Iadrak* (Old Draksi)

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   PERIOD OF USE: 1450 to 1150 UT, roughly consistent with the Drakoyan Old Empire (1501-1212).   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE: Nagul*   DESCENDANT LANGUAGES: Haidrak* (Middle Draksi)  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: po˦b i˥ pha˧hack i˦hack i˥ mi˦l po˦b mi˦hack i˥ ji˧nk bä˦ hy˥s kuh˥r   Pronunciation: po˦p i˥ ˈpha˧hak ˈi˦hak i˥ mi˦l po˦p mi˦ˈhak i˥ ji˧ŋk bɛ˦ hy˥s kuː˥ʁ   Iadrak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b c c͡ç d f g g͡b h j k kʼ k͡p l m n p pʼ r s t tʼ v w x z ç ŋ ɓ ɗ ɟ͡ʝ ɠ ɣ ʁ ʃ ʄ ʒ ʔ ʣ ʤ ʦ ʧ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	p pʼ b		t tʼ d		c	k kʼ g		ʔ
Implosive	ɓ		ɗ		ʄ	ɠ
Affricate			ʦ ʣ	ʧ ʤ	c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ	ç	x ɣ	ʁ	h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Stop	k͡p g͡b
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ e i iː o u yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɯ ʏ/   Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ   Tones: ˧ ˦ ˥  

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː yː		ɯ u
Near-high	ʏ
High-mid	e øː		o
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ œ		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bj, ch, cr, d, dj, f, g, gj, h, j, k, kj, l, m, mb, md, n, nd, nt, p, pf, ph, s, sd, sj, sx, t, th, tk, tr, tw, v, z, zb, zm, zn, ɣn, ʁ, ʃ, ʃp, ʃt, ʔ, ʤd, ʤj, ʦ, ʧt
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bl, bʁ, d, dd, dg, dx, dʣ, dʤ, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gb, gg, gn, gx, gʒ, gʤ, h, j, jb, jd, js, k, kb, kd, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mʤ, mʦ, n, nf, ng, ngl, nh, nm, np, ntl, ntv, nx, nçm, nʁ, nʦ, p, pl, pn, pv, pʧ, s, sb, sd, sh, sv, sx, sz, sʧ, t, td, tg, tp, tv, tz, tç, tʤ, tʦ, v, x, xk, xt, xz, xʁ, z, zb, zg, zm, zp, çt, ŋ, ŋb, ŋkʦj, ŋz, ɣj, ʁb, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁt, ʁz, ʃ, ʃj, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃv, ʒb, ʒd, ʒj, ʒn, ʔ, ʤt, ʦ, ʦk, ʦn, ʦs, ʧ, ʧg, ʧk, ʧm
Word final consonants: c͡ç, f, ft, g, g͡b, k, kʼ, k͡p, l, lst, lt, m, n, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pʼ, rst, rth, s, st, t, tk, tl, ts, tʼ, x, z, ç, çt, ŋ, ŋk, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ͡ʝ, ɠ, ɣ, ʁ, ʁt, ʁts, ʃ, ʄ, ʒ, ʣ, ʤ, ʦ, ʧ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• w → v / _a
• c → ch / _i
• q → qu / #_

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
v	w
p	b / _#
t	dt / _#
ks	chs
x	ch
ç	ch
ʃ	sch
ʁ	r
z	s
ʦ	z
k	ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}	@@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʦj	ti
ʦ	zt / _#
ʦ	z
iː	ie
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä | e
œ	ö
aʊ	au
oː	o | oh | oo
ɔ	o
ɔʏ	eu
aɪ	ei | ai
yː	ü
ʏ	ü
uː	u | uh
ʊ	u
aː	a
ɐ	er / !_r
ɐ	e
ɪ	i
øː	ö
ø	ö
eː	ä | äh | e | eh | ee
ə	e
ʔ	∅

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 

	Neuter
Singular	No affix
Plural	Suffix -oː˦

 

Articles

  Iadrak has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ni˥ /nɪ˥/ I	lä˧ /leː˧/ me
2nd singular	ka˧ /kaː˧/ you (masc)	a˧ /a˧/ you
3rd singular masc	i˥ /i˥/ he	flä˧ /fleː˧/ him
3rd singular fem	po˧ /po˧/ she	a˦ /a˦/ her
3rd singular neut	ji˦m /ji˦m/ it	mi˧ /mi˧/ it
1st plural	mu˦ /mu˦/ we	lo˧ /loː˧/ us
2nd plural	gu˧ /gu˧/ you all	hei˦dt /haɪ˦t/ you all
3rd plural	tu˥ /tu˥/ they	hö˥ch /hœ˥ç/ them

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	ni˥ /nɪ˥/ my
2nd singular	a˧ /a˧/ your
3rd singular masc	i˥ /i˥/ his
3rd singular fem	po˧ /po˧/ her
3rd singular neut	ji˦m /ji˦m/ its
1st plural	mu˦ /mu˦/ our
2nd plural	gu˧ /gu˧/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tu˥ /tu˥/ their

 

Verbs

 

Present

 

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˧m i˦mä˧hacka˧m /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaka˧m/
2nd singular	Prefix iː˦- ie˦i˦mä˧hack /ˈiː˦i˦ˌmɛ˧hak/
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -e˧ns i˦mä˧hacke˧ns /i˦ˈmɛ˧haˌke˧ns/ (it) learns
3rd singular neut	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iː˧m i˦me˧hackie˧m /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhakiː˧m/
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nst Else: Suffix -i˧nst i˦me˧hacki˧nsdt /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaki˧nst/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -o˦k i˦me˧hacko˦k /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhako˦k/
3rd plural	Prefix i˥- i˥i˦me˧hack /i˥ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhak/ (they) learn

Past

 

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʃ Else: Suffix -iː˧lʃ i˦me˧hackie˧lsch /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhakiː˧lʃ/
2nd singular	Suffix -y˧t i˦me˧hacky˧dt /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaky˧t/
3rd singular	Prefix nə˧- ne˧i˦mä˧hack] /ˈnə˧i˦ˌmɛ˧hak/ (it) learned
3rd singular neut	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -i˦ʧ i˦me˧hacki˦ʧ /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaki˦ʧ/
1st plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gu˧- gi˦me˧hack /gi˦ˈmɛ˧hak/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁf Else: Suffix -œ˧ʁf i˦mä˧hackö˧rf /i˦ˈmɛ˧haˌkœ˧ʁf/
3rd plural	Prefix vɛ˥- we˥i˦me˧hack /vɛ˥ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhak/ (they) learned

Future

 

	Neuter
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˦m i˦me˧hacka˦m /i˦ˈmɛ˧haˌka˦m/
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -oː˦f i˦mä˧hacko˦f /i˦ˈmɛ˧haˌkoː˦f/
3rd singular	Prefix hœ˧- hö˧i˦mä˧hack /hœ˧ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhak/ (it) will learn
3rd singular neut	Prefix ji˥- ji˥i˦mä˧hack /ˈji˥i˦ˌmɛ˧hak/
1st plural	Suffix -a˧ i˦me˧hacka˧ /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaka˧/
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛ˧n i˦me˧hacke˧n /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhakɛ˧n/
3rd plural	Prefix œ˧- ö˧i˦mä˧hack /ˈœ˧i˦ˌmɛ˧hak/ (they) will learn

  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Iadrak uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:  

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: to˦ŋ - to˦ng i˦me˧hack /to˦ŋ ˈi˦mɛ˧hak/ learns/is learning

  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Iadrak uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -u˦k i˦mä˧hacku˦k /ˈi˦mɛ˧ˌhaku˦k/ have learned

 

Numbers

  Iadrak has a base-20 number system:   1 - i˦
2 - a˧
3 - loo˥
4 - gog͡b
5 - ma˥
6 - se˧m
7 - ki˧ji˧
8 - twa˦k
9 - uh˥s
10 - ji˧ko˦n
11 - i˧ch
12 - o˧b
13 - se˦f
14 - ((fourteen))
15 - ka˦ʧ
16 - ma˧ng
17 - ke˧r
18 - ki˥ns
19 - ko˦nsdt
20 - a˧ka˧
21 - a˧ka˧ po˦b i˦ “twenty and one”
400 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ “one fourhundred”
401 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ i˦ “one fourhundred one”
800 - a˧ ka˦pi˦ “two fourhundred”
8000 - i˦ o˧b “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix --ɯic
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -stal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yː˥
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix a-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i˧m
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -at
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɔts
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -i˥m
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -prad
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aː˦m
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɔŋ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ə
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -øː˧ʧ
Augmentative = Suffix -oʤ