie s ranêird i¡cr. L0.2 io:' ll-ì to 2j.2;', îor C-- (lrtle LI). 

-r-J r'r=1 :!: _c:udr ( 

l:st=i' (!91 )I Ïiâs cri" !..1,1 I cv::r t.e:1 tliet c'c-r:inel 1:r 

f iô ê- c+r:.ì i ô < 

Tire ileal :nino acii availa'oilities cbtainei ícr 

ber1e.,' in 'uhe present studies lrere r,'er]' siril_a.r. tc thcse cbtained 

b:. i:Crchls-ie \L?'i) å, . '^\ - r /r^Lr^ ,r \ : 

1 i,e.r--- +L t . L:.:l_:.1- '.,;:- s feC tc the 

p1¿s et el:1ost ihe se::e rete i:: 'ccth s',-'.:_die s , ::anel-' :t 2: ani 

'lC e::err.¡ ii¡d'¡ r',e i,ght in these stuiies anC t;:ose b-, 

-J. ¡ -¡:e¡=¡r¡ r,:1'' 

Frc¡l the data CiscusseC it see::s th.¿t dieterl' intake 

(1;: re l-:.tiar tc ioi¡' l:igrt ) :a;' alsc 'ce : fectcr 1:: istsr::-lninî 

eninc ecid. ar.'eil-â'cil-itie s et ihe enC cÍ tLe 1t eui:r. .liiíe ¡ences 

¡ì:e tc intake r¿.' nct al-'.,ra:'s '¡e detectei, or cni¡. tc e-' Iesser 

e:.tJ::t , '..rin êïiïìo âcij al-ail,;'ciliti. s e:e iet:r.:i"nei c-' 

+'.ê _'.3ê.1 r-::lr:ci q *¿'i¡J -l.a '=l-f ¡-¡ *¡¡+,¡l.ii^- ,..^.,1.ì 

lnd;ca'.e tì::t i::oi'e is relativcl-' ::c:e ',.iåste.î: c-î lrcte:n oi

cÌi.t erl,' end/or r.et-abolic orisln ( causecì 'c:¡ rlcr.cbial fêrien_ 

tetion) in the lerge intest ine et highe:. then et l-ower fcod 

jntakes. Ìhe¡.efore, in certain cases, the large intestine in 

adciition to the liver na¡,' also contribute to the ceanination 

cf excess protein i.e. *hen protein inlake exceecs the enount 

re cuired. The cuestion rxa:,¡ be asked nc.u.r, lvh¡, ¿o." ihe aninal 

I7l+ 

nct êxcrete the excess Fl.otein es such in the faeces? lhe 

'b.,'-products of protein netebcl_i,sn in -,,he I arge intestine, .øhich 

are nainl¡r short chain vclatil_e fatt;r acids, rla-v still be of 

use to the aninal . these conpolrnds na,, be used as precuisors 

for glucose or for fat s¡'nthesis. fn ed,lition, nicrcbial 

fernentation in the large intestine will nake volatile fâtty 

aciCs, produced frcn unciigest j-ble carbchydrate sources, 

a'i.a ilable to the eninal_. 

ihe ileaI a.¡aila'oilit j.es of ani.no acíCs r¿;hich are 

relativel.,' high in netabolic ileal protein (Åp,G, GLï a.ni pi.O ) 

rrere especiallr¡ lcw from Ê+s+l--l in relation to those obtai::eci 

froil Ë-S+ì. (iable 53 ). A change in the ra.te cf passage ,urouli 

particula'i.' change the avai-labilities o.f anino acics fron 

rrotej.n that is alread;". of e relatively low digesti'cilit;,, 

such as protei.n iron sloughed-ofi cell_s cr Íi.on trucus. 

'-în the other hand, ccÌ.nsterch as such na¡, have be en 

responsible for the high levels of netabolic ileal protein 

founC at the end of the ileun u:on _feeding of the E+S+1._! ûiet. 

-{s for -ihe nâintenance and prot.ein-free Ciets, ilea,l pF;C ani

GLY Ier.els were elso found to be relatively high ín ileal 

digesta frorn E+S'i1-D (Tab1e 53 ) . It rnay or rnay not be coincidental 

but all these diets containeC óCf cor.nstarch. 

L75 

Casein was fed (24.3 ne. nitrogen per 100 g body weight) 

with ancÌ l¡ithout different carbohydrates (167 r:rg per 100 g 

bod5, ws1*¡a) to rats (Euraczev¡skí et aI.,l97Ll . The rate of 

stonach er.rptying of casein ou." o".l]"ld when corn dextrín, 

glucose, soluble starch, sucrose or Iectose (in ascenciing order ) 

vrere the carbohyCrate sources. Iiowever, the rate of stonach 

emptl/ing of casein rves .increesed when cornstarch v¡as the adcied 

cerboh]¡drete source. The euthors releted the differences in 

rate of stoaach er:rptying of casein to ciifferences in solubiliti' 

end rate of absorpt.íon of the carboh¡rdrates. Possibly, the 

increased rate of stonach enpt,l¡ing of casein due to cornstarch 

inclusion (v¡hich is very soluble and rapidli.' absorbed ) na¡.' 

heve resulted also in an increase in rate of passege of Cig=sta 

through the snal1 intestine. As v¡as r¡entioneC previousll', 

increased rate of pâssage of digesta through the smalL intestine 

na¡r especialll"' ¿""".""e the digestion and reabsorption of 

endogenous prote in. 

Differential losses of anino acids j-n the large intestine 

(due to rcicrobial fermentation) caused by Cifferent types of 

carbohl"'d¡¿1es may have sone effect on the nutritional status of 

the anínal i.f the diets fed were 1ov¡ ín protein or deficient 

in â particular anino acid. The F.E.l..ts (protein efficiency

176 

.11'ì 

ratiots) Ìrere 0.93', 0.9C' and O.!l¿ when Ciets conte ining Z[fi 

wheat gluton and either 6Cfi cornstarch, dextrin cr glucose 

respectivell¡ were fed to rats. fn the sane ord.er, the p.i.R.rs 

.))t 

t^rere 1.6L', I.5g' and 1.54' when the diets were supplenentei 

with LYS (Chang, tg62), 

Although there may be other explanations, the effect 

of corns'r"årch (in reration to possi-ble increased rate of pessåge 

through the snall intestine ) na¡' þyp1"in the lower p.E.?.. found 

when cornstarch rather than dextrin or glucose lvas íncluded in 

the non-LYS-suppleniìented v,iheat gluten diets. 

it ma5' have been coincidental but true ileal anj,no 

acid availabilities fron E+s+¡:-Ð courd be obtained in such a 

rcenner thai true PRO and GLY availabilities obtained di.d not 

exceed 100f. The availa'oilities of these anino aci-ds were close 

to those of the other amino ecids (Table j5). Coffections for 

netabolic ileal anrino acid levels were based on equal crude fiber 

levels per 100 grails of dry rnatter intake for the E+S+1.:_Ð and 

protein-free diets. The crude fiber 1eve1 of Ë+S+::_D 0,e¿f"l 

vres very close to that of PF-5 ß.86/"1 . iherefore rnetabolic 

ilear anino acid data frorn FF-J were used.. Generall.v speaking, 

t,trt,.". 9.f the. glucose- containing diet was significantly 

higher than that of the cornstaich containin[ diet. -" 

2P.2.p,. rs were not significantly different.

TALLE 55. It'tç -a_pparent ileal amino acid availabiritiesl from Ê+,s+li-D ancl 

E*S+-l'ir in addition to the estimated true availabilities from B+S+L-Ð. 

DTi!T 

AVATLABILTT]ES 

Ar,l]No ACTDS (Í) 

Bssential 

lJì-rne-iIls 

lLx 

LEU 

LÏS 

IIET 

PTiiJ 

1'¡{R 

VAL 

Iion-Ils senti a 1 

--TÏ1-__ 

^ aÐ 

GTU 

CLY 

PRO 

JJiI 

lYR 

I Ie ans and standard deviation. 

.APPARBI'IT 

4\:Zi 9't 

69.61 1.6 

nr 

tL. -*" /- L. -t 

57.5! 3.9 

76.5t 6.o 

T,9! r.3 

t+7 .8! 3.9 

66.5! 2.6 

6o.7! 5 .9 

6tr.z7 l.l 

83 .81 r.6 

3r.9+2r.o 

-t7.5+66.5 

67 .?! 2.8 

68.5t 2.6 

E+S+11-D 

82. L 

80. 9 

78.2 

80.1 

69.r 

81.6 

81 .7 

67 .z 

75.5 

'7t 1 

88.7 

Ao. 

80. 5 

1ta 

E+.Sr-1.1 

APPARììIJT 

8/1.8+ r.5 

78 .5: 2.6 

?2.9+ 2.3 

7L.I'! 3,o 

66 .t*t ¡r.g 

77.8! 3.8 

76.O! 2,5 

53.e+ 6.5 

7r.3! 2,7 

7o.z! o.z 

69.8+ r.z 

85. B:I 1.2 

57.3+ 5.9 

70.3{11.0 

72.2+ 2.r 

71.rr I .0 

ts 

-{ 

-{

the true ileaI ar¿ino acid availabilities obtained fron 

E+S+i:-Ð hrere very close to the apparent availabilities frcn 

r78 

E+S+¡l fed es such. Indirecth¡, the latter indicates again 

that netabolic ilea1 anino acid levels of naturaÌ diets (such 

as E+S+l,i and cereal grains ) rnay be overestinated by lþs 115. 

of protein-free diets. 

the reason that rrtruerr ileaL anrino acid evailaL.ili_ 

t,ies fror¿ diet E+S+Ì.:-D could be obta.ined na¡r þsgs been due to 

the siniLaritíss þst,¡¡sen the E+S+ì.:-Ð and protein-free diets 

with respect to certain nutrient(s). Eoth diets contained 

6Cl corns'rerch. the reason thet no precise rrtrue!r ileal 

enino acid availabilities (or associated ;letabori.c ileal- a¡:ino 

acid levels) could be obtained. fro¡: the cereal grains is 

probabl:r Cue to the fact that there was nuch l-ess sinilarit.., 

betr+een the cereal and protein-free diets. Eecause of the 

dj.fferences betv¡een these Ciets, different responses with 

regard to the ânounts of endogen ous þrotein secreted end.for 

di6ested and reabsorbed in the srnalI intestine urere eliciteC. 

Accurate deternination of rrtrue¡r ileal availabiliti.es 

is best ii the test and protein-free diets resenbre 3ecli other. 

For exanple, in deternining true anino acid availabilities of 

a protein source, the composition of semi-purified diet con_ 

taining this protein source (i.e. at a leve1 of :-OíI) can be 

for¡rulated in identical nanner {with the exception of the 

protein itself) to that of the protein-free Ciet. iiowever,

in determining true amino acid availabilities of an 

energy-protein source (e.g. barle)'), the situation is Cifferent. 

I natural type diet will differ in a nu-nber o.f 

characterístics from a protein-free diet. 

179

SlUÐÏ 3 

r80 

The apparent availabilities of anino acids fron barle¡,, 

corn and Ì¡heat (Tab1e 40) and those of whole wheat, flour and 

B+S+ii (Îab1e 53) were found to be higher when they were deter_ 

nined by faecar analysis than when they were determined by ilea1 

analysis. The differences between ireaL and faecal availabilities 

were found to be dependent on the type of diet and on the npre- 

processingtt condj.tions these di.ets were subjected to prior to 

feeding. Differences between ilear and faecal esti-mates were 

more pronounced for some than for other anino acids. 

The apparent faecal arnino acid availabilities from 

sorghurn grain and corn were higher than those obtained at the 

end of the ileum fron pigs fitted with ireocaecer re-entrant 

cannulae (Easter, Lg72). Generally speaking, apparent amino acid 

availabilíties of sEI,l and RSI¡] were higher when they were deter- 

mined from faecar collection than when they were determined at 

the end of the ileum of pigs fitted, with ileal re-entrent cannulae 

(Holnes et a1. , ].g?L). The average a¡rino acid availabilities 

based on i1eal sarnples from chicks that were sacrifi.ced 

were lower than those determined by faecal analysis (fvy et al ., 

1971 ; Filipot et a1. , LSTL; Soares and Kifer, l.gT].). Caecectomy 

of chicks significantly reduced the protein digestíbility of 

heat-danaged cod protein (l\iesheim and Carpenter, it961). 

The anino acid availabilities determined by the faecal 

analysis nethod may overestimate the amounts of ami,no acids that

181 

are actually absorbed by the animal . Eaeterial enz],nes in the 

large intestine brÍng about the hydrorysis of undigested protein 

through peptides of decreasing length to free amino acids. 

These free amino acids may be elther absorbed as such by the 

aninar or they nay be fermented furthe¡ by the nicro-organisms 

to yield arnr¿onia and carbon skeletons. The rate of deaminative 

fermentati.on varied from anino acid to amino acid (1.|che1 , 1966). 

The extent to which amino acid absorption versus dearnination 

takes place in the large intestine wÍIl d,eter¡rine which rnethod 

is ¡nore valid i.e. the faeeal or ilea1 analysis method. 

These experi.ments were carried out to deter¡:ine the 

extent to whích IYS was absorbed as such in the large intestine. 

Lysine was either caecarry infused as a part of the rsp protein 

complex (study 3a) or as free LyS monohydrochloride (stud¡r lb). 

Lysine was serected since ít is often the first limiting an:ino 

acid to pigs. 

The B+2JSP diet is representative of a barley_soybean 

pig grower ration. Reducing the tevel of soybean meal by half in 

the grower ration will resurt in a decreased. rate of gain by the 

pigs. The decreased rate of gain can be largety overcome by aid 

of LYS supplementation (Bell , I96ta; Eowland, L)6Zi Braude et aI ., 

1972; Nellson et a1 . , 1963). 

The levels of LTS that were found in the caecal contents 

after infusion of rsP or free LTS v¡ould be nuch higher than those 

found under normal conditions. Therefore, a situation was created

whereby there was ample opportunity for substantial LyS 

absorþtlon in the hindgut with a resultant improvenent in 

tBz 

nitrogen retention- rt was reasoned that if only a s¡naII re- 

sponse in nitrogen retentíon took place upon LyS infusÍon, then 

LYS absorption in the large intestine was of littre ímportance 

under normal circumstances. 

The amount s of nitrogen retained. per dalr were Ig.O0, 

15.80 and 15.91 e. for E+2ïSp, B+TSp and E+fSp+C-lSp respectivellr 

(Table 29). In the sane order these values represent !:2.5\, 

98.8 and gg.4 g. of protein deposited per day. 0n the assumption 

that the average protein content of the pigrs body tissue 

is L6%, then the average daily gains would be 703 , 6L7 and, 6Z2 

g. for pigs fed E+2ISP, E+fSp and B+fSp+C-fSp respectively. 

sinilar calculations ca*ied out on data obtained from study lb 

will give the following daily rates of gain: 693, 6OO and 613 

g. for B+rsP+Lys, E+rsp and E+rsp+c-Lys respectively. xxcluding 

the calculated missing value, an average daily gain oî 607 g. 

would be obtained for pígs fed E+ISP+C-LTS (Table 31). 

The data obtained from study 3a and jb for B+fSp 

compare very well (Table 29 and 3I). The amount of nitrogen 

retained per day from B+2ISP was only slightly higher than that 

obtained from B+ISP+LTS (Tab1e 29 anð.3I). 

Nitrogen retentions and biologícal values were higher 

lNit"og"n retained per day times 6.25.

for E+ISP+LYS than for E+lSp (Table 3I). Lysine was the 

liniting aruino acid in B+rsP and its addition resulted in rohrer 

amounts of the other a¡rino acids that had to be catabolized. 

183 

Nitrogen retentions and bÍological values for E+2ïSp were lor,rrer 

thân those obtained fron B+rsp (Table 29). since onry LTS was 

needed for supplenentation (E+fSp+LyS and. E+2fSp gave nearly 

similar responses wlth regard to the anount of nitrogen re_ 

tained per day)r the other araino aci.ds contained in the l unit 

of fSP added had to be catabotized. 

For efficient protein synthesis, all amino aclds have 

to be si¡rultaneously present at the site where protein s]¡nthesis 

takes p1ace. ft can be argued that caecally ínfused LyS ma-v 

arrive at a different tine at the site of protein synthesis than 

the amino aclds from orally ingested proteín. possibty, this 

nay occur if the animals were fed once daily and the infusion 

had been carried out r.2 hrs. later. However, in these studies, 

the pigs were fed J tirnes daily and the ínfusions were pe'forined 

when the ani.mals were offered their ¡neaLs. 

fn study 3b, LYS was nÍxed with cornstarch to facilitate 

Lïs infusion Ínto the caecum. The caecally infused cornstarch 

rnay have stimulated bacterial activity, resulting in an increase 

i-n deamination of anrino acids (incruding caecally infused Lys). 

In retrospect, LTS should perhaps have been nixed with a fiber 

source from which energy is less availabre to bacteria than is 

the case with cornstarch.

The results obtained in these studi-es show that 

r84 

caecally supplied LYS did not inrprove the nutritfonal status 

of the animal . The amounts of nitrogen retained per day were 

nearly the sa¡ne for E+ISP, E+fSp+C-ISp and B+ISP+C_LYS. 

However, a small âmount of LTS absorption may have taken place 

in the large intestine of the pig. Slade et g!. (192I) showed 

that there was LYS absorption from the large intestine of the 

horse. However, the authorst did not measure the magnitude of 

LYS absorption (page 26 ). 

ïn surnnary, LTS availability determined by the faecal 

analysis ¡rethod overestimates the actual anount of LTS that is 

available for utj.lizatlon by the pig. There is no reason to 

asslxne that the othe¡ amino acids undergo a different fate from 

IYS (in relation to deamination and excretion of ammonia as 

urea in the urine) in the large intestine.

STUDT ] 

The amino acid cornposition of bran and endosperm 

a85 

fron high end lovr protein wheat fron stud;r I and that of bran 

(E+S+ll) and endospern (flour ) fron stud]' 4a are conpared in 

Tab1e 56. Aleurone protein contains reletivelj, high 1e.,re1s 

of ARG and LYS and relativel¡r 1or levels of GL'ú anC pF.O in 

relation to endospern protein (Tab1e 2). Therefo:.e, the 

efficiencl' of separation of aleurone anC endospern protein 

cen be measured b¡r the degree of difference in the ccnposition 

of these amino acids between the bran and endosper¡n fractions. 

As shown in Table 56, a better separation of bran 

and endosperm protein was achieved b5' the conventional nilling 

procesè (stud:¡ 4e) than by pearling (studl' l) of ,¡heat. This 

v¡as also reflected b), the verv low crude fiber content (o.25îi) 

of the endosperm (flour) fraction obtained in stud¡,- {¿. 

The separation of aleurone Frotein frora endosFern 

protein was n:uch better for the 1ow than for the high protein 

r^rheat (Tab1e 56) . fn ret.rcspect, abrasion should have been 

carried out for a longer period of time for. the high protein 

wheat, namel¡r for 36 instead of 2C seconds (T¡,ble 5). Therafor"e, 

e substantial anount of aleurone protein ma1,, have renaineC in 

the endospern fraction, resulting in ress distinct differences 

ín the ar:ino acid conposit,ion of ARC, CLy, GLi end pF,C between 

bran anC endosperra protein, Consecuentll', int erpre -.t.at i-on o-f 

anino aciC availabilities frcr: bran and endosperm fron the high

TA¡LE 5ó. The amino acid compositionl and crude fiber content. of bran and 

endosperm from studl. 1 and studl' lu¿. 

}.IU¡ÍBER OF STUÐY 

F'R¡.CTÏON OF 

C]IRBAL GIìA]N 

A}|]NO ACTDS 

Es sent ial 

--Ãrõ-- 

HÏS 

ItE 

LÛU 

LYS 

PH[ 

TI'IR 

VAL 

llon-lìssenti a1 

-.TrÃ.-._ 

/\ cD 

CLU 

GLT 

PRO 

J.!,.t1- 

TYR 

CRUD]J FIBER (ii) 

I t 

a 

I, 

4.86 

1.83 

2.9t, 

6,Lt+ 

2.3 5 

4.1+4 

2.86 

4.01 

t+.r4 

E aa 

30.04 

l+ .7 I+ 

ô ô,. 

4.48 

t ót. 

E ò, 

3 .81 

r.93 

3 .40 

7 .2r 

2.It 

5.rO 

2.t+o 

4.16 

1,

L87 

proteÍn krheat variety in relation to anino acid availabilities 

fron aleurone and endosperm protein should be considereC 

¡ ¡ v.o 1:r-l I r¡ 

The apparent faecal enino ecid availabilities obtained 

from pigs fed r¿¡heat in study 4a and those fro¡i pigs fed vrheat 

in study 2 are compared with those obtained fron the rats, 

fed high end low protein wheat, in this stud,y (Tabl_e 57). 

lÍith the exception of the availabil-ities obtained 

frora 1ow protein wheat (11 .2i) fed to rats, the availabilities 

coapere reasonably well betv;een rats and pigs especialI1,, those 

obtained from pigs fron study 2 and those from rats fed high 

pro'r,ein vrheat ( Tabl e 57 ) . The differences betvreen faecal 

availabilities varied only from 0.3 for SEn to 2.f percentage 

units for ASP between these 2 studies. Ìt na;' have been a 

coinciden-ual- observation but the sane varietlr of wheat, nar.,e1¡r 

Glenlea, vres tested. fn addition, the protein contents of 

both C1enlea wheat sources were re1ativel.,. sinilar (Tab1e 5?). 

The differences between faecal availabilities were 

sonewhat larger when those from rats fed high protein wheat and 

t.hose obtained from the pigs from stud¡,, 4a were compâred, The 

differences ranged from 0.3 for PFiË to ?.Zf for l,ïS (TaL,Ie 57). 

ihe wheat sources in this compari-son, although not too Cifferent 

in protein contenl , h¡ere of a different varietl/. 

The faecal anino acid availabilities obtaineci frcn 

rats fed the f.ow protein v¡heat v¡ere lower than those obteined

I'AFL¿ 57. Cornparisons of apparent faecal a¡nino acid avaitabilities, in addition 

to nitrogen and dry måtter digestibilities, of wheat and'barley fed 

to pigs and rats. 

CER]IAI, CRAI}I 

LBVjIL OF 

PROTETN ('I) 

AI'IÏI.iAL SPiJCÏES 

A¡IINO ACIDS (/, ) 

Essential 

Ãilo 

IITS 

]LE 

LEU 

LYS 

PHE 

THR 

VÂL 

Non-Essential 

-Âïã-- 

ASP 

G],U 

GI,Y 

Pn0 

SER 

1'YR 

ilrrnocrN (i!) 

DiìY r:ArTrn (l) 

I 

2 

) 

L5 .INI 

PIGS 

9l+.6 

ô? o 

9r.6 

93.2 

86.]_ 

91.3 

89.1 

9L.7 

88.1 

88.0 

o?o 

90.6 

96.8 

9t+.3 

or o 

o? 2 

e9.L 

L6 f2 

PICS 

92.4 

9l+ .5 

Ao, 

9L.l* 

80. 3 

atA 

86.t+ 

dd d 

83.6 

82.9 

97.0 

89. t 

96.9 

92.3 

82.5 

9r.2 

dd d 

!fIIEAT 

r8;3 

R,ÀTS 

tr,23 

RATS 

-ta o2 

PICS 

9L.2 87.8 88.4 82.3 

93 .7 90.8 89.9 87 .6 

90.4 85.3 81.3 79 .o 

92.7 89.4 85.t+ 82.5 

78.9 73 .t+ 7 5.5 67 .7 

94.O 90.8 87.L 86.0 

8ó. B 81.9 79.9 76.0 

9o.t+ 86.3 82.7 82.0 

85 ,z 80.9 76.1 73 .2 

85.3 79.r 76.3 72.8 

97.1, 95,7 92.r 89.8 

89. B 84.8 8r.2 76.0 

97 .3. 95.9 9r.7 9o.5 

92.6 89.t+ 85.6 82.8 

9r,8 85.6 83.8 B2.B 

89.7 84.1* 84.0 ?8.7 

90.3 88.8 82.7 83.7 

Da t a f rom stud.,r' l+a . 

Data from studl' 2: averåge of cannulated and non-cannulated pigs. 

Data from s l,udy 1 . 

DARLEÏ 

1r .43 

NATS 

çr q3 

RATS 

78.0 

70.6 

77 .3 

ó0.1 

78.6 

67 .8 

73.7 

67 .o 

6l .z 

84.1 

70.o 

83.6 

7l+.2 

na ù 

83.5 

F 

00 

@.

fror,r the rats fed the high protein wheat and the differences 

189 

ranged from 6.2 for iYä. and ASP to I.4l for pRC (Teble 5Z). 

For barley, the faecal availabilities for pigs frcn 

study 2 and those obtained from the rets fed the high protein 

þarrey do not conpâre too unfavourably. The differences rangeci 

fro¡n 0.7 for VA.L to 7.8fr for LyS (ïable 57). The barley source 

fed to the pigs was of the i-ierta variety while the high protein 

barley fed to the rats was of the Fergus varietl'. fn the sane 

order, the protein contents of these barley sources were 13.9 

and LL 4fr respeet j-vely. 

ïhe feecal amino acid availabilities fron rats fed 

the low protein barley soLlrce (8.5É protein) were rnuch Lower 

than those obtained fron pigs fed barlel' ,13.9í¿ proteín) in 

study 2 (Table 57). The differences rangeC from g.O fo¡. GL-uto 

15,4i¿ for LYS. Even though these barley sources vrere of the 

sane variety ( äerta ) , the¡, differed narkedl;,' r.rith regard to 

their. levels of protein. f!ì contrest , the Z sources of Glenlea 

wheat, thet viere fed to rats (18.31 protein) and pigs Oe ,3X 

protein) and resulted. i.n very siniler faecal a.railabiliti, 

estir:ates, were almost sinilar in protein content. 

The faecel amino acid availabilitíes fron rats fed. the 

high proteln barle-rr were higher than those obtained fron lot^¡ 

protein barley (as for híg}: and 1ov,r protein wheat ). The dif- 

ferences rangeC fron 5.2 for LiL: to 8.6f for Sii. (Table 57). 

Generally speaking, faecal anino acid availabilities

ton 

frcl c:rcal- :i.alns iei to rats ani :i-s co:¡¡:-e reascna.ci.. .1.;.: Il_ 

i-i c=rael ::'alns cc::t::ui"ng :r:l:c>:Í::etql'. si:ir a:- ::ctein ccniî:.t 

ât': ic: '-c ¿o:h s:--^cies. l¿=cel :..-.:ir:'cil._tl¡s ::a,. ccri".a:"3 

.1-:n ll3ttet' iÎ in aicitlon to ecual ci.ciein ccnt:nt the sarie 

i¡rr i,:f .¡ i c ¡â.l-ê-ì 

- :'r-"r. 1l 1^^ ' 

, / j ) co:.?a:oi :ê3:al ?:::ta :c:a e',.âi1e- 

;\il-itie s lr=t-rilen ;:ars a:li ii¡-s lh.êt ',;:r:: i:.-., the sar:e soLi.t,c=s 

c-f '.';heat ând 'aêrlÊ.'. Ìhe e :t:cr. j::e nis c:. plls ê:il râts ,..jêt e 

ca::'i:d c'-:t :r:i:-: sir:il_a.r ::ç:.,.r:rentai c:::citi.o::s. icr r..:hea:_, 

ieecel a¡:lnc acid er;eila'cil-ities c'ltainei i:.c;r 'l:iqs ,".;erê sligh-ti; 

hi.-l:::' th:.:: tics: Í:c: :.ets, lh: dllfcie::cc -.'i:.:3: f;,oi: 4.î 

for LIS to C.2i" for li-lì 3nC iiis. lc:. la:L:-,, íaecai a¡:ino aciC 

¡'¡ail-a'cil-it tes c'.:ta.ined frcn t âts ./re:.î s1i-i:t1:. h"igh.:r than 

-ul--c se c'ctaiä€i jJ'c:1 pir:s and r.':ried jrc:.1 l.) îcr S_i lo C.l,¡ 

f o: J-¡- . .',itl.cu.-h -g;ur. (l?71 ) jo':::d sc::e ii jl:r:nces 'c:tr.;=e :: p:_:s 

:i:i i':ts, tì:.,se clf.ie rences enc those c'ct¿ineC irc::: othe r cereal_ 

¡r':i:ls ',;er: ¡i a s;:e1l- :'la¿;:i:.-r:e. lil ¡:::e :ai, r-:i_s ani;its 

-c-. '-.: :¡:'r'l l -: .ìc.,l r-¡ l-)"^ i,¿r= .i u- ^+^'*r Ldr::.rI:= -^!.i . -o:: -* ci faec:i_ ,,:i::c :-cll 

._-.i ¡^1ì ri!i.- __ -.^^-J..- 

:er:e_ .ire::ls. 

^ t ^,,-^*-. 

ìi ill'cgen digestibilltl' r,,;: s inc;'e:s-=e r.rith 

ccnterÌi cí di-i.fe¡':::i b:i'ie-.. sc-it-c3s i:i -,c 

!>,:.> ) . jll',tler cì's=i.;ai j-cns ì/..31 : :ale :r 

; cr l:i;;: s:li l-olr p:ct:::: 'ia:i:;r ,:r' -..:i""¿: 

pcstili-.."3i tc b: iue "'- c the iccr¡ase i:r 

---^+^¡ ^ l^^ ^ , ^:-

protein content of e cereel grain (see Fegê l-Z). Iìovrever, 

r9r 

ås t4re s shown in these studies (Teble 15 and 16), the nitrcgen 

digestibilitÏ (and ar,rino aciC availabilítíes ) fron endospern 

fronr high protei-n barle¡, (or r"¡heat ) v¡as also higher than thet 

obtained fron endosperm protein fron 1or.¡ protein ba:.1e.v (or 

wheat ). Therefore, in addition to en incree.se in the relative 

enount of aleurone protein there seems to be an increase in the 

anount of undiqestible protein from endospern (or flour) fron 

cereal grains as the protein content d.e creases (i.e. the overall 

protein digestibility is affecred). 

Ïn c oi'::pari-ng the data obtained fron rats ¿nd pigs it 

should be. kept in nind that there were diff=rences in the 

physicar treetnent of the cereal grains prior to feeding. iìor"¡- 

ever, as y¡e.s shown ín studi' l¡b, physical treatnent oí a cere¿l 

grain p:.ior to feeding haC only a ninor efiect, on anino acid 

availabilities es the¡' u'ere neasureC bi' the íaecal anâlj.s:s 

ro+lâÄ 

f:L ir¡e ^ 

e^+,^^; 

r:re ulods used for deterninir:g faeca.t ani::o acio 

availabilities fron rats and pigs rvere cuite different. ihe 

anino acid availabílities obtained fro¡r the pig lrere deternined 

by aid of the chronic oxide ¡:ethoci (Crarnpton and Ilarris , 1969). 

The amino e.cid availabilities obtained froi rats were deternineci 

by total faecal collection from feeding the *uest diets du:.ing 

a period cf l¡ consecutive cÌa;,'s. fnclusion of fer¡,ic oxiae in 

the basi-c ciiet (r¡hicl: v;as fed Frior to and fo1lor,¡ing the test

g2 

periods ) pernitteC somev;hat easier id en-uif i cation anci collection 

of faeces resulting fron the test diets. lioi,¡ever r a gradual 

colou-r change is usually observec íron red to that of *"he colou¡. 

of the faeces from the test diets. Ìo a certain extent, the 

anount of faeces çolleited r¡riIl be dependent on the colour 

appraisal by the inCividual collecting the faeces. Therefcre, 

this nethod íor ccllecting faeces is sonel¡hat sub,{ectiïe. 

Due to the r:roCif;ring action of the microflora of the 

J-arge intestine, data obtained fron studie s 2,3 and { inciicate 

that appârent ilea1 anino aciC avaílabilitj.es are a L-to Ì.e âc_ 

curate ¡nea sure!:ent than apparent faecal a¡.¡ailabil_iti e s . lhe 

differences betl'¡een i-1ea1 and faecal anino acid availabirities 

varied from anino ecid to an:ino acid. ?ne differences were 

also found to be dietar¡' depenCent anci vrere also affected by 

the physical treatnent of the cereal gi'ain prior to feeding, 

For the essential anino acicÌs fron wheat i:i study 2a, the Cifferences 

betv¡een iIeal end faecel anino aciC, availabilities 

t^¡ere founC to -ì.e the lergest for TIiR, nanellr l-A.Z;:, an.d the 

snellest 9or ì-ìT, nanel. 2 J',:, eabL" t+O). Fo:' stud5, t¡a, 

the differences varieC from 1O.Zíj for îFl? to 1.0,,i for ,..,î 

(Table 53). The differences bet,¡een ileal and faecal ani-no acid. 

e,¡åil¡1bilitie s for ,¡heat fron studl: !¿ ancj. l+a Ì..¡ere nor€ oi, le ss 

the sane for each ar:ino acid. Therefore, the everege differences 

u¡ere used for arriving at estinated i.leal a¡:ino aci-c avai.labilities 

(by subtraction fron the faecal availabir íties) for the rats fed

the high enC lov¡ protein wheet sources (Table 53).; 

For bar"le¡r fed to pigs in stud.1.. 2a, the d.ifferences 

betv¡een ileal and faecal essential ar¿ino acid a-¡airabirities 

varieC fron 11.5 for IlfS to 0.5É for LET. These Cifferences 

were useC for a¡'riving at estinated ileal aninc acid 

availabilities for the rats feC the 2 barle;r sources 

The changes fron faecal to ileal anino aciC 

bilities for the rets tend to ¡nake LyS and îHp, about 

the least ar,'ai't able essential a¡nino acid (Table 5g ) . 

ïn general, the magnitude of the differences in 

Fercentage units of faecar anino acic availabilities betr¡een 

r93 

encospern: and bran decreased fron those obtained fron the v¡heat 

scurce fed to the pígs (studi. 4a) to those obtained fron the 

lovr protein wheat source end to those obteined fron the hÍgh 

protsin wheai sou-rce fed to rats in thís stucy (ia¡re 5g). rn 

the san:e ord.er, the a.,,erage Cifferences betrveen faecel enCosperrn 

end bran anino aciC availabilities were I).9, 6.g and ll.3 

percentage units respectivel:/. These differ3nces na¡., b¿ ¡¿"- 

tia11¡r explained b¡r the less efficient separation o.f aleurone 

and endospern protein fror: rvheat fed to the rats (especiall¡, 

that of high protein Hheat ) than fron roheat fed to the pigs 

( Table 56 ) . r-n add ition, t he bran Ciets f eC to the rêt s r,,,ere 

grounc thr"ough a 2.oo rßm screen prior to prepai'ation of cru:nbres. 

The bran fraction fed to pig;s v;as not Eround prior tc beirìg 

pelleted and fed. I'lorn¡ever, it should be kept in nini that 

(ra¡te 4o ). 

^-,-¡1^ 

e c-uel ! I'

TAELii 58. Comparisons of .the apparent -i1eaf amino acid 

to 

availabilities, in adcÌition 

nitro€ien and drr¡ mãtter digestibilities of vrheat --' 

pigs 

and bariey feA 

and-the 

io 

esti¡näted íleal lalues for ratã. 

CIRBAL GRATI\J 

LEVIIL OF 

PROTEIN (%) 

A¡ITIiAL SPIICIËS 

A¡.irNO ACrDs (i¿) 

Essential 

ÃEe 

IJ I' Cì 

ïL jj 

LNU 

LYS 

P¡.IE 

TiIR 

VAL 

lìon-.lis sential 

ALA 

^ eD 

CLU 

I¡L.L 

Pn0 

o.uif. 

lYR 

rirrRccEN (i3 ) 

DRY I;ATTDR (iJ) 

I 

2 

3 

r5.41 

Ptcs 

B7.I 

88.4 

89.1 

Qoo 

79 ,5 

9r.5 

7B, t+ 

86.7 

79.6 

80.8 

o< Á 

/ ¿,c 

ðo. J 

89.2 

85.2 

78.2 

Data from study 4a. 

Date fron stucl¡r l¿. 

Estimat.ed data from studv I. 

16 J2 

PTGS 

I/HJìAT 

r o r3 

RATS 

LI.23 

RÂTS 

13.92 

PÏGS 

BARL]LY 

I:-.43 

RATS 

8.53 

RATS 

q2.9 q4.0 qo.6 81.5 71+.t+ 66.5 

qe.r 

qtJ 88.0 q5.r so.i ià:í 66'.t 

\z.t È,2.o 7g.i 75.0 66-.6 

99-? 8t.?. 91.t, 8í.t 77.u 7z.z 

71.7. 73 .6 q8.1 73 .3 63 . i tt-.õ 

9q. 8 eq.7 87 .5 sî.i so:i iá:'s 

26.2 82.8 

7.6.3 

8tr.3 

7.L.tr ?i.à 6t'.'S i?.é -6i'.1 

eo.z 7s.o 7i.i 

7+.o 75.9 7L.ç 69.7 65.5 5s.3 

7 5 .\ 'i7 .8 7r.6 ?L.z 66.i 6'o.i 

2?.7 et+.r 92.4 86.6 ú.i is-.6 

73^.2 72.? q8.q 7r.2 6tr.6 is.6 

qt.+ ::,.y 12.¿ q|.L 

q2.t 

ql.2 

Bg.C 79,r iz.z 

76.3 ?2.2 63.6 

85.9 88.1 81.9 ?9.1 Zi.S 6:9:ú 

9?-9 8\., 76.2 7L.s 72.7 61.6 

73.3 76.8 75.3 66.2 66.1, 66.á 

F 

\o

T'ABLE 59' comparison of faecal antÍno acid availabilities from bran and enclosperm 

from wheat fed to pigs and rats. 

ÂN]¡iAI, SPECTES 

FRAOTTOI! 

AUtr,Jo ltcrDS (i3 ) 

Es sential 

ÂnG 

HIS 

rLli 

T;ITT 

LYS 

P}fE 

TIIR 

VAL 

lì on- !s senti-sl 

-1TÃ_+_ 

ÂsP 

CLU 

GLY 

PRO 

OFD 

TYiì, 

¡,VJRACE (i3 ) 

1 

) 

l+ 

ETTDO- 

SP¡JRII 

95.6 

96.6 

9l+,7 

95.5 

86.0 

96.3 

o, 2 

9t+.3 

90.8 

B9.z 

od Á. 

93.6 

98.5 

ciÃ d 

94.4 

94.2 

90.0 

88.0 

7 tr.6 

,i çI 1 

?ô Ã 

7r.3 

76.O 

).o 

.7d 

2a.I 

1ó.8 

10. 5 

16.8 

2L.A 

18.3 

75.5 L5.3 

7 5.5 13 .6 

89.9 à.7 

78.3 l-5.3 

8.9 .5 9 .0 

Bl .1 12.7 

2à d 1É I 

, v. (J L).\) 

Bo.l l.3.9 

o, o 

9l+.6 

92.8 

9t+.3 

Qta 

95.4. 

89.7 

at 'J 

88.0 

9E.0 

O)) 

98.0 

9tt.U 

Õ?2 

92.4 

ot t. 

93.L 

8z.o 

89. B 

76.9 

9L.7 

óJ.O 

lndosperm and bran indicate flour and Lr's+rìÍ respectj-very from study da. 

EncÌospern and bran obtained from high protein wheat from stud' r. 

Endospern and bran obtained from 1ow protein vrheat fron study l. 

colurins A, F and c indicate the dífference i.n percentage unÍts between enclospern and bran. 

à2, t, 

82.5 

96.0 

8ó.0 

95.5 

89. r 

BB.l* 

ë,tJ. -L 

o.5 

T,5 

Ê(} 

5.3 

5.r 

5.6 

2.O 

AA 

'E 

lr.9 

lt.3 

QDI]DIÌ 

88.7 

9r.9 

88.1 

91.0 

92.2 

öt. I 

88.6 

ç¡ì . 

Ba.5 

96.5 

dÁ. d 

96.8 

90.7 

87 .4 

B7 .8 

¡1]{ L) 

87.B 

B7 .9 

8¡ .0 

7r,4 

8r*. S 

7 t+.9 

80.7 

75.8 

7l+ .L 

9r.0 

89. o 

Òa^ 

78.r 

8l-.0 

0.9 

4.0 

r0.l* 

8.0 

)^ 

7.4 

êd 

6.1+ 

5.5 

7.8 

dn 

9.3 

6.8 

H 

\o

L96 

cifferences in a¡rino acid availabilities due to ,pre-processin¿rr 

na¡r be pa:"tiall¡r eliminated bJ' the nicr oflora of the large 

intestine (es was shown in stud¡,' l¡b). A1so, the nethoC used 

^. 

1'or deternining feecal amino acid availebiÌities in the rêt 

studies was of a somewhat subjecti,re nature. The degree of 

error that can be connitted will depend on the total. bu.lk of 

faeces thet is collected. The latter depends on the dail¡., 

dietar'-t" intalce, the dr¡,' netter digestibilit,l, end the length of 

tine a particu.lar test diet is fed. Therefore, in the r.at 

experinents one rita:¡ expect a I ar.ge:. er.ror fo/ endosperm then 

when bran is fed for the endosperm fraction has a nuch highe:" 

dr:/ ti:tatter Cigestibility than bran. Conceivebl¡i, faecal a;::ino 

aciC avails-lilítie s fron endospern fed to ret s :a¡., ha.re been 

rr¡Äarac+iac+¡zl 

As v¡as pointed out in the discussion pa:.t of stuCies 

2 and !, the u.se of protein-free diets for cat culatins true 

a¡:ino acid ar¡a ila'cirit ie s from cereal grains r:ay give nisleading 

values especially if true avail"abil-ities are cieternined b}' the 

faecal anall,5is netl:oci. The deternination of çpparen-" ieecal 

an:ino acici availabilities fron cereal grains ;rå)¡ heïe sone 

value. -i;ith the exception of îF.R, apperent ileal end feecal 

availabilities of essential anino acicis fro:r cereal grains io 

not difíer thet nuch especially if the greins vrere íineli, tround 

prior to feeciing. ConsequentlJ/, t ï',;e faecal arino aciC 

availabiiities from cereel grains fed -uo rrts have not been 

d.eternined.

SUI.4MARY 

The apparent ileal and faecal amino acid 

'ì o? 

avaiLabilit,ies fron corn, wheat and barley were deter¡ríned vrith 

6 growing tr4anagra barrows. 

Lysine was the Least available indispensable amíno 

acid when determined by the faecal analysis method, namely g1 .0, 

80.7 and 77.5y'" tor corn, wheat and barley respectivery. LysÍne 

and THR vrere approxinately equally the 1east available indispen_ 

sable arnino acíds when deternined at the end of the iler¡n. The 

ileal LYS availabilities were gZ.O, 75.2 and 73.1/o îor corn, 

wheat and barley respectively. In the same order, they were 

78.9, 76.5 and 7l.2dc for THR. TLre apparent ilear availabiriti.es 

of MET were 91.9, 86.6 and BO.b/" for corn, wheat and barley 

respectively and were essentía11y sinilar to their faecal 

availabilitie s . 

The, apparent availabilities of tyS especially, and also 

those of lHR and MET, are of importance since these amino acids 

are present in limiting anounts in cereal grains. Generally 

speaking, the faecal analysis nethod is valid for determining 

the apparent availabÍlitíes of r,rs and MET. However, the faecal 

analysís nethod overestinates the availability of THR due to 

its relatively large disappearance i.n the large intestine. 

Tryptophan is also present in linited ¡nounts in cereal grains, 

especially in corn, and its ilea1 avai.lability should be assessed 

in future research.

The average amino acid dísappearance in the large 

'r oA 

inte sti'ne (as a percentage of amino acid Íntake ) increased fron 

corn to wheat to barley ând !¡a s 2.5, 5.3 and 6.0/o respectively 

for the índispensable amino aci.ds and 6.3, g.5 and g.g/" 

respectívely for the dispensable anino acids. For the indi_ 

spensable acids, ARC, HIS and THR disappeared to the greatest 

extent. For the dispensable amino acids, d.isappearance vÍas nost 

marked for GLI and pRO. 

A separate study h¡a s carried out to detern¡ine if 

apparent faecal amino acid availabilities from cannulated pigs 

were representative of those that would be obtained from non- 

cannulated pigs. Essentialry no di_fferences v¡ere found between 

normal and cannuleted pigs fed the sane sources of corn, wheat 

and barley. 

the differences that were found between ileal and 

faecal amino aeid availabilities frorn corn, wheat and. barrev 

nay have been partially confounded by the type of physical 

treatnent each ce¡eal grain r*a s subjected to prior to feeding. 

1!ro dì.ets, nanely finely ground and cracked wheat, were fed 

each to 4 finishing pigs. The ileal availabilitÍes of all amino 

acids were higher frcin finely ground than fro¡c c¡acked wheat. 

The differences in pereentage units ranged fro¡n g,9% for LyS to 

0.7/" îor PRO. the iLeal availabÍlities of a¡nino acids, assoc_ 

iated with or contained in retatively rarge anounts i.n aleurone 

cells (such as rrs and ALA), were increased the most upon fine

grinding. Those amino acids, associated or contained in 

10ô 

relativeLy 1ow amounts in areurone celrs (such as cLU and pHE), 

were increased the least upon fine. grinding. Dif.ferences in 

anino acid availabÍlities due to physical treatnent of wheat 

prior to feeding could hardly be detected by faecal analysis. 

More research as to the irnprovenent of amino acid availabilÍties 

upon finer grinding (and other dietary components such as starch) 

may be warranted for such cereal grains as barley or oats. 

Bar1ey and oats contain relatively more aleurone protein (as a 

/" of total- protein) than wheat or corn. 

The ilea1 and faecal_ anino acid availabilities from 

whole wheat, flour and B+S+M were determi_ned with 6 growing 

barrows. Generally, åppârent ileal and faecal amino acid 

availabilities decreased frorn frour to whore wheat and to B+s+M. 

The average availabilities of the indispensable amino acids 

were 91 .6, 87.0 and 72.9/" when determined fro¡r i1ea1 digesta and 

93,9, 92.O and 79.6/" when deternined on faeces for flour, whole 

wheat and B+S+M respectively. As was found in studies carried 

out on corn, wheat and barley, there was a greater disappearance 

of dispensable than of indispensable anino acids in the large 

intesti"ne. 0f the indispensable amino acids, ARC, HIS and THR 

especially, disappeared to the greatest extent. 0f the dis_ 

pensabLe anino acids GLY and pRO showed the largest dísappear_ 

ance. The average amino acid disappearance in the large 

intestine (as a % of anino acid intake ) increased 

fron flow, to whole wheat and to B+S+M and was 4.1, 7.0 and

8.4/o respectively. 

Lysine was the least available indispensable a¡oino 

acid of flour and whole wheat when determined by the faecal 

analysis nethod and was approximatei-y 86/" for both diets. 

Threonine was the least avairable indispensable ami-no acid 

froa B+S+M, namely 7L.3/" usíng the faecal analysis nethod. 

Lysine and THR were about equal Ín being the 1east 

availabLe from flour and whole wheat when determined on eaÌ 

digesta. The apparent availabilities were approximately /Ç 

and 85/" for whole wheat and flour respectively. Threonine 

nas the least avaÍlab1e indispensable amino acid fron B+S+M 

when detprnined at the end of the :-te.,¿n (5t+%). 

The hypothesis that the low LTS availability of 

cereal grains is due to the fact that this anìino acid is nainry 

deposíted in the proteín fractj.on of lowest digestibility (in 

albumin and globulin protein assoeiated withr/or contained in 

aleurone cel1s) is not completely valid. The apparent ileal 

tTS availability of flour (84.2/") was found to be only L.9/" 

2CA 

higher than that of whole wheat (79.5%). The difference berween 

ileal tYS availabilities fron flour and whole wheat would be 

approxinately ?.7/" if the whole wheat had been fínely ground. ïn 

addition, it was shown (indirectly by calculations) that the LyS 

availability of B+s+M may approxl.mate those of whole wheat and 

flour upon fine grinding of diet B+S+M. The relatively 1ow 

availability of LTS from flour may possibly be pârtly attributed

to the relative large numbers of lysylprolyl peptide linkages 

in flour which are resistant to cleavage by the digestive 

enzyne s . 

Anino acid availabilities deternined at the end of 

the ileum will give a nore accurate measurenent of their åctual 

availabilities to the animal than measurement by the faecal 

analysis method. Partial verification of this was obtained 

when LYS was infused into the caecum, as free LyS nonohydro- 

chloride or as part of the rsp-protein complex. rnfusion of 

LïS did not result. in an improve&ent in nitrogen retention 

(amount of nitrogen retained per day) over that obtained fron 

the pigs when they received no LyS infusion. 

rnterpretat i-ons of faecal amino acid avairabilities 

obtained frorn rats fed high and low protein wheat and barley 

sources and the bran and endospern fractions derived from these 

cereal grains, should be interpreted carefully because of the 

following reasons: 1) separation of aleurone from endosperm 

protein by pearling was far fron complete, especially that of 

high protein wheat, 2) the measurenent of faecal anino ãcid 

availabilities, from endosperm fractions in particurar, uay have 

been biased because of subjective measlrre&ents (corour appraisal) 

and 3 ) the faecal anarysis method does not accuratery measure 

amino acid availabilitíes, particularly those of ARG, HfS and 

especially THR (indispensable amino acids). 

Regardless of the previous criti.cisns, differences in 

)^1

apparent faecal anino acid availabilities due to protein content 

endfor variety of wheat and barley were detected. For example, 

the apparent IYS availabilities were 78.9 and 73.L/" for hieh 

and 1ow protein wheat respectively. In the sane order, they 

were 67.7 and. 6O.t/" for high and lov¡ protein barley. As men- 

tioned previously, ileal and faecal LYS availabilities would 

not differ that much in case the cereal grains had been ground 

relatively fine prior to feeding as was done in these studies. 

I¡lore research should be carried out to determine the ileal 

amino acid availabirities from different varietíes of particular 

cereal grains with varyíng leve1s of protein. 

Metabolíc ileal and faecal amino acid levels were 

determÍned by aid of I protein-free diets contaÍning 5, l0 and 

L5/" AJ:phafloc respectively. As the level of Alphafloc increased 

from 5 to I0 to I5/o, the average ileal level of the indispen- 

sable amino acÍds increased from .030 to .O39 to .Ol¡l grarns per 

100 graus of dry natter intake. fn the sa¡ne order, the average 

level of the dispensable anj.no acids increased fron .119 to 

,150 and to .151 grams per 100 grans of dry natter intake. The 

dispensable amino acids nade up the rnajor portion of the metabolic 

ileal anino acids, namely T5 to 8O/", The ]atter could be 

important in nínimizing the loss of indispensable amino acids, 

as a result of the processes of digestion (either by faecal loss 

or by deanination in the large j.ntestine ). 

0f the indispensable anino acj-ds, ARG, THR and LEU (in

descending order) were present in relatively high amounts in 

metabolic ileal protein. MethionÍne and Hrs were present in 

relatÍvely lov, amounts. 

0f the dispensable amino acids, pRO and GLy (in 

descending order ) rÀrere present in very high amounts in netaboric 

ileal protein. Proline and GLT nade up approxinatety 55 and 

16/o respectivery of the total amount of the d.ispensable anino 

acids present at the end of the il-eum when feeding the proteinfree 

diets. cystine and ryR, which are actually semi-di spensable 

aníno acids, 'vere present in very low arnounts in netåboric irear. 

prote in . 

)12 

there was a consistent net disappeârance of ARG, THR, 

GLY and PRO between the end of the ileun and the anus of pigs 

fed the protein-free diets. prorine in particurar and GLy disappeared 

to the largest extent (presumably due to nicrobial 

deanination). consistent net increases ürere found for rLE, LEU, 

LYS, !lET, PHE and ASP between the end of the ileu¡t and the anus. 

This was probabry due to de novo microbiar synthesis of these 

anino ac id s. 

Protein-free diets overestimate the lever-s of metaboric 

ileal anino acids that are normally associated w-ith the feeding 

of natural type diets, such as cerear grains. This conclusion 

was arrived at by obtaining rtrue' ileal pRo avairabirities (and 

in certain instances those of Gl,y and ARG) tnat exceeded lOOf, 

regardless of the type of corrections for metabolic ileal anino

acid levels carried out. Interpretation of calculated rtrue,, 

faeeal amino acíd availabirities would be even more misleading 

2AL 

than 'ttruen ileal amino acid availabilities since an additional 

error comes into play, namely that certain amino acids are 

synthesized by the flora in the large intestine upon feeding 

of protein-free díets. 

0verestimation of ¡netabolic losses due to the feeding 

of protein-free diets were postulated. to be due to increased 

cellular rosses of epitheliar cerls and./ or increased. nucus 

secretions. 0n the other hand, a decrease in the digestion and 

reabsorption of endogenous protei.n secreted into the rumen of 

the snall intestine, as initiated by differences in the rate of 

passage of protein-free and natural type diets, may be respon_ 

síble. The overestimation of metabolic ileal a¡nino acid levels, as 

well as nj.trogen (and therefore also of rnetabolic faecal a¡nino 

acid and nitrogen revels ) is probably caused by a combination of 

the factors discussed, in addition to other possibre unidentified 

factors. 

Protein-free diets are widely used in nutritional 

studies on man and anlmals i..e. for the assessment of protein 

quality and the deternination of protein (anino acid ) requirenents. 

fn 1íght of the findings in these studies, the use of 

protein-free dÍets for arriving at netabolic anino acid losses 

should be reevaluated and nore detafled research is wa*anted 

on this aspect.

BÏELÏOGRAPHT 

AbransÀ-G.0., I{. Eauer and li. Sprinz. 1963. 

fnfluence of the nornal floia on mucósãl rnorpholog;r and 

cellular renewal in thë ileum. .a. comparison'of-gEir:,,iràe 

and conventional nice. 

Lab. lnvest. 12: 355 . 

205 

-Abro1 ,.I.i., D-.C. Uprety, r"r.p. Lhu-=a anci i..S. I{aik. I7T:- . 

òor_J_ rertatazer leveLs and protein quality of wheat grains. 

Aust. J. Agric. Èes. 22: t95. 

Agri-culture Ìjandbook no. 379. Ig7O, 

Forage fiber analysis. 

Agricultural -Reseàrch Service, United States 

Ðepartn:ent of Agriculture. 

Al1i.son, il. J. I97A. 

Nitrogen.rnetabclism of r'¿minal micro-organisrns. 

T+ lP¡¡..+g]9ey of tigestion ¿nd ì-etabolis: i:l ihe F.u:rinant,,. 

å.'r . phil_lipson, ed ) . Oriel_ ?ress Linited. 

i\ewcestl_e "( upon i1'ne , ingJ_anci. 

A.0._{.c. L965. 

Cfficial i-ethods of Analrvsis (f Otn e¿. ) 

George Ðanta Publishing öo. Ì,_enasha, ',i:is. 

¡-.Ò.A.C. t97L. 

Cfficial ¡'..ethods of Anali'sis (llth ed. ) 

Ceorge Eanta Publishing Co. j,.enasha , iiis. 

Èaker, -!.H., D.I. Eecker, iÌ.ii;. Norton, A.ä. .lensen encl E.C. äe:.non. 

I oÁo 

_L,vsine imbalance of _ corn protein in growing pig. 

"t. 

Anir,r. Sci. 28 : 23 . 

Eehm, 1. l-954. 

ilber den linfluss der Ã.ohfoser in 

des Darnverlust- Stickstoffs nach 

Kaninchen und Schweinen. 

Arch. Tierernahrung t+: Lg7. 

EeIl , 

P. H. 195l+. 

( Cit ed b¡' i(akada , l:. L . 197 t.) . 

,çlutt er auf die ì-ense 

Versuchen an.r"attanl 

ÐeIl , T.Ì1. L95L. 

l;utrient reouirernents 

q for Canadian Torkshire swine. li. 

stuCy of tlhe li'sine, tr¡.ptophen, :,iÈofla.,:in anã-penioihenic 

acr_c. recu.:.:'enents ot' pÍgs-v:eighing jC to I0C pounCè. 

Can. i.'-{nj.:. Sci. 4lri -106. "

E; arnason, ¿-. anci ä. "r . Carpenter. l97O . 

ilechanisn of heat danaþe in pi.oteins. 

changes Ln pure prct:iñs. - 

Erit . J. llu'ur . 24 | 313 . 

206 

Eorgströn, 8., -{. Dahlqvíst, G. Lundh and ,-I . Sjövall . L957, 

Studies of intestiñal dígestion and absorpiio;-i; tná-nunan. 

.j. Clin. Invest. 3ó: L5aI. 

Eorgström, 8., A. Dahlovist, E.E. Gustafsson, G. Lundh and 

.i. Ìtalno-uist. 1959. 

ïr¡rpsín, inverta se and an¡rlase content of feces of 

éç;¿:r¿¡i:Ë 

¡clUÞ. 

Proc. Soc. Exp. Êiol. l.led. I02: I5L+, 

Eorr'land , J. P. L962. 

AdCition of l','sine and or a tranouili øer Lo 1or^r protein, 

so¡rbean neal êupplementeã "rii;;;-¡;;-ã;";i"Ë"b"ã;;";is". 

J. .{ni:. Sci. 2I: 852. 

Ê-^ j,re€:ê, -^ 

:-! Þ J.-tj., J.-1 . Uul',_Ð.I. Greene., ?.'j.. i.'alCroup and 

E.L. Stephenson. 1966. 

Conpariscn of anino acids 1¡ nilo and co:,n. 

Poultry Sci. 45t LO72 (¡-bstr. ) 

ErauCe, _R..,. K.G. l-ítchetl, -r-.lf . I_¡,'res, ll."r. i,íe'r¡port and 

^¿-. Cuth.bertson. 1972. 

?he replacen:elt of protein concentrates b;, s¡rnthetic 1¡,sine 

in the diet of ¡5rowing pigs. 

Erit. ,_'. Nutr. ã7: Lóg'. - 

Ërovin, .:i.!. , i-.L. Levine end ì:. Lipkin. 1963. 

(Cited 'c:¡ 9euconneau, C. and l-,C. j.ichel. l9?O). 

Euraczev¡ski, S., i.l.i.G. Porter, E.A. i.ol1s and î. Zebrov.,ska. 

I Otl 

¿' I L. 

The course of digesticn of different food pr"oteins in the 

rât. 2. The effect -of feeding carboh:'drat,e r¡ith p::ote in. 

Erit. "T. llutr. 25 z 299 . 

CaIhoun, "".-.i_. ,- F_.ìi. iÌepburn anC li.E. Eradle¡r. 1960. 

ihe availabilit¡r oi I¡rsine in v¡heat, flou:., Éread and 

ðl ù+ âh 

J. liutr. 70: 337. 

Cerlson, ii.ll. and Ii.S. Eavle.¡. I9ZC. 

iÌi.trcgel and arnino acids- in feces of 1¡cung piss receÍrring 

a prot:in-free diet anC Ciets containing lråaãa Ler,¿ls ci 

so¡,'bean oí1 i;lea1 or casein. 

.I . i.iutr. 1C0: t353 .

,1È¡¡c, I¡ lOÁ, 

iff ect of carboh,','drat e s on ut ilizât ion of protein 

erd 1j- s inê b;. rats. 

.T 'trr+- nÒ. .1 

Chang, S.f. and H.L. Fuller. Ig6L. 

fffect of tannin content of grain sorghuns on theij. 

feeCing value for growing chicks. 

Poult:'1' Sci. 43: 3C. 

Cho,_C.Y., F.D. IÌorney and l.S. Ea;rfsy. L97L. 

Exenination of the ârnino ecids in' ileal Ci_gesta anC 

Íeces of carnulated pies. 

FeC. Proc. lC: 2-r5 1¡.Èstr. ). 

0on59r_ r., ;. â Penot, H. Charlier and f,. Saccuet . !9/.i. 

ì -Stabolisne du iat rrgem-freert. 

-r.nn. Eiol . Anirnale, Ðiochin. Eiophi-s. j: 163. 

Cranpton, X.i,'. and l.i. ilarris . 1969. 

.l-pp1i-eC .r,ni¡:al llutrit,Íon. (2nd Ei. ) 

r,. .lJ. F¡eenan and Co. , San francisco. 

206A 

Ðanners , j. L96l+ . 

. Yerteringsstudi es blz het varken. Faktoren van j-nvloecÌ 

op cie ';ertering der -¡ceder ccaponenten en Ce ve rt 3 erbaa:"he i.d 

der aninozu:'en. 

iÌ.i. ÐrukkerÍj ttl:est-Frieslandtr, liorn. 

de l.¡elenaere, I-i. j.Ii., I.-.L. Chen and i..E. Flarper. 

Assessnent o.i factors influenci-ng estinatLon 

availebilitj¡ in cereel proiuct s. 

j. Agric. Food them. 15: lIS. 

of I..sine 

lr:per, S.ì. 7973 , 

Anino aci.d.proÍi1es of chenical and anatonícal fractions 

o; oet gre1ns. 

..T. Sci. Food Âgric . 2d : l-àlrt. 

Ðurafd, G., Q. Fauconneau and i. Pénot. 1966. 

Grol¡Lh of tissues in the rat and cuelity of protein in 

the Ciet; influsnce on nunber anC size ôf ceils. 

Ann. Biol. -{nÍnale, Biochin:. Eiophys. 6:. 389. 

Easter, R..À.. I972. 

Ln i::lpi.orred -r-echnicue 

¡- for ciete¡-r:tining anino acid ar¡ai.labiLi.t:: 

rr¡ -¡ Pr¿ -- Þ . 

i-. Sc. lhesis, Texas A â, ì- Llniversitl', :exas.

247 

aster, R.-4-. and T. D. îanksley, Jr. 1973, 

A technicu-e for re-entrant ileocecal c¡.nnulation oí srr'ine. 

"'. -¡-nin. Sci. 35: 1099. 

Eastwood, l.I. A. 1973 . 

Vegeiable fibre: its ph¡'s1¿¿I properti.es. 

Proc . l'lutr. Soc . J 2: 137 . 

Eggur,r, E.3. 1958. 

-Á.iri.no syrekoncentration og Prot e in-kvalíte t . 

Stougaards Forlag, Copenhagen. 

rggun, Ð.C. 1969. 

Paper (in Danish) fron the fourth Scandinavian grein 

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lron landöiiononish forsõg slab ora t o:.iun, iìoli¿heisve; 25, 

Copenhagen). 

ngg'.un,8.3. I97I. 

Conpari-tive protein evaluation l.¡ith r ets anci ba'ci' 

fnternational Si'nposiun: tr-Â.rnino -a-ciis ia llninal 

l¿^1,.-^ I'eaD 

iggun, E.C. 1973. 

l- study of certain factors influencing protein utilization 

in rats and pígs. 

Eeretn. Fors/gslab. LA6. 

Eggun:, E.C. and K.D. Christensen. I975. 

Influence of tannin on protej.n utÍlization in feeistuffs 

rvith special reference to barlev. 

In rrEreeding for seed protej.n improvanent using nucl:ar 

+ a ¡È¡ i ^rra a l? 

International Âtonic Xne.rgy Agency, Yienna. 

irbersdobler, T. and G. Riedel. 1970. 

.(Cited 'cy Salter, D.lJ., Ï:.f . Coates and D. ilewitt , 197t+.) 

::',,-^-r '] D D r'^.rf 'J ;1-eêòh tr nLarlier a.nd j. I saccuet. 

J. r .¿ . r-vE:{., ¡1. .i-\ ù-v¡I , i.. ç¡i. 

\961'. ' 

Faecal Iipids in gerni-free end conventional rats. 

Erit. J. ixp. Pethol . 45: t+09. 

ìu,iart, "r..À-.Ð. Lg67. 

Anino acid analirses of glutenins and gliadins, 

.1 . Sci. Food ^4gr. 18: L1I. 

äusb andryrt . 

Farrell, D.J. and K,A. .rohnscn. L972. 

LItillzation of cellulose by pigs and its effect on caecel 

function. 

.Á.nin. P:'od . 1l¿: 2A9 .

Fauconneau, G. and lI.C. IIichel . 1970. 

The role of gastrointestinal tract in the Ì"egulat j-on of 

protein netabolisn:r. fn ttllar:rneLien Protein lletabolisnrt. 

1¡o1 . fV. (H.II. l-unro, ed. ) Acaderiric Press. l.iew York. 

Filipot , P. , R. ,-r. Eelzile and c. i. Erisson. 19?1. 

Availability of the anino acids in caseip, fish neal , 

soya protein and zein as ¡ieasured ín the chicken. 

Can. J. Aninr. Sci.51 : 801 . 

Folkes, E.F. and f.r.d. Yenrr. '1956, 

The anrino ecid content of proteins of berlei¡ Erains. 

Eiochero. ¿.6Z: l+. 

Ga1lo , "-. T. and 'r.:. G . Fond . I96e , 

Anilo acid suppl ernenta t ion to a1l-corn di-ets for piEs. 

,-T. Anirn. Sci . ZT : 73 . 

208 

Gal-lo, i.T., trtl.G. Pond anC J.W. Logon:arsino. L96e, 

Response _of earll'-treaned pigs to anino acid supplerßentet ion 

oI corn daets. 

J. Âninr. Scí. 27: 1000, 

Giovannetti, P.Ìi., S.C. Stothers end F,.J. Parker. L97A. 

Coprophagy prevention and availabilit.rr 6¡ anino aciCs in 

wheat fcr the grc',{ing ret. 

Cen. .I. .{nin. Sei. 50: 269 . 

Cordon, T.A. and E.S. l,'ostnenn. 1960. 

llorphological stuCies on the gerrnfre e elbino rat. 

Anaa. Re¿ . L37: 65, 

Gordon, Y..4. and E. Êruckne r-Kardo s s . f96f. 

nffect of norr¿al microbial flora on intestinal surface area. 

Amer. J. Physisl . 2C1 : 175. 

Gupta, J.D., 4.tl. Ðakrourl,, A.E. Herper and C.4.. !h.ehje¡:. 

't o

C. P:ers ^h^ 

in rqhe at 

oo? 

lt 

:1 

!ît- 

^ 

eL^,, 

u-n1a L1-^ 

^'¡q:êi ^ ..:s 

'.'cl lii. 

i ¡ ¡,li'¡c 1'¿- 

-Éì 

r---^ 

ôri ñ^ ^ ^.1 -: 

10q? 

: I : Llron: L¿-er. 

rni : ¡ _^.¡-^-, 

?c9 

i ri:s- i r-: ..ri .t-i- ni -. 

4l- ô^--ri ^* ¡* 

CUJV.L P L TU:I -L¡I 

:nd c ertâin 

oi 

hôl -+^; !^

iìugli, i.I. and S. Ì_oore. L972. 

Deterninê.tion of the tr¡rptophan cont"n-e of protei-ns 

b-y lgn- exchange -chromatôiraþh¡, oí alkaline liã"ãi.;ã.-_us. 

"'. Eiol . Chen. 2t+7 : ZtZÈ , 

ïr1',_.C..tr., !-.8. Eragg and I.L. Stephenson. I97l . 

The avaílabiIit-v- of ar:ino acidè fron: so.r,báan neal for 

the rror¡ring chiäk. 

Poultry Sci. 5C: l*08. 

johnson, V.A. and C.L. La1'. L97U. 

Genetic inprovement oi plant protein. 

"'. !.9r. Food Che¡n. 22: - 558.. - 

Jones, Q.E.,.4. Caldr¡;ell anC ä.Ð. l;iidness. I94S. 

Conpareti.ve grov;th pronoting values of próteins of 

cereal grains. 

J. trÌutr. 35: 6lg. 

Ju, J.S. and E.S. N¡sset. 1959. 

Changes in total ni'r,rogen content of sone abioninal 

viscera in fasting anci reaLinentation. 

,.1. ìriuir. 68: 633, 

r¡^t-^J^ 

-rd¡\dLld 

r1 r 

, 1,i...!. f, I +. 

Eiochenical basis for the differences in p1ent, protein 

utilization. 

J . -¿.gr . Food Che;r. 22 : 

- - 

2ro 

Kihlberg, R. and L.il . iricson. L96L. 

.{n:ino acid conposition of 11,¿ flour and . the influence cf 

anrino acid ^gupplementation of :.1,e flour anci L,read on gro.,rth, 

nítrogen efficíenc¡r ratio ¿nd liver fat in the gro"in!-,.t. 

"I. Ilutr. S2: 385 . 

Y4øaaih Ð ¡ a r o^..--J---- ---,! 

r!..r_¿ Þuri, 11 .:. , ù. ! . saunders anci .Í. F. E.rock. 1gó9. 

Anino acid transport in experimental proteín_òalorie 

malnutrition. 

-{mer . .I . Clin. Nutr . 2L : l3OZ . 

l{uiken, i( . A . and C . i.i. Lynran. Lg4e . 

Availability of anino acids in sone foods. 

i. ilutr. 35: 359. 

Íuiken, ä.-Â.. 1952. 

Availability of- the essentiel anino ¿cids in cottonseec near. 

J . Nutr. /+ô : L3 .

zTL 

;êpor'"e, T. and J. îrer:o1íères. L9Q. 

lnhibiting action of rice, oat, c,ej-ze , barle Lr, r¡,,e ancl 

buckwheat neals on sone proteoÍr'tic eázynes ôf tLe pãtr.r"r". 

C.i.. Soc. EioI. 156: IZ6L. 

Larson, i{.L. and E.c. I-ìí11. I96C. 

Anine îornation anci retabolic activity of nicroorganisms in 

the-iIeu¡l_of youls swine fed chlorte-,,¡acj¡c1ine. -" 

";. Êacteríol . 80: I88. 

Levenson, S.:r-. and Ë. îennant . 1953. 

Contr.ibutions of intestinal nic¡'oflora to the nutrition 

of the host anirnal . sone netaboric and nutritionai siucies 

with gern-free aninals. 

Fed. Proc. 22: f09. 

Linds-tedt, -G., S. LinCstedt and E.E. Gustefsson. Lg65. 

i-ucus in intestinal contents of ger.rfre e rets. 

J. ;,:rp. l.ed. 12Ì : zCL. 

L1oyd., L.f ., Ð.G. Dale and E.i,'. Cranpton. r9it. 

îhe rol-e of the cecun in nutrieni utilizáiion 'cy the piê. 

"t. Anim. Sci. 17: 6e4. 

Loesche, i,'.;. L96t. 

Á.c cul::ul at ion cf endogenous proiein in the cecun o.f the 

gern-free rat. 

Proc. Soc. ixp. Eio1. i.eC. I28: L9j. 

Luckei.', l. D. 1953 . 

fn llGernfree life- anci gnotobÍologyrr. (Ì.Ð. L,-rcke;.-, ei . ) 

Acadenic .Press. ìier,¡ ïoik . 

I.acGregor, R.:1.. L976. (-,-npublisheC) 

l.acrae, J.C. I975. 

ihe use òf re-entrant cannulàe to partition Cigestir,-e 

function l.¡ithin the gestro- int e stiira 1 t!.act of runinãnts. 

ïn rrÐigestion and Ì,-etabolisr: in the Runinant¡l 

(Ì-cDoneld, f .r.'i. and A.C.I. ;,:arner, eds. ) The 'jniversitl 

of }.ler^¡ lngland Fublishing i_lnit. /,r:r.ì Cale , l-ustralia . " 

ì.ason, V.C. end G. llÍlne. I,a7!. 

The digestion of bacteÍ'íaI nucopepti_d.e consii-uuents in 

the sheep. 2. ihe digestion oï äurar":ic aciC. 

,.r. AÊ;ric . Sci. , Camb. 77 : 99 . 

ì,ason, T.C. and i,. Falner. L973. 

The influence of bacterial activiti,, in the alinentar:¡ canal 

of rats on faecal nitrogen excretiän. 

Acta Agric. Scand. 2l: 14L.

ì-cLaugh1an, "'.;:., S. Yenkat Êao, i..r. iioal anC 

-¡..8. i_orriscn. 1967. 

Elood ani no acid studles. yI . Lrse of plasna ani-no ecid 

sco¡'e Íor predicting liniting anino aciä (s) ln ¿leta¡" 

¡¡¿r*a¡qe 

Can. "I . Eiochen. 45: 3L. 

212 

I'icLaughlan, .T.l-. L,o72. 

iíutritional evaluetion of proteins bi' biological nethoCs, 

Cereal ScÍence ToCay 17: -162. 

l,'a¡'or' -I lJ IO

i-unck, L. I96t+. 

-'^^''^..3 

-ire !,ar'.rëLaon of nutritÍcnal value in barle¡,. -L-. ïariet¡r 

ând nitrcgerl fertirizer effects on che¡:icai" òonpåsition an

ã".irç, Pâ!.Î,lê ri ¡i.iJ., T rî u-.ì,. F a^-L^ jonrbs, Ð : -¿: R:R. Kifer ¡^- and -- p,G. Sn¡rcìe:". 196g. 

ïnvestigation of prótein o.uality: ileal recorr"r;'. ãi - 

anino acids. 

Fed. Proc.27: 1199. 

PhilJ-ipson, l_.T. 19jZ. 

(Cited br'ì-acÌìae, "'.C. L?75.) 

Pond, _ï,'.G., J.H. ilaner and F.A. Linares. l-97J- 

. Liniting -arnino acids ìn Colunbían fl.ourj._Z corn for 

groïrth oî :.¡ot-rng rats. 

J. -Anirrr. Sci. 332 787. 

Yoppe , 5. and ii. t.eier. I97L. 

.YergleichenCe betrachtunEen d=r eninosaüren rescrption 

bei'¡erschiedene tierartãn. 

.Á.rch. líe:.ernährung ZL: |3l-. 

Ð¡ef¡t I' lô(t 

J.7 ) I . 

Ðer einfluss genetischer unC ökologischer faktor:n auf 

den eiwesshauëhalt, \'on sonnerg."-iån. a"",-op se n unter 

besoncei.er ber'ück si cht igu.ng dãr exogeneä ã¡r:.noåäuren. 

Zuchter. 26: Zl.'L, 

Pulse, _R.I., J.P. Ëaker anci G.Ð. potier. 1973. 

Iffects of cecal fistulation upon nutr"ián-t digest,ion and 

indicator :'etenii on in ho:'ses.' 

J. 4.nin. Sci. 37 : 488. 

iìobbins, G. S. , ï. Pomeranz anci Ì.i.'. !r ir--l . . I o':l 

.Aniáo aciá conposition ãi oãt À"ããiËl-"' L't!' 

J. Lgr'1c. Food Chen. 19: 536. 

R.osenberg, :i.P-., A. Culik and R.l. fckerj.. Io5c 

!:'siñá arcÌ ihreonitt" =ulprä.ru"tãiïà-"å¡ ríóá, 

J. Ì\iutr. 69; ZL?, 

P.ose-nberg,_ H.ì,. , I.L. Rohdenburg and F..E. fcliert. I9óOa. 

l-,ult-iple enino acid supplen:ãntation of r.¡hite cori ¡reã1 , 

J. llutr. 72: 415. 

2LI+ 

Roselberg, !1.R., ¡.L. F,.ohCenburg end R.E. ickert. l96Ob. 

Supplenentation of bread prõtein r,,;i th l;,rsine anci'thr.ãonine . 

J. llutr. 72: l+23. 

Salter, l.ll. ani li.:. Coates. I9?A, 

Proc . fnt. . Congr. llutr. r,rÌIt-. pracue .

Salter, D.11 . and 1.,i.ì. Coates. L97L. 

The influence of the nicroflora of ti,e alinentarlr tract 

on protein digesticn in the chick. 

Brit . .j . llutr. 26: 5i . 

Salter, D.l:l and R,"'. Ful_ford. l97L+, 

The influence of the gut n:icroflora on the digestion of 

dietary and endogenous proteins: studies of fha a¡:ino 

acid composition of the excrete of gern-free anC 

conr,'entÍonel aninals. 

Erit. J. ltutr. 32l. 62 j . 

Salter, D.ll., l:.r. Coates anC Ð. I{evritt. . L9TL. 

- The utiliza.tion of protein and excretion of u:"ic aclC 

gern-free 

in 

and conventicnal chicks. 

Erit. .i. iiutr. 11: 307. 

2L5 

Sauer, l.r.C. 1972. 

A't ailabilit:' of_ enino acids fron bar-l e:¡, wheat , trj.tical_e 

and so.'bean neal for gror,ling swine. 

ll. Sc. Thesis, Lrniversiti' of llanitoba, 1,,'i¡¡i. çg. 

Sauer, r,l.C,, P.j:, Ciovannetti ånC S.C. Siothe:'s . I97t+, 

.¡-vailabilit;' of_ anino acids fron ba:"1e,,, .l^,'h e at , 

and so-r'be an neel for growing pígs. 

Can. .I. Anir:. Sci. 5L: 97-Ijj. 

' trit icale 

Saunders, il..l:. , :j.C. t'lalker. .Tr.. anC G.O. j{ohler. . 1969. 

Al-euron¡ ce1ls qnC the digesti bitit-r, of r.¡heat niil_' f e:Cs . 

Poultrw Sci. L8: !t+97 . 

Saunders, F".l.l. and G,O, Kohler. L9?2. 

fn '¡itro Ceternination of pi-otein Cigestibiliti' in rrrheat 

:ni11f:eds f or. nonogastric äni¡e1s. 

Cêreal Chen. l+9: -98. 

qL^+l^- t\Î rf 

^ ñ 

--n:rrar, r:.ir.., ,J. -. -F"ankin, .j.F. ll¡nen ¿nd I,j.G. g:"ance . L9L?. 

Ìnvestigation of the pioïi::let e' cheni cal cor:position of the 

seperate bran layers of wheet. 

Cereel Chen. 2l+: Itl . 

Shimada, .¡1. anC T. R . Cline . L97 L. 

linitin.-z ai.ino acids of triiicele for ihe growin€ ret 

c . j,n:Ii. bci. Ji: 94t. 

Sl:de, L.Ì:., i. Eishcp, J.G. ì_orrÍs a¡..1 1..;. ìoLinson. 19?1, 

Jl-gestion ar:.d . a'osorption of 15 i:-labeiIcd .-.:icrot -; á1 prot e in 

in 'uire large intestine oí t,he ho:'se. 

F.r : * Ì¡¡r .: 1aJ . -,.1

' 2l-6 

Snook, J.T. 1965, 

Jffect of iiet on inteslinal proteoJ_7sis. 

Fed. Proc. 24: 9tI. 

Snook, J.T. anci J.ii. l:le-ver. t964a. 

'i.esponse of digestive enzyme s to dietar¡,. proieins. 

,-. itrut,r. Ë2 : 409: 

Sncok, .T.T..and J.H. Ì-er¡er. L964b. 

Effect oí diet and digestive processes on proteoli.,tì-c 

.:. 

J. ilutr . 83 : 9l+ . 

Soare.sr'J.il., .ir. and R.R. Kife:.. I97L 

Evaluetions of protein c-uality based on resicual an:ino 

acids of 'r,he ileal contents of chicks. 

Poul--,,rj/ Sci. 5A: 41 . 

Sod.ek, L. and û.I\i. llIilson. f971. 

Ar:ino ací

l,liting, F. and L.li. Eezeau. 1957a. 

ihe ¡retabolic fecaL nitrogen excretion of the piE es 

influenced by the anount õf flbre in rhe ratioh änd 

by bodyweight. 

Can. .1. Anirn. Sci . 37: 9j. 

'rJhiting, F. and L.l.l. Eezeau, 1957È. 

The ¡retabolic fecal nitro_gen excretion of the pig as 

infLuenced by the type of-fibre in the ration ãnã t,y 

oooyl'Je]-gnt. 

Can. J. Anim. Sci. 37: lC6. 

I',rillia¡rs, C.H., D..'. Ðavid ancì C. Lisnaa. L962. 

The determination of chror:ic oxide in feóes sanples by 

ato¡ric absorption spe ctropliot oaetry. 

;. -A-gric . sci . 5g:' 3g.I ." 

i,¡rsocki , L. A. and .I. P. Eaker. Ig7Z. 

Eacterial _protein digestion in the e c-ui-ne lower gut. 

.'. ¡t-nin. Sci. 35: 225 (t¡str. ) 

Zebronska, T. L97je. 

Influence oí dietary protein source 

digestion in the sanll intestine of 

end conposition of digesta. 

Rocz . ltlauk R.ol . Ë-95-I , Ll5 . 

on the rate of 

pigs. ï. Anount 

Zebror,;ska, 1. I973b. 

fnfluence of dietary protein source on the rate cf 

Cigestion in the san1l intestine of piss. II. The 

rate of protein d_igestion ani enino ãclC absorption. 

Rocz. llauk RoL. E-95-I , 136. 

2L7

APPENDIÏ TABLE 1, Analysís,of variance between treatments for study 1: Mean 

squares for apparent amino acld avaiLabilities aird apparent 

nitrogen and dry matter digestibil.Íties. 

Source of Variatlon 

Degrees of Freedon 

AMTNO ACTDS 

Ess_entiel 

ARG 

HTS 

ÏI,E 

Î,EU 

IYS 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Ess ential 

_r-LÃ_- 

ÂSP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NTTROGEN 

DRY I.T,AITER 

x (p(0.05) 

xx (P

APPENDIX TABL,E 2. Analysis of 

squares for 

Source of Variation 

Degrees of Freedom 

AMTNO ACIDS 

Essential 

HIS 

ILE 

LEU 

tYs 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential- 

--rffiF---- 

ASP 

GLU 

GLT 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

NTTNOGEN 

( P

¡lPPlllDrx r¡nll 3. Thc Índlviduêl apperent ileal and faecal amino Ecid av¿irabilities 

fron co¡n_in_studl' 2Ð, jn êdditlon to nitrogen and dr.,,, maiter 

dígestibilÍties and a1'.rege dêi.11, dry rnattei intake. ' 

P]NTOD 

PIG llt:?:ìti 

LOCATION 

ArrNc ^crDs (i;) 

Ussential 

-ÃTmllIS 

TLiJ 

LXU 

t,rf 3. 

t:tTr 

PIIE 

TM 

V,{L 

l.lon- jis sential 

GLU 

PRO 

TTR 

t:tTR0ctit,l 

DRÏ ÌITTUR? 

DNY T,ATTËR, 

Dnl:,'.tÂT1 ER 

INTAJíE 

t9.8 

ti9.1 

89.4 

9+.O 

o).L 

92.2 

8r.1 

90.? 

85.8 

84.9 

9),2 

73.3 

12.? 

llo.J 

91, O 

B0.l 

81.8 

l.765 

) 

T,¡\ECDS 

9t.1 

93 .2 

e,7 . (, 

93 ,5 

68.i, 

90'¿l 

8 j.3 

87 .) 

89 ,6 

È,o. tr 

do 1 

93 .4 

9) .r 

90.2 

89,¿l 

BB.3 

89,3 

ILi'U¡':. FÂICDs TLNIÛ! 

88.2 92.5 

89.7 92.6 

87.) 86.6 

92.4 93.1 

d't a !,r t 

92.2 8S. r+ 

9c.3 90.7 

80.o 85,t+ 

tì4.4 S7.1 

89.2 90,7 

8t+.7 86.t0 

84.9 89,3 

92.) 9t+.5 

89.6 92.3 

E5 .9 9r.2 

8 9.1 89 .6 

e) .9 8t .5 

8l.l 0¿.9 

L765 

TT 

FÂECIS ILTU;i IA¡C¿S 

89.6 %.2 89.6 

89 ] 95.o 88.9 

94.2 90. t 88.6 

91,.4 95.1 93.1 

8[.0 e j.6 8z.z 

91 ,4 92.2 91.!, 

9),4 92.9 91.5 

82.5 88. 5 80.1 

88.1 89 ,5 86,3 

91.1 92.6 89. t, 

86 .9 87 .r 8t+.7 

76.11 9r.8 78. ¿r 

gb.o 95.O 92.t+ 

77 .2 87 .8 69 .2 

È4. L, 9L.2 75,6 

87.4 92.3 85,6 

9r.7 9r.6 89.8 

8t+.2 

80.7 

S2. ¿! 

1900 

ol , dâ . 

90.3 79.8 

81./t 

1900 

[or thq determination of lllìT and CYS êveilabilities, faeces from the z 

sanê diet during each pêrticular t.est pcriod, were iooled. 

Dry matter digestibilíties in this ror,¡ v¡ere based on the chronic oxide r¡ethod, 

Dry matter digest.ibilities in this row uere l¡ased on total collection, 

93.3 

96 .r 

94.2 

9¿1.6 

86.5 

92.8 

90.0 

92.) 

91.8 

95 ,r 

92.3 

9r .5 

91.8 

90,1 

pigs, fed the 

85.9 

87 .6 

86.4 

91.8 

92.O 

89 'z 

?7.o 

83 ,9 

FtIc¡ls 

9L.6 

92.6 

86.8 

93 .5 

80,6 

87.9 

94.7 

85.4 

87 .5 

88.1 90.1 

82.6 85.5 

83 .1 89.6 

2\.2 22-? 

I z. I ë).t+ 

8t+.3 9¡,, o 

8l ,B 9o.7 

88.1 89.? 

82. I 88 .,t 

60.0 .89,6 

79.? 

1900 

ILDUi'; ¡"{DCUS 

6r. j 

85 .0 

8.1.0 

88.8 

92,o 

86 .9 

72.1+ 

79.3 

82.8 

78.6 

83 .1 

87 .9 

6r,t 

69 .3 

80.1 

.81r.2 

77,r 

1900 

B7 .l+ 

92.3 

81.9 

87 ,9 

90 ,) 

84. ¿ 

87 ,6 

89 .5 

86.0 

¿9.6 

d5.ó 

9r .l+ 

89.3 

88.2

^PP¡NDIX î^nLX l+, The individuel aFpêrent ileal and faecaf enino âcid avâilabitities 

fron barÌe:¡ in study 2a, in eddition to nit¡ogen and dry matter 

digestibilities and average dail"\' drl. matter intake, 

IL]] 

LDU 

T,Y5, 

T-ETT 

TI]È 

1'¡.L 

llon-Essential 

¡LÂ 

cïsI^3F- Pn0 

1LR 

¡\:rTRoctì¡t ^ 

DtìY t;^,. T:tÍ 

läY I-,'li"i':ÌtJ 

Dnï L^TTritì. I 

7,4.4 

78,8 

7 8.6 

7.L.2 

80.7 

80.1 

66,6 

68.2 

8L .5 

¿5.5 

72. tr 

?7.rt 

7l+.6 

62,6 

65.O 

766 

87,5 e3.9 

9r.7 8r.9 

¿r,8 81.0 

85.6 83 .0 

76.7 73 ,6 

80.0 80.7 

87.3 83,7 

1ô A 1) â 

tll 1 ?o 2 

/o. / /t.t 

7 5.3 7L.9 

Ë8.6 Ê1.5 

92.3 I8.0 

81,8 

(,t¡.6 

2?.9 91.7 

ë).) /tt.t 

8t,.3 60., 

r). / / /.é 

82.7 7a.4 

''lo 

1 1t',/, 

Il;T¡li[ (¡'./da], ) 

I' ?-' 3 \he sar¡e as in ^pFendi-.., Table 3 

90.7 

83.r 

8?.o 

80.0 

87 .9 

8tr'9 

77.O 

78. 9 

8¿t.6 

91.1 

8lr . t'. 

83 .7 

8l .1 

85.6 

8a.5 

76.6 

75.4 

75.6 

88.9 

74.O 

83.9 

81.1 

fll+.2 

7t.3 

190 2 

92.) 

8l .r 

87.0 

78.5 

¿e.2 

6t!.J 

78.o 

89.0 

82.7 

93 .L 

87 .5 

85 .0 

86.0 

83 .9 

80.? 

27.8 Qq.t, 88.0 

. 1r.6 9o.t 79.r n.5 

' 3z.o 9o.z za.o qz.i 

?5.7 el.4 7?.o 8l+.,, So.O Cr,. ¡ 

79.4 B5.r , 80.8 e7.o 81.5 ed.o 

ç9-.1 Z\.9 73.e 77 .e T.7 7).6 

qo.3 90.¡ 79.5 co.o 8r.l 4ô.0 ðí:3 

t'6.9 82.6 88.5 sz.ó l.s.'6 

óq.6 79.7 ?0.6 gz.L zt,z ir.á 

76.) 82.8 77.3 e4.9 7?.5 !,5.4, 

65.5 75.) 

67 ,s 76.6 

77 .3 e9. 0 

77.3 78.6 

7) .r i8.? 

7 4.t 8ô ,6 

6o.L. 'ìq.o 

îo.i ii.6 

? L.i 8¡1. ó 

85.t* J3.r!. 

e4.g 2r.7 

57,t+ 81.4 

t7.7 

68,t* 61 '),O .4 673 rli,g 

7t+.9 91.0 81.1 92.7 Cz.q .)i.2 

72.3 c'5.5 7?.6 87.6 ?5.6 iil.o 

77 .6 83 .6 78.t+ 86. 6 rlo. 2 S6.1 

70.6 g/*.r ?5.7 86.1 7),r n?.5 

(,6 .r ü .9 62 .6 ¿j .6 ó1r.0 dt . ? 

ó4. .3 66 .t 65 ,6 

rgAz I9O2 1902 

ÀJ 

¡\) 

H

.]\PPÛNDIX TABLIJ 5. ]'he i ndividual êpPsrent íleal and feêcâl ar,rino êcid av¿j.låbilities; 

trom vr¡éai.'i" "ti,äy ãa, in addition to nitrofen and dr]¡ natter ì 

.ligestibilities end avcra¡le daill' dry rnatter intake. 

PIRTOD 

PTC NUtlP.lilì 

LOCÂTTON 

ACrDS (ii ) 

Essential 

î1TN0 

ARG 

lll s 

rLn 

Li]U 

LÏ5. 

r-:1r 

PIIË 

VAL 

tlon-Ðssential 

ALÂ 

AfìPcÏst 

tìt u 

cT,v 

PRO 

TYR 

t'r-tTnoc[,tr . 

ILiìUH TIDCES :tllull r^l1cEs ll,EÛ]: F^[cils ]Lllui, FÂ[crs 

87.6 

86.0 

87 .2 

75,6 

88. É 

77.2 

e') .3 

71+.5 

76.2 

?,2,6 

92.8 

Bl+.9 

84. B 

P,6.o 

83.7 

DRY m,l'r EÌá ? 4.I 

ÐtÌr t,^ TT Jn-', ?i.9 

DNY I A]'TIIJI I? 59 

II:l ¡,iir (r/dFr ) 

o"o 

91+.6 

87.t* 

o)t 

8ó.r 

88.7 

e3 .7 

82 .9 

96 .7 

88,7 

95,5 

92,I 

89. r 

90.6 

l' 2' ) Tye same es ln AFfendix, ]¡b1c 3' 

84.0 9r.2 85.4 9t,2 

e6.9 gJ.r+ 89 3 93.8 

8l .9 89. r 91, .6 86.9 

Pr, .l 90. e 86.7 89.t, 

?o.t+ 7?,t¡ 76.1 78.2 

àt+ .7 87 . r+ 86 .1+ ¿7 ,9 

86.7 92.3 88.3 90.8 

7\.5 85 .5 76. .a 8t+.3 

?8.7 88.1. Bl.r 86.1 

6? .? 8).2 7\-.2 80.1 

6? .5 8r.o 76.3 80.1 

82.6 q3.2 t5.6 %.6 

9L.) 96.9 .a2.6 96.1'. 

62.2 89.0 ?6.3 e7.r 

86.6 96,9 83.6 96.) 

80.8 92.O 85.r 9l. o 

83.2 138.6 85.2 87 .t+ 

77.8 rì9.9 t).8 90. t+ 

70 .3 e9 ,2 7) .7 88 .6 

7759 tÛ9¿! 

II 

B6.l 

85.t+ 

86.9 

t).t 

86.1 

8s.1 

?6.L 

82.6 

t? o 

?l+.8 

93 .o 

9a.6 

83 .) 

¿6.0 

Ð.6 

96.0 

90.5 

92.6 

82.tn 

87.9 

93,6 

88 .O 

90.3 

9tr,5 

93 .6 

97.t+ 

90.3 

96 .9 

93.2 

90.L 

82.2 92.5 

?2.9 è9.2 

L89t+ 

rl¡ruri Frl[cls ILtrJ]l I'Â llcns 

88.2 

89.2 

89 .4 

79.9 

88.8 

9l .6 

too 

â1:A 

79.5 

Ê1,r 

87 .5 

9l+.2 

8t .3 

75.o 

73.6 

l¿oL 

Ð.6 

95.3 

oì, 

92.8 

82.7 

9r.5 

94.O 

88,5 

90.5 

86 .5 

85.6 

9t+.4 

o?( 

90.6 

97 ,It 

9) .6 

9r.t, 

a), l 

86,2 Ð.r, 

9r.0 96.2 

85.7 89.9 

8C..9 9l.9 

76 .6 8r1.0 

88 .I 91.5 

89,0 9l .o 

?? .t+ 87 .8 

àj.5 89.5 

7 t+.O 85 .L 

76.6 rì4 .1 

87 .5 91+ .l) 

92. U 97.3 

dñt 

82.t* 97 .I 

d5n a)a 

16.tn 90.1 

B[.] 9r.5 

7?-.3

APPENDIJ( TÂBIE 6. Mean squâres of the analyses of variance for th€ aDparent 

ileal and faecal availabiLíties of the essential añino 

aclds for study 2a. 

ÂMINO ACIDS 

Source of ]rariatfoB 

Treatrnent (2)I 

Pertods (2) 

Pies (5) 

Location (l) 

Treatnents x 

LocåtÍon (2) 

Periods x Location (21 

Pigs x Location (5) 

Error (L6) 

1 

x 

to( 

ARG 

Hls 

58.79xx t35.olx')( 169.90x,\ zh7.o7Æ 

3.28 O,g2 2.3L 1.91 

6.80x g.g6x g.r+1 6.59 

382,20>Å '+76,6rs 75.L11

APPENDIX TABI,E 7, Mean squares for the analysls of varlance for the 

apparent lleal and faecaL avaiLabillti.es of the 

non-essential anino aclds, in addftion to nitrogen 

and dry natter dlgestlbtlttles for study 2a. 

AMINO ACIDS 

Squrce of variation 

Treatnent (2)l 

r. 

x 

Periods (2) 

Ptes (5 ) 

I,ocatlon (l) 

Treatnents x 

Í,ocatlon (2) 

Perlods x Locatton (2' 

Plgs x Locatlon (J) 

Error (1ó) 

ÂI,A 

8o5.02xx )'+7,22xx 

5.r7 7.29 

L7.64x L7,39x 

,Ì00.00Æ 2go.7oÆ 

,+6.3trÆ 2o.5Lx 

2.29 2.23 

8.t1 9,23 

4.87 ¡t.68 

Nu¡nbers ln parentheses lndicåte the degrees of freedon. 

(P4.05) 

(P@.01) 

GLY 

8t+.5l.loc L7l+.53xx 

L.38 L3.t+5 

3.82 bL.36xx 

L62.9grü 2288.orxx 

11.32xx L.56 

o.8) 3,.37 

1.4r 35.3Ø 

1.38 8.5r 

TYR 

100.73)o( 170.58xx 1?O, Ogxx 

0.20 2.O3 2.87 

25.O8 10.03x 7,26 

L167.36xx 633,36Æ tgt.OOro( 

7,29 Lt+.52x L2.6Lx 

b.Lg L,35 3.5L 

18.0t+ ,+.s3 2.25 

Lt.42 3,06 2.78 

L53.3ü¿ 265.IOxx 

o.95 2.20 

L,+.33'q 3.60 

682.95xx L796 '3,Lr;x 

12.8610( 5[.L6)cx 

L.33 0.5r 

4.b5 2.66 

l.60 5.75 

¡\) 

À)

APPENDIX TABLE 8. Mean squares of the analyses of variance for 

the apparent ileaI and fâeca1 availabilities 

of [ifET and CIS for study 2a. 

AMINO ACTDS MET cYs 

Sourcq of variation 

Treatnent (2 )l 

Periods (2) 

Pies (Z) 

Location (1) 

Treatnent x 

Location (2) 

Periods x location (2) 

Pigs x Location (2) 

Error (4) 

L?7.O3Æ 

2.75 

7.86 

0.14 

à.26 

0.2L 

L.62 

2.3t 

59.58 

0.83 

2.60 

383.64Ð' 

3.98 

5.O5 

0.16 

L2.lrZ 

llumbers in pàrentheses indicate the degrees of freedorc. 

(P

APPENDfX TABLE 9. The lnalir¡ídual metabollc 11e41 anino acid and nitrogen Levelsl, 

tn addltion to dry ¡trâtter digestlbilities and dally dry natter 

intake for plgs fed the nalntenance dieùs. 

LEVET, OF ALPHAFLOC (ø, 

PIG NUMBER 

AMINO ACTDS 

Essential 

ÀR0 

HTS 

ILE 

I,EU 

LÏS^ 

MET¿ 

PHE 

THR 

V.AL 

ASP 

GI,U 

GLY 

Pno 

SER 

TÏR 

NITROCEN 

DRY MATTER DTCESTIBÍLITY (ø)? 

DRY MATTER DIGESTIBILTTT (ø }4 

DRY MATTER TNTAKE 

I 3 

4 

.0ór .o39 

.o7, .065 

.r39 .L2? 

.186 . o85 

.l+6r+ .2r+3 

.o7, .06,+ 

.o2r+ .017 

,27L .181 

85.8 87.o 

9r.2 85.6 

825 162r 

. o4r 

.016 

.03r. 

.035 

.o33 

.o07 

.018 

.Ol+2 

.0ll+ 

.Ol+2 

.oóo 

.L22 

,L22 

.494 

,072 

.or5 

.224 

86.4 

88.7 

1560 

rl 

.o27 ,o35 .04ó 

.o09 ,012 .016 

.o29 ,o33 .o3o 

.o3¡¡ .01+8 .046 

.028 .039 .046 

.008 .o11 . otl 

.oL7 .O27 .O29 

.038 .o52 .o47 

.o32 .O43 .041 

.o35 .Ot+5 .061 

.o59 .O72 .076 

.LO7 .lzt+ .120 

,090 .090 .L29 

.2b8 .27O .4t+9 

.o59 .O55 .062 

.orlt .021 .019 

.\76 .222 .31O 

86.9 86,7 77.L 

90.8 86.3 90. o 

t¡.59 L586 52L 

Expressed as grans per iOO gran dry ¡natter intake. 2 Deterrnlned by acld hydrolysLs ! 

fleal dry natter d1gèstfbtllties ln thls row vrere based on the chronlc oxlde nethod. ] 

fleat-

ÂPPEI'lDrr TABLE Lo, The lndividual Í¡etabollc faEcal a¡nlno acid and nitrogen levelsl, 

. In adrJitlon to dry natter dlgesttbllltles for pigs fãa tñe -nalntenance 

diets. 

PIG NI'}IBER 

AMINO ACIDS 

Ëssential 

--TRG- 

HIS 

II,E 

I,EU 

LYS^ 

I4ET¿ 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

--rrî- 

ASP 

GLU 

c¿T 

PRO 

SER 

TÏN 

NITROGEN 

DRY MATTER DIGÐSÎIBILITY (ø) 

.049 

.oL7 

' Otld 

.060 

.068 

.o25 

.ot+1 

. 050 

.055 

.0,66 

.101r 

.130 

.o55 

.060 

. o49 

.036 

.204 

90.1 

.0¡rg 

.o?3 

'o92 

'otrz 

, ot+l 

.034 

-026 

. r.50 

9o.0 92 

1 Expressed as grams per 1OO grân dry natter inteks. 

2 Deternlned by acld hydrolysls. 

.92? 

.010 

.o31 

.937 

.g4o 

.ql5 

.925 

.o3o 

.o34 

.o19 

.008 

,O27 

.O37 

.038 

.011 

.o21 

.026 

.O29 

,o24 

.o1ó 

.O28 

.Otrz 

,036 

.OL2 

.026 

.03o 

.o33 

.o58 

. o20 

.O7L 

.!25 

.o9i 

.O3t+ 

.o7t+ 

.0óô 

,085 

.0r+1 .036 .0,10 .log 

,065 .016 .c/62 ,L53 

.o93 .o82 .o77 .L97 

.q¡r .o28 .o32 . o87 

.o34 .032 .026 .109 

.o3g .o34 .o28 .o?i 

.or8 .016 .o2o .oü 

.L20 .111 .L33 ,323 

.o 92.2 9L,2 85,8 

.o22 .0r+1 .03r 

.009 .o18 . old 

.03o .046 .038 

.or+[ .o72 .O57 

.o37 .O59 .O5t+ 

.0r3 .020 .OL9 

.o28 .043 .O35 

.O33 .O50 .0,¡L 

.036 .05r+ .ob5 

.0[r+ .066 .056 

.0ó6 .101 .086 

,09o .13O .116 

.o33 .05r .0r+rr 

.o57 .063 .o53 

.o39 .O5) ,O45 

.o22 .O31 .026 

.L35 . r.98 .166 

87.3 86.5 86.À 

'05L 

.079 

.lLt 

. or¡1 

.062 

.Ol+5 

.o23 

,169 

85.9 

.05l+ 

.o8L 

.106 

.o42 

.055 

, o44 

.o25 

.169 

d6.8

APPEND* 'ABLE 11' Ti:ir;f,Tîiîì":l iiîlåË:; 

Source of VariatÍon 

Degrees of Freedom 

AT1]NO ACTDS 

Essent iaI 

-tr-nT- 

LTTC 

ÏLE 

LEU 

M¡ 

¡r:ET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

--lïî_- Irion-Essential 

ASP 

CLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

N TTROGEN 

DRY I,IATI'ER 

xx 

( P

DDi:¡nTi1'r1' ñ1 

^ ^ E.r ¿r ì ¡II 1¿J¡{]J¿.t ! ¡\DJJJJ J-'. ^ 

229 

The individual apparent faecal ar:rino 

acid avail-abilities fror:r barle;' i n 

study 2b, in addition to nitrogen 

and dr]' rnatter digestibilities. 

PERTOÐ -r 1 111 

PïG I'llll'ßER 

AÌ'lmo AcIÐs (É) 

Essential- 

AR,G 

HÏS 

ILE 

iEU 

],YS 

¡81 

.r-J1¿ 

T,TR 

YAL 

Ìion-Es s ent ial 

ALA 

ASP 

GI,U 

GiY 

¡_:.Lu 

SER, 

lYn 

NITROGETI (I) 

DRT I.;ATTER (ií) 

88.0 

89.8 

80.6 

85.3 

nè n 

/>.ö 

87.r 

79.2 

82.8 

.â .) 

76,t, 

olo 

or_.4 

s4.9 

Õ).t 

è. ') 

82. o 

87 .0 

o),Y 

n< a 

80.9 

Ad'o 

68.7 

82.3 

71, .I 

75.2 

Áô? 

68.5 

89. o 

1¿.O 

èaì È 

81 .4 

/¿J.O 

82.7 

ê1 a1 

çnn 

d"d 

"o .È 

.)+.¿ 

oo A 

tö. / 

dÁ ar 

1ó.4 

82.0 

NE E 

or rì 

8t.2 

ot< 

8¿*.0 

d1 ,) 

ó¿.1 

da ¡ 

öo.ö 

d'7 Ê 

"o i 

'7t è 

ö1.¿ 

JoÈ 

o¿.¿ 

'iA t 

/o.o 

o'1 '1 

8r.9 

o)t 

85.0 

Ò1 't 

82.L 

(\? l 

87 .5 SZ.r 

88. ó 87 .L 

80.3 8l_.1 

8t+.7 ô4.9 

a4 ) ,7t < 

77.2 80.9 

86.6 86.8 

78.9 79 .2 

.tr /{ 

Õr..Þ ô¿.4 

75.6 ?5.2 

I >. / i ) .o 

9r.9 92.6 

80.7 81.0 

90. 3 9!.t+ 

8t+.7 B¿+.9 

èa Ë, d" ê 

t.L. ¿/ r).v 

83.5 78.3 

Ar ^ 

ÒI.J oj-.O

APPIi'iDi:i TAEL¡ 1l . 

PER,ÏOD 

PTG NUiGER, 

Ai'iti\io Ac TDs (i¿ ) 

Es s -:m- entie.l 

HIS 

]LE 

LJU 

LYS 

I'i¡ 1 

PIÌE 

TI{R, 

VAI, 

I] U¡.(- JJÈ ù € II U I dI- -_T1r- 

ÁeD 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TÏR 

rirrRocEN (i¿ ) 

ÐAI I-IATTER (:í) 

93.3 

9r.0 

ar, . ù 

ÕÒ.Õ 

88 .7 

89.0 

92.0 

Òt. t 

95.3 

ðð. z 

9)+.L 

9r.7 

YL.J 

90 .1 

230 

ihe individual apparent faecal arnino 

acid availabi.Iities Íron corn in 

siud)' 2b, in addition '"o ni.tro6en 

and dry matter ciige st ibili*"ie s. 

aY.l 

9r.2 

ô) . ¿ 

>z.v 

78.8 

,3 l,) 

Ò).+ 

ðo. o 

0c. ¡/ 

84.2 

o)) 

ö¿l.u 

êÈo 

ÕO. ¿t 

86.2 

s8. E 

ol l 

93.4 

%.6 

éJ.L 

Ò1.4 

ol ? 

9t.L 

87.0 

93.2 

90.9 

90.3 

ðð.o 

89.6 

o't t 

ôro 

ô(.Y 

>).o 

Õ¿.¡) 

éo.J 

9r.2 

c).4 

c't..t 

89.6 

öo.) 

c? c 

86.0 

020 

cìar 2 

doo 

88.9 

89.3 

ITT 

ÊÕool? 

v./. -/ /L.t 

9r.r 91.2 

4c. O

.dPPri'iÐrr TAELE 14. 

23L 

The individual apparen-i, faecal altino acici 

evailabilities fron wheat in sludy 2b, 

in additi"on to ni*,,roêen and dry 

r,latter digestibilities. 

PERTCÐ irï 

PIC liil'",E¡,R 

Ar:rÌ{0 ÀcÐs (f ) 

ãs sent ial 

-æ-äis 

TLE 

ï.,¡ü 

LTS 

t=T 

PäË 

TiiR, 

V.{L 

-.ffi- lion-fssential 

^ êD 

GiU 

GIY 

PRO 

c:tD 

lYR 

r'¡rra,oc¡ìN (É) 

Ð.ìT iiATTEr (i6) 

or Ê 

9U.7 

90.0 

80.9 

ÕÕ. ) 

93 .4 

à6.7 

89. E 

d, E 

83.7 

97.3 

89.4 

97.L 

O' A 

90.7 

9L.3 

Õ(). Õ 

93.4 

oÃ l 

90.5 

92.7 

82.8 

90,7 

93.7 

90.4 

aA '1 

rJ).o 

o?( 

90.8 

o,J ) 

o? ? 

91.0 

Ya',) 

88.9 

92.8 

95.o 

ôaì I 

ot ? 

81.8 

88.0 

ot Ã 

öt. t 

89.0 

Õ) , ) 

97 .t+ 

.+ô o 

90.1 

orÀ 

ö/.4, 

%.2 

94.6 

ÕÕ. ) 

ôlt 

Õr.o 

85 .0 

otL 

ö) , > 

61.1 

8r.ó 

96.8 

ÒÕ.¿ 

96.6 

88.9 

90.6 

d?d 

9J.L 

Õt. .7 

90. B 

o).2 

óy. o 

01 Á 

oa.¿ 

94.+ 

90.4 

Õ).) 

.-ia 1 

69.t 

a¿.¿ 

69. ó 

6'0.1 

OJ.U 

ðo.4 /o.¿ 

ö), / / ).u 

/t.v //..+ 

yu. o ó4. o 

Õ,1 t. ÒA a 

./1.+ /v.- 

./J.) 

e/.) 

Yv./ ór.)

AppJNDïï. TAËLI 15 lríean squares of the analyses of variance of the metabolic faecal 

anino acid and nítrogen excretion from study 2b. 

Source of 

variat ion 

Degrees of 

fr ee donr 

AIll\0 ACïDS 

Essen bial 

---Ãm- 

Hts 

rLìJ 

L]IIJ 

!.1Þ 

¡UDT 

PI"lit 

1IlJl 

I/AL 

Itron-ilssential 

--am'-- 

ASP 

GLU 

rrL f 

PRO 

SlìB 

TYIi, 

NÏT¡lOGTJN 

(P

^P 'llJi}J¡. T^LLJ 1ó' The individunl .nìetabolic laoc¿L onino acid and nitro,:cn cxcrcL-ior. 

pi¿s fed 

fro¡ 

the 7ij ðlphafloc måintenance diet, 

TT ÍD OT COLL]JCTION 

Ptq lüui Ðr,rlt 

Âii.[No 

^crDs 

Ðss ----htõ- sntial 

ftls 

rUtì 

LËU 

tÍ¡T 

PII.lrj 

Tlill 

i//\L 

l;on-lìssential 

.{L/r 

A5P 

CLU 

GLÏ 

Pn0 

SdI¿ 

TÏI¿ 

.0u 

.036 

.o56 

. ol+o 

.or7 

.03 5 

.o4t 

'olrz 

.o52 

.o¿¿ 

.100 

.040 

.ot+I 

.041 

.026 

T.IIT:tOG]4N .Il+3 .r27 

ET]TORII C1IREAL T1,IS1 DIATS 

.o25 ,016 .Ot6 .021 .O2L .0l.6 

.007 .007 .OO7 .OO7 .OOC .OOB 

,o32 .O21 .018 .026 .OlO ,O2_5 

.o45 .026 ,O2?, .041 ,Or+9 .0lO 

,925 .O25 .O2r+ ,O)3 .O¿rO .028 

.011+ .oa1 .00e ,or2 .013 .009 

.o2-7 .016 .018 .026 .O2ç ,019 

.0.11 .019 ,02I .026 .O32 ,O2) 

.o35 ,o22 .O22 .O32 .Oi? .O27 

,oÐ .o27 .O29 .0À0 .ot,i .Ol3 

.06¿ .oLj .aB .062 .aò9 .or1 

.o9L .064 .o55 .o75 .o¿i9 .o7t) 

.o35 .O72 ,O2t+ ,O32 .036 .Ozt+ 

.o3) .O2' .O2r+ .o2? .oi) .026 

.o4o .02'3 .oz2 .o29 .o3'j .o3U 

.o22 .O1.2 .oli .ol8 .929 , ,012 

.7O2 .094 

.111 

.109 

.013 

.006 

,033 

,o37 

.o72 

.020 

.026 

.03 \. 

,035 

.o57 

.10ó 

.026 

.033 

,o+6 

. 01¡+ 

ÄFTER CDRII\L Tì'S1' DIETS 

.ozl 

,008 

,o2g 

,ol+2 

.036 

.013 

.o2r 

.o3l 

.033 

'ol+2 

,06t* 

.078 

.033 

.o26 

. 031 

.019 

. 015 

.00í) 

.o23 

,o29 

,o23 

. otl 

,017 

.o2L 

.02t, 

.028 

.0/+6 

.07r 

,o23 

.o28 

.429 

. oll 

.111 .L26 ,10r .110 

,or7 .o2) 

.007 .009 

.o25 .036 

.a)2 .ot,5 

.OZ(t ,O3? 

,oI2 .OI7 

.018 .o25 

.o23 .otj 

.026 .q) 

.030 ,olr2 

.ot+9 .o74 

.A7 t+ .111 

.o24 .o33 

.o2t .q6 

.o3? ,0r¡ó 

,01t ,020 

'II+7 

N)

AP-)lliDlll TAllLf l?. 'ihe in{tividual ¡rrctabolic faecal a¡rino acid ând ni¿ro0en excrction fro¡¡l 

pigs fed the 14la alphafìoc r¡lâintenance diets' 

TI lri OÌ' 1j0l],ri0'1':toN 

PTG NIJÌ.J'rijl¿ 

/\IiINO ACTDS 

!¡e3r!j.e] 

IITS 

ILd 

LJJU 

PIIE 

TIIII 

V.At 

llon-issential 

-.4_î-i- 

3Lti 

r'l¿0 

sliiì. 

lYn 

.o29 

.013 

.038 

.o56 

.ol+7 

.03 5 

,ot+o 

.o47 

.o59 

.088 

.109 

.o47 

.04.0 

.0/+r 

.o26 

r;TT.ì0cntii .L65 .Ì80 

tiEItoR[ CLnjiAL D]lil'll 

.ol0 .o33 .023 

.oto .010 .003 

,OLr2 .Ot+L ,O33 

.069 .062 .o52 

.ot 9 .050 .041 

.018 .018 .013 

.o39 .o)7 .o33 

.ot+5 .o52 .o39 

,0r*8 .o52 ,AL3 

,060 .070 .o52 

.09r .094 .o77 

,r11 .I)4 . ro0 

.0&¿j .o55 .otv) 

.o39 .04.r . o/+/+ 

.o\.2 .olr7 .439 

.026 .o29 ,O23 

. 161 

.032 

.008 

. 03lr 

.o55 

.o39 

. ot5 

.433 

. o[0 

,o42 

.Ol+9 

.079 

,095 

, ot*o 

.o43 

.039 

.025 

.tÌ+5 

.ol8 .o2o .o29 

.0t5 .oo9 .0Ì4- 

.or+5 .o32 .045 

.065 .o43 .06rr 

.o55 .q6 .o55 

.o1B .Ot7 .026 

.o)7 .o25 ,o35 

.or+3 .031 .OL) 

,o57 .o35 .0i0 

.o5B .043 .066 

.099 .o74 . 09¿' 

.I:,2 .096 . rlq 

.oL5 .o32 .04 6 

.oiz ,o3? .Otç3 

,o52 .o37 .o53. 

.o2¿ ,o2o .426 

,205 

.2t l 

AFTEn CDRllrtL DI]jTS 

.o27 .028 

.olt .or2 

.o35 .o32 

.050 .ot+5 

.o)9 .o42 

.o22 .015 

.010 .026 

.o37 .031 

.o39 .o37 

. o5o ,o\t+ 

.0114 , o7o 

.09ri .o93 

. o3B .o3 t+ 

.021 .03 0 

.otl . otl 

.o3) .o|g 

.04_t .081 

,o37 .060 

.013 ,O2tl 

.ozt* .a+4 

.026 .O59 

.o34 .O'i 1* 

. orr0 .076 

.06rþ ,I)9 

.lo4 .Lt+L 

.03 r .o59 

.o)9 .031 

.o3'Ì .o37 

,o22 .O20 

.04.0 .o52 

,0114 .o55 

.0rl . ol4. 

.166 .L62 .IL9 ,207 

N)

APP¡jl'{DIX TAELI¡ 18 

Source of' Vari-ation 

Degrees of Freedorn 

rTEltS 

l.litrogen retained (e;/d"v ) 

ltritrogen retainecll 

I\itrogen retention (Íi ) 2 

Diological vatue (î3 )3 

I, 2, 3 As shov¡n in Table 28. 

x (n(0.05 ) 

.ftnalyses of variance betr"¡een treattûents I'or pararneters 

rrteasured in study 3a. 

ROlJS 

(Prcs ) 

2 

o.7647 

o.CIoz?34 

Lþ ,427 5 

5.6t+59 

COLU'iNS 

( PEIìIOÐS ) 

2 

(ltean squares ) 

1.3803 

o.001269 

r.Q)14 

8.4700 

TIìilATitrlNTS 

4.624t+x 

o.orl537 

62.5195x 

7B.L2tþ5x 

LltROn 

t 

o.22:-6 

0.000698 

r.1611 

r.6782 

N

APPDNDI"( 1Âlj],Ë 19 The indtvidual apparent iLeaJ- and faecal amino acid availabilities 

from wLgle wheat in study ¿la, in addition to nitro6en and dry 

nratter digestibilities and average daily dry natter intake. 

D¡.] 

PlC NUIIBðN 

L0c^Ttol{ 

Át{rNc.4crDS (.1) 

-lRc- Ðssentiel 

8?.2 

Hrs 88.6 

rLE 89.r 

LIU 89.7 

LYS 80.2 

rar %.6 

P E 90.9 

T¡IR ?9.O 

v.¡ìL r]6.1 

l\"on-lssential 

--ìr-ì- no ) 

ÄsP ¿r,tl 

cLU 95.8 

c¿Y 69.9 

PRO BO, d 

ùlllr o), I 

TTR 87,9 

N rrRocEi'r (ii) tì4.7 

DRY I.:1ìTTEn (,J ) ?B.o 

DIìY ¡;ATT¡;II L)67 

IN1¡KD (s/day ) 

12-r8 

ILüUi'i FAÊCìJS ILLUÌ.I FA¡JCÌiS TLÌ'UÌ.J FIrUCTS IL.ITJUI'I FÂIOì¡S ]iÙUi i 

94.1 88. ó 

93.4 89.8 

9r.6 90.6 

92.8 91.0 

86.1 ',¿r.z 

93.7 93 .t+ 

93 .5 9r.6 

88.8 ?8.6 

9r.,3 86.9 

8¿,4 80.9 

87 .3 81. I 

97.8 95.9 

9O.2 7 5.8 

96.5 t:5.7 

%.7 â6.9 

92. r+ 89.2 

93.o 86.6 

89.2 8o.4 

1367 

9rr.3 89,4 

9?.5 89.7 

91.8 90.4 

93.3 90.9 

r)7 .o dl.ó 

9l+.2 92.9 

9t+.I 92.2 

89,6 {rr.4 

91.9 8B,2 

8{J.8 83.4 

88.6 84-. r 

97.9 96.3 

91.0 111.2 

97.6 92.5 

24.o É18.& 

93 .2 ',ég .7 

%.6 í18. o 

89.9 78.9 

) t+- t+o 

9r*.2 85.9 

91+.O 85.9 

ti9.8 85.2 

2?.2 . t)4. ¿ 

29.7 ( z.o 

go.1 8¡j. i* 

93 ,6 89.7 

¿l¿,.1 73,7 

90.3 Bl.¿l 

gr+.0 , 86.? 

9t,,5 BB.2 

g2.o 89.6 

')).r 2o.2 

35.9 Bo. r 

94.o 94.t+ 

gt+.6 92.2 

¿J8.ri 7d.1 

9r,7 87.6 

55-62 

rÂUCDS fLiluli ¡'Aiciris 

95.1 81.7 9L.{) 

94.9 88.,1 91..5 

92.8 89.5 9L,5 

94.0 9o.5 9).2 

87.6 81.0 €ì6. o 

95.4 9r.9 9).L 

95.) 92.5 94,5 

9O.7 79.8 {19. o 

93 .6 rJ? .9 91 .6 

85.t+ 75,6 8d.2 78.8 90.0 79.5 87.9 

86.3 76.5 87.7 79.7 89.9 81.5 8Û,0 

97,7 9t+.5 97.9 95.4 9¡l.r 95.8 97.9 

89.8 76.t+ 90.6 65.5 9r.5 66.7 9A.6 

9t+,i 9r.5 97.O 59.5 9ri.1 5r+.5 96,6 

93 .3 63 .8 95 ,6 Û5 .9 95 .3 87 .o 9r¡.r 

9r,2 86.6 92.7 9o,9 94.8 9r.o 92.9 

92.6 Ei+. r %,r 8l+,r 9t+.5 83.6 93,1ç 

89. ¿ 75.,¿ 30.6 77.r Ë9.5 7 8.9 89.3 

16¿*O r72L 

L53A 

¡\) 

c¡.

ÂPP¿NDL( fÁirltl 20. The individual apparent ileal aDcl faecal arnino acid 

availabilit,lcs fro¡r flour in sl¡tdy ¿r_a, in addilrion 

to nitrogen and drl, xutter diðestíbilíties ¿nd 

averate dai.ly drl, ¡natler intake. 

D,{Y 

PIG NUÌ tìl ¿1ì 

LOCITTON 

ÂrrJNo 

^crDs (i¿ ) 

_¡fõ- Essentiel 

Hrs 

ÏLË 

Litt 

92.5 

% .,¿ 

93 .1 

gtr.a 

i-¿T 92.6 

TflR 

vAL 

,).1 

83,B 

9r.?, 

IJon-Essential 

lL^ 86.6 

ÁsP 8ru.1 

cLU 97.6 

cLY 86.9 

PRo 96.2 

Sln 9I.t+ 

Trn 92.6 

rrrrnocIJl (,,i) 9r.7 

DnY r (ii) 9A.7 

^TTJR 

DnÏ l:¡TTilì 13 53 

Il;1¡l{r (ff/day ) 

12-1d 

3t -to 

FAJCDS IL,]Uì,I IAECDS IL]lUIi FAECI'S IL¡]¡Jìì FA1TCES 

2^2.7 ?2.2 97.o 9g.L 95..r s2.? e6.3 q9.? e6.8 86J e4.? 

9^t!.2 9t+.o 

9^?.? 

97.7 e\.9 26.5 Þ+.2 gz.o 

%.h 9r.8 9tt.tt 

sL.z sz.1 s;:i si.s 

,-\.5 9r+.7 gtr.6 Çs.+ 2\.? se.s 9i.i e2.? 

?tr.4 95.1 25.2 95.T it*,t, i:6.i g5.r gz.l gi:õ el ? 

Be., 19-? ¡rr.B 9\.3 85.o úi.i iò.i ír'¿:, qtr:7 go.'o 6i:i áâ:ó 

%.\ 26.r et+.5 )9., )3.o ,t.l 2Z.Z 21.\ ei.ó %.2 

22'9 )-2'¿ e7.o %.L g'.L ei.i ii.í 29.2 2i.z i.6.ó 2t+.7 

2\.? 9\.3 e4.3 65.0 9r.e \L.i eà.t 87.4 9t+.8 ez.t 8d:ó 

)).o )2.2 95.5 %.1. s4.2 92.4 ti:o 93,3 96,3 %.i g¡.s 

89. ¡ 86, t )3.2 

¡Jó.9 E7 ,o 92.5 

98.4 97.9 9È.9 

92.7 83 .6 95.2 

)8. r+ 96.5 9s.6 

91.7 9r.4 97.o 

93.5 92.9 96.2 

94.6 91.I 96.8 

th.g 90 .5 95 .7 

r285 

35,7 9O.5 87.2 

85.8 8S,4. a>.? 

97..9 9t,.(, 9?,? 

'Ì6.6 93.3 85.5 

76.1 9{}.3 9t+.2 

9t.l 95.7 9r.8 

93 .5 93 .t 92.? 

39.6 95.2 92.5 

90.0 9L. t+ 90.4 

I5t+2 1621, 

92.2 85.6 

90.2 84,? 

9t.6 98.0 

9+.r 69,6 

98. t 73 .t+ 

96.2 92.3 

9L 3 9r*.3 

96.2 89,6 

95.2 90. t+ 

1550 

56-62 

TLDUIT FAECBS ILEU¡I FAICOS 

93 , 8 8t+.7 86 ,? 

92,4 ¿5.5 8t, -e 

99.I 98.0 9d, ó 

95.6 69; 90.8 

99.r 6r.7 98.0 

97,) 92,O 9L.o 

96,] 92.8 Ð.3 

96 .1 87 .6 94,6 

95 .6 89 .5 9l .8 

1550 

¡\) 

{

' 238 

APPENDTX ÎABLE 21. Tbe indlviduel epparear ileal and faecal 

anino acid availabilities from the B+S+M 

diet -in study ,+, Ín additÍon to nitrogen 

and dry natter digestibilities and 

êveragê daily dry nattêr intake. 

DAY 12-18 3l+-t+o 23-29 

PIG NI]I{BER 

LocÂtr0¡¡ IIEUII{ FÅECES ILEI}M FAECES ]I,EUM FAECES 

AMINo ACrm (ø) 

Essential 

-æG-- â6.5 

Hrs 81., 

ILE 73.L 

IE-q 75.3 . 

Lrs 72.O' 

MET 73.5 

PHE 75.3 

rHR 53.9 

vAt 72.9 

Non-Essential 

ALA 69.9 

ASP 68.9 

GLt 86.i+ 

GLY 67.L 

PRo 7L.5 

sEB 7L.8 

TTR 7L.3 

NITROGEN (ø) 7L.3 

DRT IITATTER (ø) I+3.6 

DRT ¡iÍATTER . 659 

I¡¡TAKE (e/day') 

92.L 8l}. r] gg.8 

9\.7 78.2 ÈZ.t+ 

76.9 75.L 73 .4 

qr.3 76.9 76.9 

80.3 63.9 72.6 

q1.0 80.9 8O.? 

81.5 ?8.8 ?8,7 

7.r.3 60.5 69. j 

80.5 73.3 76.6 

78,6 

7È.9 

90.9 

80.0 

9L.l+ 

Ê5.L 

81.2 

81.4 

66.L 

7L.O 

7L.2 

86.6 

t+9.6 

5?.8 

7t+.5 

7l+.o 

69.4 

I+5.8 

737 

75.7 

7l+,2 

89.7 

77.2 

86.9 

82.5 

77.7 

è3.5 

76.L 

70.5 

7L.L 

63.t+ 

79.O 

7t+.0 

t+7.5 

68.t+ 

69.8 

69.t+ 

Èl+.5 

55.3 

78.6 

70.3 

68.1 

88.7 

87.5 

73.6 

77.9 

73.5 

83.8 

78.3 

69.L 

7L.L 

72.r 

73.8 

è9.2 

77.9 

90.3 

81.6 

77.t+ 

d1.3 68.6 80.1 

65.6 t+o.5 63.3 

1168

APPENDIX TABIE, 22. The lndivlduaL appæént llea1 and faecal anl.no acid 

ave11abl1it,l6s fro¡n dlet B+S+M-D frorn study 4a, ln 

addltlon to nitrogen and dry nâtter dlgestlbtlltles 

and averege daily dry natter lntake. 

PIG MJMBER 

LOCATION 

ÀMrNo ACrD (ø) 

II,E 

I,EU 

LIs 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

75.7 

7L.8 

67.9 

7L.3 

53.6 

70. o 

72.5 

,+7 .o 

6b,5 

vAt 

Non-Essêntla1 --]Ã-lÃ-- 59.9 

ÂsP 6).3 

cLU 84.8 

GLY 5O.7 

. PRo 27.r 

sER 69,7 

TYR 66.5 

NITROGEN (ø) 62.9 

DRY MÀTTER (ø} 69.7 

DRT IITÂTTER L'86 

INTÀKE (e/dav l 

6? -?3 

67-73 

II,EU¡i,I FAECES IIEI'M FAECES TI,EUM TÂECES 

77.r 8.8.7 7o.? qg.8 2q.9 9.).3 74,1 91.4 73.L so.2 

Z\.2 91.Q z?.6 8ç.7 9Ê.? sB.? z6.8 ¿s.j ä.o áó:i 

70.4 68.0 70.3 76.' 6.2.2 7.7.2 67.9 77.3 72.o 7tr.2 

4.q 75.? 73.o 81.8 69.5 q2.9 ?o.i âà.-â it,.z ¿Jó:ö 

58..s Zz.s 60.3 zT.L 5.3.1 90.5 ,ç.\ gl.t 

79.7 64,' 79.o 

0á.g 

7\.2 â5.0 80.1 70.0 tà,i, i5:t 

ii.6 

6'..1 

72." 7r,9 74.1 92.2 7tr.7 83,5 ?2.5 ú.6 it.9 8i.6 

+ç.6 68.7 

6ê.e 40.e 7r,Z 42.r Zi.i iS.i 1i.6 i3.'8 7t+.2 

72.9 66.0 79.6 63.r ¿0.5 66.L 79.5 i'o.' i{.b 

65.6 

66.2 

8r.8 

t+6 .6 

t r.9 

69.r 

7L.7 

66.8 

70.7 

Lt+78 

70.5 60.9 78.L 

73.7 65.t ?9.2 

8d.6 8,+.j 9L.5 

75.5 25,6 80.r+ 

73.o -93.5 78.5 

80.4 ó6.1 85.O 

72.8 70.L 78.2 

81.3 55.7 84.¡r 

83.6 66.ê 8t,.2 

I663 

l+9.9 

56.5 

81.O 

-7 .O 

-rsL,7 

63.5 

69.6 

4t.9 

68.5 

1818 

78.6 6L.7 79.O 66.3 7r.r¿ 

8o.5 61.9 80.3 68.r¡ tz.e 

2?.4 gq.g 

83.1 92.L 85.5 9o.r 

40.6 Bt.6 j5,2 

qq.o i6.g 

-39't+ 79.5 -39.9 78.t 

q6.l 07.o 86.3 7L.5 8¡+.4 

83.6 6L.j 8z.o ¿;8.i zé.i, 

q4.1 58.5 8t'.2 6z.L 82.2 

84.2 69,.7 83.8 0g.g 83.6 

t756 t756 

N 

\o

APPLNDII T^ÐLit 23. The individual ¡netabolic iLeêl ¡ìnd faecêl _amino êcid, nitroqen 

and dry matter levels from pigs fed the 5,, alphafloc proLein-free 

diets, in €dditíon to averêge dêill1 dry matter intêke. 

DlY 

PIG NUI1BDN 

LOC,|\TION 

^l;tNo ActDsl 

ns sentÍêL -lre- 

¡lts 

ILf, 

LnLr 

.026 

.011 

. OIó 

.o2g 

r,ET 

PH_¡ 

iR 

\¡^L 

Non- issêntie1 

--ìlTl--lrsP 

cïs 

cLU 

cLY 

PRo 

siR 

TYR 

.005 

,018 

.a33 

.O28 

ôro 

.ot+4 

,011 

.O5) 

.066 

.220 

.0lo 

.011 

liITnocÙllt " 

.Iz3 

DNY I.ATTJR, TA.26 

DIY l.lLTTliR 1368 

IlllÂrìi (¡/d¿y ) 

rl.iiul: Fr',ocris 

,02) 

.012 

, ol0 

.ol+7 

. 04o 

.014 

.03) 

.0t0 

.0ó6 

.009 

.07Ê 

.o27 

, 110 

6.98 

,026 ,o22 

.011 , Ot 1 

,ot9 .030 

.435 .Orv5 

.o27 .019 

. 005 .01,1 

,020 .oze 

.o33 .o32 

.o27 .O3 5 

ô1r. 

^2 ô 

,ot*z ,a6rt 

.011 .009 

.0óo .o72 

.a78 .031 

. 146 ,ozt+ 

.a32 .026 

2) -29 

I t,etnbolic ileal and faec¿1 anj.no acj.d lave1s Ì¡ere exFressed es g¡âns pcr Ì00 ¡¡rams 

of dry matter intake. 

.015 

,038 

,028 

.005 

.o22 

.0/+3 

.o)2 

.04e 

.060 

.013 

.6t*6 

.044 

.013 .015 .012 

.130 ,104 .252 

\.L2 6,56 1r .ë.5 6 

rló8 164z 

57 

.¡ 

: S IL¡IUII FÂIìCES ILÌtUi: F^]]c,;s 

ÊCi 

,019 

.010 

.o25 

.929 

.93+ 

,010 

.o2+ 

.o29 

.o32 

,03I .024r .061r , o2O 

;016 .o!2 .016 .OrO 

,O25 .)33 .O2I .A2+ 

.9117 .ot+9 .o37 .018 

.010 .040 .oz-t .o)) 

.005 ,010 .007 .ot1 

.o2¿ .O29 .O?-3 ,O23 

.o45 .o)5 .o)? .026 

.03¡, ,018 .o32 .o2g 

.083 .A2I 

,01¡ .009 

,A26 ,A22 

.0¡|.6 .ú6 

.o29 .a3) 

.oo? .oii 

,026 .o2?- 

.o4.2 .026 

.Oàg .o27 

,034 

.a5ê. 

.011 

.063 

.03 0 

.o)2 

.a25 

,oo8 

,090 

.0¿lo .0r*0 

.062 .069 

.013 .01r 

,o77 .o7? 

.o?9 .o)) 

.2ra .031 

.03 8 .028 

.0I7 .012 

.161 .1r1 

.01*8 

.011r 

.07) 

'69t 

.0t 9 

,012 

.o29 

.05 $ 

,011 

.o6t 

.o2B 

ôrt 

.424 

.018 

.095 

,050 .C3?" 

,067 .o51,, 

.01¿¡ . Olt 

.oet .a5f 

.zlt .A26 

õ'\ a 

.Arr5 .A23 

.015 .Ot6 

.31t .095 

,69 rl.ll 6,2r 

r6l+2 

12,93 

r6r,2 

15.5I 

6,3tr. r?,.La 6.0?, 

r6t+2- 

N)

ÂPPENDIX ?ABLE 24. Thê lndtviduql mstabolLc llêal and feecal amino acld, 

nllrogen and dry mattêr lev€1a fro4 pigs fed thè 

l0Ø alphafloc proteLn-free dlêb, In eddLtion to 

êvoraeê da1ly dry nâtter fntåkè. 

DAT 

PIG NII1IBER 

I,OCÂTION 

.026 .041 

,01, ,0r9 

.o35 .o39 

.o53 .065 

,044 .046 

,015 .012 

.o)4 .o39 

.o35 .O55 

.Ol+t .O5, 

.o¡+ó .o55 

.o75 .085 

.011 .019 

.065 .110 

.o38 .111 

.038 ,'-3'. 

.o3o ,0r+6 

.013 .019 

.L26 .203 

LO.32 t7,I5 

1102 

56-62 

.otl 

.062 

.01¡l 

,o27 .0[6 

.0r5 

.o28 .062 .o?o .992 .g?g .0|,6 ,034 

,912 ..ói 

.oãó .ojö .óri .92? :i¡;z 

.oz2 .oi4 

:ðiT .ozs 

.oLi .oiã 

.o,+o 

:õíõ 

.9?9 .95e_ .9,,2 .950 .o3d .o¡Z 

.06õ :òãô .or4 .o55 .06r .olL 

:331 :3î3 :332 :3?? '3:d :2!t :ói¿ :óiá :õðô :ð;o 

.o2l+ .038 .o2t+ 

.e4¿ .o¡z .ord :ili :Bãå Åh Ål¿i :"e3+ :Sãf :sie 

.031 .o5o .o3e .0Àr i .o5o .otl6 :óÀd .õ'íi :õiô :ói6 

.049 .or7 .044 .9tÌ2 

,962 .odz .066 .968 

' .Eg .ot¡, .063 .056 .063 .066 

.013 .013 ,Ol4 

.oÞt .oei :óÉ6 .o1¿ :ósá liör 

.OLz 

.069 

.Iqq 

.10o 

.oLi 

.o8o 

.L,+3 

.g?9 

.92'1 .10? 

.ãso 

.o9g 

:oLt .azz 

,1oo 

.otõ 

,083 

:i¿i_ 

.ro7 .ii¡ 

.õiz 

:3ä :3i3 :ðu 'åi: ,iil 'Ëåã .Ê21 'åiã ttf,f :ilZ 

.011 .016 .012 

--rr'.1tno ,o:Lî' -_.rg'.î?8 ,o:LL6 ,g'.228 ,ollåt ,sl33o ,olå?n ,r'.31, ,olält 

1561 L56L ,1040 r¿ié l|i'dd'-' 

tù 

H

APPENDIX TABLE 25. 

PIG NUMBER 

LOCATION 

AMINO ACTDS 

EssentlaL 

HIS 

II,E 

I,EU 

LYS 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

-trÏÃ'-- 

ASP 

cYs 

GLÜ 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

.050 

.013 

.026 

.050 

.o29 

.o10 

.o2g 

.o55 

.o39 

.050 

.073 

.01_8 

.084 

.L52 

.l+l+4 

.otû 

. oL3 

The tndtvidual ¡netabolic t1eal and faecal ar¡lno acidnitrogen 

and dry natter l_evels from piEs fed the 

L5% alphafLoc protein-free dlets, 1n-aãditton to 

average datly dry matter intake. - 

L-7 

NTTROGENI . .233 

DRT MATTERT 25.3t+ t5 

DRY PIATTER ?3O 

INTAKE (elaavl 

FAECES 

.o3z 

.01ó 

.orÌ3 

.063 

.o52 

.o28 

,o3d 

.o[r 

'or+9 

1 M"t.bolic i1eal and faecal levels 

intake. 

.061 

,o25 

.o3o 

.o52 

.o39 

. olr+ 

.ozd 

,Ol+7 

.o39 

05l+ 

088 

019 

o99 

0¡+3 

035 

035 

016 

.061 

.074 

.021 

.o97 

.L7lr 

.76L 

.055 

.0111 

L53 

27 

.281+ 

26 .74 

L277 

t 5-5L 

r2-18 

.q?9 .0?1 .026 .084 

.914 .Ozt+ .013 .O29 

. O49 .031+ .Ot+? . 03ô 

,o7-2 .064 .063 .O1z 

. qó9 .046 .0,Ì5 .oit, 

.o2L 

.q44 .otû .ot+3 .gtl 

. q51 .O77 .Ot+? .Oi3 

.o59 .O52 .O57 .O59 

.068 

.!,07 

.oL5 

.L20 

'o5z 

.Olrz 

.o39 

.o23 

.L72 

L3.6t+ 

.063 

.098 

.116 

.L82 

./,167 

.063 

. o21 

.272 

25.59 

LLOT 

.063 

.o92 

.ll_t 

.o53 

'otrz 

,o37 

.oL5 

.164 

t5.57 

rI,EI]M 

.067 

,o93 

3L-LO 

FAECES 

.o33 

.0r7 

.0r+5 

.o72 

-o¡o 

.o37 

.Or+4 

. o5o 

.055 

.o99 

.L25 .105 

.180 .o45 

.635 .038 

.061 .036 

.o23 .oL7 

.306 ,L53 

28.Lt+ L5 .27 

L532 

vtere .expressed as grans per LOO grams of dry matter 

N

APPENDIX TABLE 26. Analyses of variance: Mean aquares for apparent iLeal and faecalamlno 

acid availabllities, nitrogen and dry matter dlgest,ibilities 

fron finely ground and cracked wheat for sùudy lrb. 

Source of 

varlation 

Degrees of 

freedom 

AMTNO .A.CTDS 

Essential 

--rñG'- 

HIS 

rLE 

I,EU 

lrs 

MET 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

--¡m'-- 

.{sP 

GLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYP" 

NITNOGEN 

DRT MATTER 

x 

xx 

(P

APPENDIÏ TABLE 27. Tle indivídual apparenü ileal and faecal anino acid availablLiries 

of ground_wheat fro¡n-study_l¿b, Ln additfon to nitrogen and dry 

matter dlgestlbilities and average daily dry matt,ei lntake. 

DAY 

PIG NUT4BER 

T.,OCATTON 

AMINo AcrDS (ø) 

Essentlal 

*ãnil- 

HIS 

ILE 

I,EU 

LYS 

¡[ET 

PHE 

THN 

VAL 

Non-Essentlal 

-:a-f,î-- 

ASP 

GT,U 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

9L.7 

90.I 

90.6 

92,L 

?8.7 

87.3 

93.3 

83.8 

89. 

NITROGEN (%) 89.1 

DRY MATTEN (%) 8]..1 

DRY MATTER 1830 

INTAKE 1s/davl 

'* 

82.8 

83.2 

96.tþ 

85.1 

90.3 

89.6 

90.2 

FAECES 

93.o 90. o 95.2 

23. ,1, 89. tl 95 . t+ 

88.6 89.8 93.1t 

91.0 90.6 9U.2 

81.2 80.3 88.r 

86.+ +Z.t 90. j 

91..8 gz.L 9r+.6 

86.0 87.7 91.O 

88.9 87.5 93.2 

82.6 8r.8 90.1 

8lr. o 82.6 89.6 

97.3 96.3 98.2 

87.5 78.9 91.8 

9t+.6 86.3 9?.L 

9tr.5 87.O 9r+.2 

88.1 88.0 92.O 

9?.0 87.tr grr.3 

BB.3 79.t+ 89.r 

1830 

78-8U 

FAECES II,EI'M 

95.O 

93,6 

90. r 

9L.9 

8z.r 

90.4 

93.2 

83.0 

89.r- 

82.3 

82.8 

92.2 

81.6 

80.7 

88.0 

9L.5 

88.à 

80.1 

20Ir5 

FAECES 

95.L 

9l+.8 

92.6 

9I1.1 

86.7 

90.1 

9l+.6 

89,9 

92.6 

89.5 

89. O 

98.0 

91.1 

97.5 

9t+.3 

92.1+ 

94.2 

89.2 

FAECES 

9L.3 9t+.2 

90. Ê 9tr.2 

9O.2 90.l} 

9r.7 92.3 

79.7 85.5 

87.2 88.6 

93.O 93.L 

80.3 88.0 

88.5 90.4 

8L.6 

82.6 

96.L 

8r.r+ 

80. d 

88.3 

89.5 

8d.8 

8r. o 

2L53 

86.1 

86.8 

97.8 

89.8 

9t*.5 

93.3 

90.r1 

93.t+ 

88.8 

¡ù

APPENDIÏ TABLE 28. . The indlvidual apparent ileal- and faecaL amino acld avaiLabilitles 

of cracked vüheat fron study l¡b, in addition to nltrogen and dry 

matter digestibilitles and average daily dry matter intake. 

DAY 

PTG NU}IBEÊ 

LOCATION 

AMINO ACIDS (ø} 

Ess ential 

HIS 

IIE 

LEU 

LYS 

I\MT 

PHE 

THR 

VAL 

Non-Essential 

ALA 

ASP 

OLU 

GLY 

PRO 

SER 

TYR 

86.8 

gtr.z 

81.8 

85. o 

6t+.o 

78.7 

87.8 

78.8 

79.3 

66.6 

7t.7 

93.3 

7Iþ.5 

87.t+ 

83.6 

82.2 

NITROGEN (ø) 82.? 

DRT MATTER (ø) ?6.? 

DRT MATTER 2L6? 

INTAKE 1gldar) 

FAECES 

TI,EUM 

93.9 85.5 

93.5 85 .5 

89.3 85.L 

91.8 87 ,7 

82.? ?2.L 

8?,6 82.9 

93.o 89.6 

86.1 76.7 

90.6 83.r 

85.3 

85 .8 

97.5 

89.9 

95.L 

92.4 

89.4 

92.7 

88.8 

73.2 

77.t 

9l+.2 

70.o 

77.8 

85.4 

85.5 

8t+.9 

76.t+ 

2059 

FAECES 

93.8 

94.L 

90.2 

92.5 

85.5 

88.6 

93.L 

88.9 

90.6 

86.5 

87.1 

97.9 

90.l+ 

96.3 

93.5 

90.5 

93.1 

89.2 

78-84 

FAECES II,EUM FAECES 

86.9 gt+.t+ 86.6 

8? .5 gr+.t+ g5. g 

89.0 90.8 86.5 

à9.7 92.5 8?.8 

77 .9 8l+. I 76 .7 

8t+.5 9L.7 88.3 

90.9 93.L 89.2 

80.6 88.t 76.0 

85.tr 91.0 8L.¿ 

'80.6 87,r+ ?7,9 

8r.6 87.1 78.7 

95 .3 97 .7 93.6 

78.8 90.0 ?4.5 

86.2 97.2 83.8 

85 .7 93 .L 8r+. r 

86.9 9L.9 86.5 

87.O 

78,6 

L8,{.2 

93.3 

88. 5 

84.0 

75.6 

2L67 

93.6 

93.tt 

89,4 

9L.5 

82.1 

90.7 

92.1+ 

86.1 

89.7 

85.9 

8t+.6 

97.3 

89.1 

96.7 

d2. o 

90.6 

92.5 

88.6 

N

fn Partíal Fulfillnent - MSpace

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