Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WƵůƐƵnj
'ˍ56/ù.
hə
לnjŝnjŵŬƚďůŝ͊
ƵĚƌƐůŝŬƐŝnjnjƌďĂLJĐĂŶĚƂǀůƚŝƚƌĨŝŶĚŶďŝƌĚƌƐŝůŝŶĚŝƐƚŝĨĂĚ
ƺĕƺŶǀĞƌŝůŝƌ͘K͕ĚƌƐŝůŝŵƺĚĚƚŝŶĚŶnjƌĚƚƵƚƵůŵƵƔďŝůŝŬůƌŝƋĂnjĂŶŵĂƋƺĕƺŶ
ƐŝnjĞƚŝďĂƌůŦĚŽƐƚǀLJĂƌĚŦŵĕŦŽůĂĐĂƋ͘
7ŶĂŶŦƌŦƋ Ŭŝ͕ Ɛŝnj Ě ďƵ ĚƌƐůŝLJ ŵŚďďƚů LJĂŶĂƔĂĐĂƋ͕ ŽŶƵ
yi
njĚůŶŵůƌĚŶƋŽƌƵLJĂĐĂƋ͕ƚŵŝnjǀƐůŝƋůŝƐĂdžůĂLJĂĐĂƋƐŦŶŦnjŬŝ͕ŶƂǀďƚŝĚƌƐ
ó¢ó¢
ŝůŝŶĚĚŝŐƌŵŬƚďůŝLJŽůĚĂƔŦŶŦnjŽŶĚĂŶƐŝnjŝŶŬŝŵŝƌĂŚĂƚŝƐƚŝĨĂĚĞĚďŝůƐŝŶ͘
^ŝnjƚŚƐŝůĚƵŒƵƌůĂƌĂƌnjƵůĂLJŦƌŦƋ͊
La
G
Ǭó
DW)/./>>ǭ
ôD
%85$;,/,ù0Ψ/80$7,
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
hPXPLWΩKVLOPΩVVLVΩOΩULQLQFLVLQLIOΩULoQ
UL\D]L\\DWIΩQQL]UΩ
'ΩUVOLN
FLKLVVΩ
7ԥUWLEoLKH\ԥW
ə
0ԥQVXU0ԥKԥUUԥPRY
'g9/Ԥ7+ø01ø 0ԥKԥPPԥG.ԥULPRY
*QD\+VH\Q]DGԥ
$TúLQ$EGXOOD\HY
.RRUGLQDWRU *OQDU$úXURYD
5HGDNWRU $\KDQ.UúDW(UEDú
ih
$]ԥUED\FDQ$]ԥUED\FDQ
(\TԥKUԥPDQ|YODGÕQúDQOÕ9ԥWԥQL
6ԥQGԥQ|WUFDQYHUPԥ\ԥFPOԥKD]ÕUÕ]
6ԥQGԥQ|WUTDQW|NPԥ\ԥFPOԥTDGLUL]
hoUԥQJOLED\UD÷ÕQODPԥVXG\DúD
y
0LQOԥUOԥFDQTXUEDQROGX
6LQԥQKԥUEԥPH\GDQROGX
+TXTXQGDQNHoԥQԥVJԥU
ø[WLVDVUHGDNWRUX
'LOUHGDNWRUX
%ԥGLLUHGDNWRU
7H[QLNLUHGDNWRU
'L]D\QHU
5ԥVVDP
.RUUHNWRU
0ԥVOԥKԥWoL
0ԥVOԥKԥWoLTXUXP
øVPD\ÕO6DGÕTRY
ԤVJԥU4XOL\HY
(OGԥQL];RFD]DGԥ
=H\QDOøVD\HY
(OGԥQL];RFD]DGԥ
(OPLU0ԥPPԥGRY
$TúLQ0ԥVLPRY
5DVLP$EGXUD]DTRY
/H\OD+DFÕ\HYD
³&DYHQGLú´1ԥúUL\\DW(YL
$]ԥUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÕ(OPYԥ7ԥKVLO1D]LUOL\L
0ԥOOLIOLNKTXTODUÕTRUXQXU;VXVLLFD]ԥROPDGDQEXQԥúUL
Yԥ\D[XGRQXQKԥUKDQVÕKLVVԥVLQL\HQLGԥQoDSHWGLUPԥNVXUԥWLQLoÕ[DUPDT
HOHNWURQLQIRUPDVL\DYDVLWԥOԥULLOԥ\D\PDTTDQXQD]LGGLU
+ԥUԥELUTԥKUԥPDQROGX
La
,6%1
6ԥQRODVDQJOVWDQ +HVDEQԥúUL\\DWKԥFPL)L]LNLoDSYԥUԥTL
6ԥKLIԥVD\Õ.ԥVLPGԥQVRQUDî.D÷Õ]IRUPDWÕî
6ԥQԥKԥUDQFDQTXUEDQ ùULIWLQDGÕYԥ|OoV6HJRH8,SW2IVHWND÷Õ]Õ2IVHWoDSÕ
6LIDULú7LUDM3XOVX]%DNÕ±
6ԥQԥPLQELUPԥKԥEEԥW
ԤO\D]PDQÕQ\Õ÷ÕPDYHULOGL\LYԥoDSDLP]DODQGÕ÷ÕWDUL[
6LQԥPGԥWXWPXúPԥNDQ
dDSPԥKVXOXQXQԥúUHGԥQ
1DPXVXQXKLI]HWPԥ\ԥ $]ԥUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÕQÕQ7ԥKVLOøQVWLWXWX %DNÕú$&ԥOLORYNo
%D\UD÷ÕQÕ\NVԥOWPԥ\ԥ dDSPԥKVXOXQXLVWHKVDOHGԥQ
³&13ROLTUDI´00& %DNÕúùԥULI]DGԥNç
&POԥJԥQFOԥUPúWDTGÕU
ùDQOÕ9ԥWԥQùDQOÕ9ԥWԥQ
$]ԥUED\FDQ$]ԥUED\FDQ
h ə
yi
La
HEYDƏR ƏLİYEV
AZƏRBAYCAN XALQININ ÜMUMMİLLİ LİDERİ
La
yi
hə
=$85ù6$<(90ˍ16850ˍ+ˍ55ˍ0290ˍ+ˍ00ˍ'.ˍ5ù029
*h1$<+h6(<1=$'ˍ$4úù1$%'8//$<(9
h ə
hPXPLWԥKVLOPԥVVLVԥOԥULQLQFLVLQLÀԥULoQ
UL\D]L\\DWIԥQQL]UԥGԥUVOLN
FLKLVVԥ
yi
$]ˎUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÖ(OPYˎ7ˎKVLO1D]LUOL\L
&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQ1RQ&RPPHUFLDO6KDUH$OLNH
La
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &&%<1&6$
%XQˎûU&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQ1RQ&RPPHUFLDO6KDUH$OLNH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
OLVHQ]L\DVÖ &&%<1&6$ LOˎZZZWULPVHGXD]VD\WÖQGDˎOoDWDQGÖU
%XQˎûULQPˎ]PXQXQGDQLVWLIDGˎHGˎUNˎQ
V|]JHGˎQOLVHQ]L\DQÖQûˎUWOˎULQLTˎEXOHWPLûROXUVXQX]
1ˎûUGˎQNRPPHUVL\DPˎTVˎGLOˎLVWLIDGˎTDGDøDQGÖU
7|UˎPˎQˎûUOˎURULMLQDOQˎûULQOLVHQ]L\DûˎUWOˎULOˎ\D\ÖOPDOÖGÖU
%XQˎûUOˎEDøOÖLUDGYˎWˎNOLÁˎULQL]L
WUP#DUWLHGXD]YˎGHUVOLN#HGXJRYD]
HOHNWURQQYDQODUÖQDJ|QGˎUPˎ\LQL][DKLûROXQXU
ˍPˎNGDûOÖøÖQÖ]oQˎYYˎOFˎGˎQWˎûˎNNUHGLULN
ˀ ̮ˁʷν˅ ͺʶʴ ˇ
ʷυˬ˜Ουˡ˜ˢ˟˔ˡ˜˙˔˗υ˟υ˥ʡ
ˇυˡ˟˜˞ʡʵυ˥˔˕υ˥˦˜˭˟˜˞ 5 ʹυ˭˔Ѓˤ˨˥˟˔˥ͻ 61
ùONLQ\R[ODPD ùONLQ\R[ODPD
'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU .XEYˎNXERLGLQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
%LUGˎ\LûˎQOLLIDGˎOˎULQ 2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDT
VDGˎOˎûGLULOPˎVL RODQG]SUL]PDQÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
%ˎUDEˎUOLNYˎWˎQOLN 0ˎVˎOˎOˎU
ə
7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODPˎVˎOˎKˎOOL ']SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPL
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎU 6DKˎYDKLGOˎUL
$VÖOÖYˎDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQOˎU +ˎFPYDKLGOˎUL
;ODVˎ ;ODVˎ
hPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU hPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU
h
67($04OREDOLVWLOˎûPˎ 67($04XûODUEL]LP
GRVWODUÖPÖ]GÖU
yi ˆ˧˔˧˜˦˧˜˞˔˩υ
ˀ͎˦˧υ˩˜Ѓˤ˨˥˟˔˥ 35 ˠυ˟˨ˠ˔˧˟˔˥ͻˡ˧υ˦˩˜˥˜ 85
ùONLQ\R[ODPD ùONLQ\R[ODPD
.RQTUX\HQWEXFDTODU ˍGˎGLRUWD
%XFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQL 'DLUˎYLGLDTUDP
4RQûXYˎTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU 0ˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
0ˎVˎOˎOˎU
La
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVL ;ODVˎ
0UˎNNˎEÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVL hPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU
3DUDOHOYˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DU 67($0&29ù'LQIHNVL\DVÖQÖQ
G][ˎWOˎULQoˎNLOPˎVL \D\ÖOPDVWDWLVWLNDVÖ
hoEXFDøÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
;ODVˎ FLVLQLI]Uˎ
hPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU PXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU
67($0$YWRPRELOGD\DQDFDøÖ 6|]ON
&DYDEODU
ə
*QG
*
* QGˎO
QG ˎ LNLN Kˎ\ \DDWWOD D EDøDøOÖÖ LON N UL\ \D D]]LL Pˎ
PˎVVˎ ˎOˎ
OˎOˎ
ˎOˎ
OˎUU
4ˎG
4ˎ GLLPP 0L 0LVLVVLUG
LUGGˎ
ˎ PH\G
PH\
PH \G GDQD
DQD Jˎ
DQ J OP
OPLû
PLûûGL GLU U 4ˎG ˎGLP
ˎGLP P
x Gˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎUL\D]PDøÖYˎ PLV
PL LVL
VLUO
U LO
UOLOLOˎˎUULLQ
Q UL\
L\D]
D]L
D]]L
LED
EDFFD
EDFD
ED FDUUÖ
FDUÖ UÖTO
TODUÖQ
TODUDUÖQGD
DU ÖQ
QGD
GDQ Q[ˎ
[ˎEˎ EˎUUYH
YHUˎ
UˎQ
UˎQ
Uˎ
PˎQE
Pˎ QEˎ
QEˎO ˎOOˎUGˎ
ˎUG
ˎU GˎˎQ EL
E UL 5D 5D\Q \QG
\Q
\ QG SD SDSL
DSL
SLUX
UXVX
UX VX
VX X NL N PL
NLPL
P WD
R[XPDøÖ
QÖÖQÖ
Q Q U
QÖU
U (ˎ ˎ Wˎ
Wˎ[P
Wˎ[P
[PLQˎQ
[PLQ LQˎQ
LQ ˎQ FFL
FL LOG
OGˎ
Gˎˎ[ˎ
ˎ[ˎ
[ˎWW WWWDW
WW DW
DW
DW$K
W $K
$KPH PH HV
x LIDGˎOˎULVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎ\L WWˎUˎ
Wˎ
ˎUˎˎÀ ÀQGˎ
ÀQ QGˎG Q SD
GˎQ S SLUX
SDSLSLLUX
UXVV ND
NDøÖ
N DøÖøÖ]]]ÖÖ ]ˎ
ø
øÖ ]ˎUL
U Qˎ N|oo
ULQˎ
UL UUO
OˎQ
ˎQ
ˎQQ
x
x
x
x
h
Gˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\PˎWLQGˎLIDGˎQLQ
TL\PˎWLQLKHVDEODPDøÖ
VDGˎWˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHWPˎ\L
WˎQOLNTXUPDTODPˎVˎOˎKˎOOHWPˎ\L
NˎPL\\ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDDVÖOÖOÖøÖGVWXUOD
E ˎO\
EX
OD
DQ
D
SDSL
S
SD
+ˎPL
+ˎ
GˎUV
Gˎ
WˎQO
Wˎ
SLUX
SL
PL Q
PL
UVOL
UV
Q LN
QO
O\D]
\D]
QÖÖOÖÖU
Q
U V
NOˎ
D]PD
D
U
Q ˎ
OLL\L
\ LGL
OˎUL
PD KD]
Pˎ
VVND
NDøÖ
ND øÖ]Ö
ˎOO\D
\D]]P
ULQ Kˎ
ULQ
D]ÖÖÖUUGD
ˎVˎ
V OOˎ
]ÖQÖ
QÖÖQ
Q
]PD
G %X
GL
KˎOO
PD PL
%XUD
OOLQ
LQˎ
LQ
GD %UL
ˎ Yˎ
QX]
UDGD
DGD
ˎRQ
ˎ
X]XQ
X XQOX
XQ
PLVL
GDNÖ
ˎJˎ
ˎ
Jˎ
U WD
RQ
R OD
WDQ
DQL
OXøX
Xø
VLUUOLO
VLUO
VL UOLO
UO
NÖ Eˎ]
JˎWL
ˎWWL
WLU
LUL
QL\D
QL\D
DUUÖ
D
øX
\ PX]
UÖQ Kˎ
XP
LOˎU o
ˎ]L Pˎ
ˎ]L
ULOLLUU 0LV
KˎOO
PHW
X]H\
oQ
PˎVVˎ
LVLU
VLUUOL
]H\
OOL
OO
HWUG
HW
L\
UG
H\LQ
\D
GˎQ
Q UL
OLOˎ
ˎOˎ
Oˎ
\LQ
D]Ö
QGˎ
U \D
ˎOˎ
G VVD[
]ÖOP
ˎ oR[
PÖû
\D]
D]L
]L\\
D[
D[
Öû EX
R[GXGXU
XUU
L\\DW
\\DW
\\
OˎU VVD
OˎU
ˎUU Pˎ
P FK
DGˎ
FKXO
D
Gˎ
KXOX
XOX
XO
ˎ
yi [VX
[
VXVXVVL
VXVL VL KHU HURT
RTTOLLÁˎ
Á LûD ûûDUˎ
Uˎˎ HG GLLUG GLO
LOˎU
ˎU
LIDGˎHWPˎ\L
x NˎPL\\ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDDVÖOÖOÖøÖ
FˎGYˎOYˎTUDÀNOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎ\L
x VDGˎ EˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎULQ KˎOOˎULQL VHoPˎ
VXOODWDSPDøÖ
La
ùONLQ
Q S REOHP
ùONLQSUREOHP5D\QGSDSLUXVXQGDNÖ
PˎVˎOˎOˎUGˎQ ELULQˎ R[ûDU RODQ Pˎ
VˎOˎQLKˎOOHGLQ
o|UˎNHYˎSD\ODQGÖ%XHYOˎUGˎQ
J|]ˎWoL XVWD Yˎ TD\ÖToÖQÖQ \DûDGÖøÖ
HYOˎULQKˎUELULQˎSD\TDODQODUDLVˎ
SD\YHULOGL+ˎUHYˎQHoˎo|UˎNGûG"
İlkin yoxlama
+DVLOLFˎPFˎPLKDVLOûˎNOLQGˎ\D]ÖQ
Ăb Ăc x+x+x+ x m+m+m+m+m+m
´"µLûDUˎVLQLQ\HULQˎX\øXQUL\D]LLIDGˎQL\D]ÖQ
D " E " F y
x x x x x x "
m Yˎn ROGXTGDmĂ ²n mnLIDGˎVLQLQTL\PˎWLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
ə
'ˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\PˎWOˎULoQFˎGYˎOLWDPDPOD\ÖQ
D c E 5
m 38
c
à m
D
x
h
7ˎVYLUOˎUˎX\øXQWˎQOLN\D]ÖQYˎKˎOOHGLQ
E
x x x
'ˎ\LûˎQOˎULQFˎPLQLKDVLOûˎNOLQGˎ\D]ÖQYˎWˎQOL\LKˎOOHGLQ
F
x
yi
x x x x ² yyyyy xxx
7ˎQOL\LKˎOOHGLQ
4L\PˎWLPDQDWRODQnVD\GDGˎIWˎUYˎTL\PˎWLPDQDWRODQmVD\GDTˎOˎPDOGÖTGD
|GˎPˎNOD]ÖPRODQSXOXKHVDEODPDToQUL\D]LLIDGˎ\D]ÖQn m ROGXTGDLIDGˎQLQ
TL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODPˎVˎOˎOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
D +DQVÖˎGˎGLQLOˎKDVLOLYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQFˎPLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU"
E 6LQLIGˎNLûDJLUGOˎUTUXSDE|OQVˎOˎUKˎUTUXSGDQˎIˎURODUúDJLUGOˎUKˎUELULQGˎQˎIˎU
ROPDTODTUXSODUDE|OQVˎOˎUQHoˎTUXSDOÖQDU"
úˎNOˎˎVDVˎQTDQXQDX\øXQOXøXPˎ\\ˎQHGLQYˎFˎGYˎOLWDPDPOD\ÖQ
)LTXUXQVÖUD n
Q|PUˎVL
'DLUˎOˎULQVD\Ö
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ʷυˬ˜Ουˡ˜ˢ˟˔ˡ˜˙˔˗υ˟υ˥
Araşdırma-müzakir
\HûL\LQKˎUELULQGˎH\QLVD\GDDOPDûLUˎVLTXWXODUÖYDU\HûLN
WDPFX\HûLNGˎQLVˎoTXWXVDWÖOGÖ
6DWÖûGDQGD[LORODQPˎEOˎøLUL\D]LLIDGˎLOˎQHFˎ\D]PDTRODU"
+ˎU\HûLNGˎTXWXRODUVDEXPˎEOˎøLQHFˎKHVDEODPDTRODU"
᎑
6|]OˎYHULOˎQLIDGˎOˎULQUL\D]LVLPYROODUOD\D]ÖOPDVÖ
ə
%ˎ]LVLWXDVL\DODUODEDøOÖPˎVˎOˎOˎUGˎNˎPL\\ˎWOˎUP[WˎOLITL\PˎWOˎUDODELOˎU%X]DPDQKˎPLQNˎPL\
\ˎWOˎUGˎ\LûˎQOˎˎYˎ]ROXQXUYˎGˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU\D]ÖOÖU6|]OˎYHULOPLûEHOˎLIDGˎOˎULUL\D]LVLP
YROODUOD\D]PDToQGˎ\LûˎQLPˎ\\ˎQKˎUÁˎLûDUˎHWPˎNYˎX\øXQˎPˎOLG]JQVHoPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU
LOˎaQÖQFˎPL LOˎbQLQIˎUTL QLQc\ˎKDVLOL dYˎQLQTLVPˎWL
a
h ²b Ãc
5L\D]LLIDGˎOˎUL\D]DUNˎQP|WˎUL]ˎOˎUOD]ÖPRODUVDRQODUÖQG]JQTR\XOPDVÖQD[VXVLGLTTˎWHW
PˎNOD]ÖPGÖU
d
yi
LOˎaQÖQFˎPLQLQˎKDVLOL LOˎbQLQIˎUTLQLQ\ˎKDVLOL cYˎQFˎPLLOˎQTLVPˎWL
!!
9XUXTODUGDQ ELUL Yˎ \D ELU QHoˎVL Gˎ\LûˎQ RODUVD DGˎWˎQ YXUPD LûDUˎVL \D]ÖOPÖU 0ˎVˎOˎQ
La
ĂnYˎ\DnĂKDVLOOˎULQLnNLPLGˎ\D]PDTRODU%XKDOGDˎGˎGLYXUXTKˎUÀQTDUûÖVÖQGD\D]ÖOÖU
Çalışma
9HULOPLûLIDGˎOˎULR[X\XQ
1h081ˍ m²
2[XQXûX $oÖTODPD
mYˎQIˎUTLLOˎQÖQTLVPˎWL mYˎQIˎUTLLOˎQÖQTLVPˎWL
m²
2
D x² Ă E y ²c F a 3 G ²m Ă
5L\D]LLIDGˎûˎNOLQGˎ\D]ÖQ
D mˎGˎGLQLQPLVOLLOˎLQFˎPL
E aYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQIˎUTLLOˎQLQTLVPˎWL
1
F nYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQFˎPLLOˎ 4 LQKDVLOL
G xYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQFˎPLQLQYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQIˎUTLQˎKDVLOL
H aQÖQNYDGUDWÖLOˎQNYDGUDWÖQÖQFˎPL
0[WˎOLIVLWXDVL\DODUDX\øXQUL\D]LLIDGˎOˎULQ\D]ÖOPDVÖ
dR[ YD[W Gˎ\LûˎQL RODQ LIDGˎOˎUGˎQ H\QLWLSOL VLWXDVL\DODUOD EDøOÖ
ə
PˎVˎOˎKˎOOˎULQGˎLVWLIDGˎROXQXU%X]DPDQ\D]ÖODQLIDGˎPˎVˎOˎ-
QLQPXPLKˎOOLGˎDGODQÖU
1h081ˍ ùoLQGˎ NWOˎVL NT RODQ NRQIHW SDNHWOˎUL \HUOˎûˎQ
TXWXQXQ PXPL NWOˎVL NTGÖU 4XWXGDQ n VD\GD SDNHW oÖ
[DUÖOGÖTGD TXWXQXQ NWOˎVLQL WDSPDT oQ KDQVÖ UL\D]L LIDGˎQL
\D]PDTRODU"
h
+ˍ//ù%XQXûˎNLOoˎNPˎNOˎEHOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU
NT TXWXQXQˎYYˎONLNWOˎVL
6XDOODUDX\øXQGˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU\D]ÖQ'ˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\PˎWLQGˎLIDGˎQLQTL\PˎWLQL
KHVDEOD\ÖQYˎDOÖQDQQˎWLFˎQLL]DKHGLQ
1h081ˍ6DPLUTL\PˎWLPDQDWRODQn ˎGˎGDOERPYˎTL\PˎWLPDQDWRODQNLWDEDOGÖ
2DOERPODUÖYˎNLWDEÖDOPDToQQˎTˎGˎUSXO|GˎGL"
n RODUVD6DPLUQˎTˎGˎUSXO|Gˎ\ˎU"
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
n DOERPXQTL\PˎWLRQODUÖQVD\ÖQDYXUXOXUYˎKDVLOˎNLWDEÖQ
TL\PˎWLˎODYˎHGLOLU
Ă PDQ 'ˎ\LûˎQLQ\HULQˎ\D]PDTODLIDGˎQLQTL\PˎWLKHVDEODQÖU
6DPLUDOERPYˎELUNLWDEDOPDToQPDQDWSXO|GˎGL
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
D 3L\DGDQÖQVUˎWLVDDWGDaNPGLU$WOÖQÖQVUˎWLSL\DGDQÖQVUˎWLQGˎQGˎIˎoR[GXU$WOÖQÖQ
VUˎWLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"a ROGXTGDDWOÖQÖQVUˎWLQˎTˎGˎURODU"
E $\QXUÀNULQGˎ cˎGˎGLQLWXWGX%XˎGˎGGˎQoÖ[ÖEDOÖQDQIˎUTLˎE|OGNGˎ6ˎELQˎQLQ
ÀNULQGˎWXWGXøXˎGˎGDOÖQDU6ˎELQˎÀNULQGˎKDQVÖˎGˎGLWXWXE" c RODUVD6ˎELQˎQLQ
ÀNULQGˎWXWGXøXˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
F <HûLNGˎnNTDOPDYDU6ˎEˎWGˎNLDOPDODUÖQNWOˎVL\HûLNGˎNLDOPDODUÖQNWOˎVLQGˎQGˎIˎ
D]GÖU6ˎEˎWGˎQˎTˎGˎUDOPDYDU"n RODUVDVˎEˎWGˎNLDOPDQÖQNWOˎVLQˎTˎGˎURODU"
ə
'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU\D]PDTODPˎVˎOˎOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
h
b ROGXTGDoDGÖUODUGDNÖ\HUOˎULQPXPLVD\ÖQˎTˎ
GˎURODU"
úˎNLOGˎNYDGUDWYˎG]EXFDTOÖGDQLEDUˎW
PUˎNNˎEÀTXUYHULOLE
9HULOˎQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLxLOˎLIDGˎHGLQ
yi
x ROGXTGDLIDGˎQLQTL\PˎWLQLKHVDE
VP
VP
OD\ÖQ
xVP
%LUPˎQWˎTˎGˎQH\QLYD[WGDLNLPDûÖQˎNVLVWLTDPˎWGˎ\RODGûG0DûÖQODUGDQELUL
NPVDDWRELULLVˎaNPVDDWVUˎWOˎKˎUˎNˎWHGLU
VDDWGDQVRQUDRQODUDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎQˎTˎGˎURODU"
a ROGXTGDEXPˎVDIˎQLWDSÖQ
La
6DPLUKˎUELULQLQTL\PˎWLPDQDWRODQnGˎQˎTˎOˎPDOGÖYˎNDVVD\DPDQDWYHUGL
2QDTD\WDUÖODQSXOXWDSPDToQKDQVÖUL\D]LLIDGˎQL\D]PDTRODU"
n ROGXTGD6DPLUˎQˎTˎGˎUSXOTD\WDUÖODU"
6XDOODUDX\øXQGˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU\D]ÖQ
/DOˎQLQb\DûÖYDU
4DUGDûÖ/DOˎGˎQ\DûNLoLNGLU/DOˎQLQTDUGDûÖQÖQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU"
$WDVÖ/DOˎGˎQ\DûE|\NGU/DOˎQLQDWDVÖQÖQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU"
$QDVÖQÖQ\DûÖ/DOˎQLQ\DûÖQÖQPLVOLQGˎQYDKLGoR[GXU/DOˎQLQDQDVÖQÖQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU"
/DOˎQLQ\DûÖRODUVDDWDVÖQÖQDQDVÖQÖQYˎTDUGDûÖQÖQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU"
ùIDGˎ\ˎX\øXQPˎVˎOˎTXUXQYˎKˎOOHGLQ
D n E c² F Ă k G m²
ʵ˜˥˗υˬ˜Ουˡ˟˜˜˙˔˗υ˟υ˥˜ˡ
˦˔˗υ˟υΟ˗˜˥˜˟ˠυ˦˜ HNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎU
RUWDTYXUXT
Araşdırma-müzakir
+ˎUTXWXGDnGˎQˎNDUDQGDûYDU
$QDUˎYYˎOTXWXVRQUDLVˎTXWXNDUDQGDûDODUVDFˎPL
QHoˎGˎQˎNDUDQGDûDODU"
2ELUTXWXNDUDQGDûÖGRVWXQDEDøÖûOD\DUVDRQXQQHoˎND
ə
UDQGDûÖTDODU"
9HULOPLûPRGHOOˎUˎJ|UˎKˎOOLQHFˎL]DKHWPˎNRODU"
n n n ²n
n n n n n n n n n n
9XUPDQÖQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLQLWˎWELTHWPˎNOˎVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎ
h
'ˎ\LûˎQL RODQ LIDGˎOˎULQ TL\PˎWL Gˎ\LûˎQLQ TL\PˎWLQGˎQ DVÖOÖGÖU 'ˎ\LûˎQOˎULQ LVWˎQLOˎQ PPNQ
TL\PˎWOˎULQGˎH\QLTL\PˎWOˎUDODQLIDGˎOˎUHNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎUDGODQÖU0ˎVˎOˎQaYˎ a ²
HNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎUGLU
dQNLaQÖQYˎVLVWˎQLOˎQTL\PˎWOˎULQGˎKˎULNLLIDGˎQLQTL\PˎWLEˎUDEˎUGLU
ùIDGˎOˎULQ TL\PˎWLQL GDKD DVDQ WDSPDT oQ RQODUÖ VDGˎOˎûGLULE HNYLYDOHQW LIDGˎ LOˎ ˎYˎ] HWPˎN
yi
RODU%XQXQoQˎPˎOOˎULQ[DVVˎOˎULQGˎQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU0ˎVˎOˎQYXUPDQÖQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLQˎ
ˎVDVˎQĂ c LIDGˎVLQˎHNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎQLEHOˎ\D]PDTRODU
Ă c ĂcĂ c
c c c c
La
c + c + + c +c
9XUPDQÖQWRSODPDYˎoÖ[PD\DQˎ]ˎUˎQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLQLPXPLIRUPDGDEHOˎ\D]PDTRODU
Yadda saxla!
%ˎUDEˎUOLN²PYDÀTLûDUˎQLQ VROYˎVDøWˎUˎÁˎULQGˎNLLIDGˎOˎULQHNYLYDOHQWROGXøXQXELO
GLULU%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQVROYˎVDøWˎUˎÁˎULQGˎNLLIDGˎOˎULQ\HULQLGˎ\LûGLNGˎEˎUDEˎUOLNSR]XOPXU
a bb a
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
Çalışma
%Rû[DQD\DX\øXQˎGˎGLWDSÖQ)LNULQL]LVDKˎPRGHOLQˎˎVDVˎQL]DKHGLQ
D Ă x x E Ă y Ăy F Ă a Ăa
x y a
9XUPDQÖQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLQLWˎWELTHWPˎNOˎYHULOˎQLIDGˎ\ˎHNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎ\D]ÖQ
ə
1
D Ă x E Ă x F Ă m² G 2 Ă x H Ă y²
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROPDVÖoQERû[DQDODUDX\øXQˎGˎGOˎUL\D]ÖQ
D Ă n n E Ă c² c² F Ă y Ăy
+DQVÖEˎUDEˎUOLNOˎUGRøUXGH\LO"
h
6ˎKYL Pˎ\\ˎQ HGLQ Yˎ GˎIWˎ
ULQL]GˎG]ˎOGLQ
à x x
à x² x²
à x² x²
2UWDTYXUXøXP|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUPDTODVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎ
à x Ă x
à x x
à x x
yi
9XUPDQÖQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLQGˎEˎUDEˎUOL\LQVDøYˎVROWˎUˎÁˎULQLQ\HULQLGˎ\LûGLNGˎRUWDTYXUXøXQ
P|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUÖOPDVÖTD\GDVÖDOÖQÖU
aĂcbĂc ab ĂcaĂc²bĂc a²b Ăc
%ˎ]LGˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎULRUWDTYXUXøXP|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUPDTODVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎNRODU
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROPDVÖoQERû[DQDODUDX\øXQˎGˎGOˎUL\D]ÖQ
2UWDTYXUXøXP|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUPDTODLIDGˎOˎULVDGˎOˎûGLULQYˎGˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\
PˎWLQGˎLIDGˎQLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
D aaa E cc²c F n²n²n
a c n 52
ùIDGˎQLVDGˎOˎûGLULQYˎGˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\PˎWLQGˎLIDGˎQLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
1h081ˍnn²nn ROGXTGD
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
nn²n nn²n 7RSODPDQÖQ\HUGˎ\LûPˎYˎTUXSODûGÖUPD[DV
nn²n VˎOˎULWˎWELTROXQXU2UWDTYXUXTP|WˎUL]ˎ[D
ə
² Ăn n ULFLQˎoÖ[DUÖOÖUYˎVDGˎOˎûGLULOLU
Ă 'ˎ\LûˎQLQTL\PˎWL\HULQˎ\D]ÖOÖUYˎKHVDEODQÖU
D cc²c² 3 F xx
E n²nn 4
c 12 n
x
6DGˎOˎûGLULQ
h
1h081ˍÃ x ²x
+ˎOOL
à x ²x x²x
x²x x
$oÖTODPD
9XUPDQÖQSD\ODPD[DVVˎVLYˎWRSODPDQÖQ\HUGˎ\LûPˎ
[DVVˎVLQˎˎVDVˎQVDGˎOˎûGLULOLU
yi
D mm G à x ²x J xà x M à n²
úˎNOˎJ|Uˎ|OoOˎULVDQWLPHWUOˎYHULOPLûG]EXFDTOÖQÖQX]XQOX
øXQXSHULPHWULQLYˎVDKˎVLQLKHVDEODPDToQLIDGˎOˎU\D]ÖQ
a ROGXTGDG]EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULYˎVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎURODU"
a
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ʵυ˥˔˕υ˥˟˜˞˩υ˧υˡ˟˜˞
WˎQOL\LQN|N
Araşdırma-müzakir
WˎUVˎPˎO
úˎNLOGˎNLWˎUˎ]LWDUD]OÖTGDGÖU
7ˎUˎ]LQLQELUJ|]QGˎQoˎNLGDûÖJ|WUOVˎWDUD]OÖ
øÖVD[ODPDToQQˎHWPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU"
4XWXQXQNWOˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"%XQXQHFˎWDSPDTRODU" x
7DUD]OÖTGD RODQ WˎUˎ]LQLQ KˎU LNL J|]Qˎ H\QL oˎNL
GDûODUÖˎODYˎHGLOVˎYˎ\DoÖ[ÖOVDWDUD]OÖTSR]XODUPÖ"
7ˎUˎ]LQLQKˎULNLJ|]QGˎNLNWOˎOˎUELUQHoˎGˎIˎDU
ə
WÖUÖOVDWDUD]OÖTSR]XODUPÖ"
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQ[DVVˎOˎUL
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQEˎ]L[DVVˎOˎULYDU
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQ[DVVˎOˎUL 1PXQˎ
h
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQˎH\QLˎGˎGL
ˎODYˎHWGLNGˎEˎUDEˎUOLNSR]XOPXU
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQGˎQH\QLˎGˎGL
oÖ[GÖTGDEˎUDEˎUOLNSR]XOPXU
² ²
²
²
² ²
yi
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQLVÖIÖUGDQIˎUTOL 1 =1 6
2 = 3
H\QLˎGˎGˎYXUGXTGDEˎUDEˎUOLNSR]XOPXU 2 2
1 =1 6
2 $6 2 $6 2 $ 2 = 3 $ 2
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQLVÖIÖUGDQIˎUTOL Ă
H\QLˎGˎGˎE|OGNGˎEˎUDEˎUOLNSR]XOPXU Ă
La
Çalışma
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQ [DVVˎOˎULQGˎQ LVWLIDGˎ HWPˎNOˎ ERû [DQDODUD X\øXQˎGˎGL Yˎ \D ˎPˎO LûDUˎVLQL
ûLIDKLWDSÖQ
D ² ² H ²
E ² ² I ² ²
F Ã Ã J Ã
G Ă Ă K Ă Ã
ˍYYˎOFˎELULQFLEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROGXøXQXJ|VWˎULQùNLQFLEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROGXøXQXLVˎ
X\øXQ[DVVˎ\ˎˎVDVˎQL]DKHGLQ
8 3 8 1 =3 1 9 2+1 9 +
= 2 1 $ 15
D 16 = 6 16 - 4 6 - 4 E 12 + 3 = 5 12 + 3 $ 15 5
6DGˎWˎQOLNOˎULQKˎOOL
'ˎ\LûˎQLQ WˎQOL\L GRøUX ˎGˎGL EˎUDEˎUOL\ˎ oHYLUˎQ TL\PˎWLQˎ WˎQOL\LQ N|N GH\LOLU x
0ˎVˎOˎQx WˎQOL\LQLQN|NGUdQNLWˎQOLNGˎxLQ\HULQˎ\D]GÖTGDGRø
UXEˎUDEˎUOLNDOÖQÖU7ˎQOL\LKˎOOHWPˎN\ˎQLRQXQN|NQWDSPDToQEˎUDEˎUOL\LQ
[DVVˎOˎULQLWˎWELTHWPˎNRODU%X]DPDQWRSODPDLOˎoÖ[PDQÖQYXUPDLOˎE|OPˎQLQ
TDUûÖOÖTOÖWˎUVˎPˎOOˎUROPDVÖQGDQLVWLIDGˎHGLOLU
x x ² ² x
x
x ² ² x x x
x
ə
x ² x ² x
x ² x ²
x ²
x
x
h x
x
x
x
x
x
x
yi x
x
x
x x
x=
1PXQˎOˎUGˎYHULOPLûWˎQOLNOˎULPˎFKXOWRSODQDQÖQPˎFKXOD]DODQÖQPˎFKXOYXUXøXQYˎ
PˎFKXOE|OQˎQLQWDSÖOPDVÖTD\GDODUÖQGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎQHFˎKˎOOHWPˎNRODU"
9HULOPLûˎGˎGLQWˎQOL\LQN|NROXEROPDGÖøÖQÖ\R[OD\ÖQ
D E F G H
5
x x x x² 34 3 x
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
1h081ˍD x E x²
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
D x E x² D %ˎUDEˎUOL\LQVROWˎUˎÀQGˎPˎFKXOLOˎ WRS
x² ²x² ODQÖU 7RSODPDQÖQ WˎUV ˎPˎOL oÖ[PD ROGXøX
x x oQKˎULNLWˎUˎIGˎQoÖ[ÖOÖU7ˎQOL\LQN|NWD
SÖOÖUYˎFDYDE\R[ODQÖOÖU
² E %ˎUDEˎUOL\LQVROWˎUˎÀQGˎPˎFKXOGDQoÖ[Ö
OÖUdÖ[PDQÖQWˎUVˎPˎOLWRSODPDROGXøXoQ
&DYDED x E x KˎULNLWˎUˎIˎˎODYˎHGLOLU7ˎQOL\LQN|NWDSÖOÖU
ə
YˎFDYDE\R[ODQÖOÖU
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
1h081ˍD x
h +ˎOOL
E x
/DOˎYˎ$QDUH\QLWˎQOL\LP[
7–x=5
WˎOLIVXOODUODKˎOOHWGLOˎU 7–x=5
7–x+x=5+x
2QODUÖQKˎOOHWGLNOˎULVXOODUÖ x=7–5
7=5+x
QHFˎL]DKHGˎELOˎUVLQL]" x=2
7–5=5+x–5
²x WˎQOL\LQLEXVXOODU
2=x
ODQHFˎKˎOOHWPˎNRODU"
x=2
%LUQHoˎˎPˎOGD[LORODQWˎQOLNOˎULQKˎOOL
%ˎ]LWˎQOLNOˎUGˎPˎFKXOGD[LORODQLIDGˎOˎUGˎELUQHoˎˎPˎORODELOˎU Ãx
%ˎUDEˎUOLNOˎULQ [DVVˎOˎULQGˎQ Yˎ WˎUV ˎPˎOOˎUGˎQ LVWLIDGˎ HWPˎNOˎ WˎQ
OLNOˎULKˎOOHWPˎNRODU7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGˎUNˎQˎYYˎOEˎUDEˎUOL\LQPˎFKXO FLˎPˎOFLˎPˎO
RODQWˎUˎÀQGˎVRQXQFXˎPˎOPˎ\\ˎQHGLOLU6RQUDKˎPLQˎPˎOLQWˎUVL
RODQˎPˎOWˎWELTROXQXUYˎWˎQOLNVDGˎOˎûGLULOLU%XPˎFKXOWDSÖODQDTˎGˎUWˎNUDUODQÖU
ə
x 9XUPDQÖQWˎUVLE|OPˎROGXøXoQKˎULNLWˎUˎIˎE|OQU
x 7ˎQOL\LQN|NWDSÖOÖU
à 7ˎQOL\LQN|N\HULQˎ\D]ÖOÖUYˎEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXOXøX\R[ODQÖOÖU
&DYDEx
x
x
x
x
h x² ²
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
yi
1h081ˍ x² Ã 6ROWˎUˎIGˎxGˎQoÖ[ÖOÖUVRQUDIˎUT\ˎYXUXOXU
x² Ã 9XUPDQÖQWˎUVLE|OPˎROGXøXoQKˎULNLWˎUˎI\ˎE|OQU
x² 6DGˎOˎûGLULOLU
x² dÖ[PDQÖQWˎUVLWRSODPDROGXøXoQKˎULNLWˎUˎIˎˎODYˎROXQXU
x 7ˎQOL\LQN|NWDSÖOÖU
La
² Ã 7ˎQOL\LQN|N\HULQˎ\D]ÖOÖUYˎEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXOXøX\R[ODQÖOÖU
&DYDEx
FL QPXQˎGˎNL WˎQOL\LQ VRO WˎUˎÀQL VDGˎOˎûGLUPˎNOˎ FL QPXQˎ\ˎ X\øXQ QHFˎ KˎOO
HWPˎNRODU"
x
7ˎVYLUOˎUˎX\øXQWˎQOLNOˎU\D]ÖQYˎKˎOOHGLQ
D E T
x F
x x T T x x T T T
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQYˎFDYDEÖ\R[OD\ÖQ
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQYˎFDYDEÖ\R[OD\ÖQ
x à x² à x à x
ə
Ă x Ă x² x² Ã x²
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQYˎFDYDEÖ\R[OD\ÖQ
1h081ˍx²
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
x²
xà Ã
x
²
h
x²
x
dÖ[PDQÖQWˎUVLWRSODPDROGXøXoQKˎULNLWˎUˎIˎ
ˎODYˎHGLOLU
6DGˎOˎûGLULOLU
%|OPˎQLQWˎUVLYXUPDROGXøXoQKˎULNLWˎUˎI\ˎ
YXUXOXU7ˎQOL\LQN|NWDSÖOÖU
7ˎQOL\LQN|N\HULQˎ\D]ÖOÖUYˎ\R[ODQÖOÖU
yi
&DYDEx
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQVROWˎUˎÀQGˎNLLIDGˎQLVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎNOˎWˎQOL\LKˎOOHGLQ
D x x F x – x H x x² J x²x
7ˎQOLN\D]ÖEKˎOOHWPˎNOˎVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D +DQVÖˎGˎGL\ˎYXUXEDOÖQDQKDVLOˎˎODYˎHWGLNGˎFˎPDEˎUDEˎURODU"
3
E +DQVÖˎGˎGLˎE|OEDOÖQDQTLVPˎWˎˎODYˎHWGLNGˎFˎP 5 ˎEˎUDEˎURODU"
F +DQVÖˎGˎGLQPLVOLQGˎQoÖ[GÖTGDIˎUTˎEˎUDEˎURODU"
2
G +DQVÖˎGˎGLˎE|OEDOÖQDQTLVPˎWGˎQoÖ[GÖTGDIˎUT 5 \ˎEˎUDEˎURODU"
(O[DQÖQÀNULQLP]DNLUˎHGLQYˎ ²x xPˎFKXOoÖ[ÖODQGÖU0ˎFKXO
FDYDEÖQGRøUXOXøXQX\R[OD\ÖQ x ² oÖ[ÖODQÖWDSPDToQD]DODQ-
%XVXOGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎYH x GDQIˎUTLoÖ[DUDP0ˎFKXO
ULOPLûWˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQ x YXUXøXWDSPDToQKDVLOL
x PˎOXPYXUXøDE|OˎUˎP
(O[DQ
ə
%LUPˎFKXOOX WˎQOLNOˎULQ KˎOOLQLQ PXPL TD\GDVÖQÖ ,; ˎVUGˎ 0ˎKˎPPˎG
ˎO;DUˎ]PLYHUPLûGLU2|]QQˍOFˎEUYˎˎOPTDEˎOˎDGOÖˎVˎULQGˎWˎQ
OLNOˎULQKˎOOLoQLNLVXOYHULU
7ˎQOLNGˎoÖ[ÖODQKˎGOˎURODUVDRQODUÖWˎQOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQˎˎODYˎHWPˎN
OD]ÖPGÖU
ˍ/;$5ˍ=0ù
²
h 7ˎQOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQGˎQEˎUDEˎUKˎGOˎULoÖ[PDTRODUEXKDOGDWˎQOLNVD
GˎOˎûLU
ˍO;DUˎ]PLQLQEXGˎ\ˎUOLˎVˎULUL\D]L\\DWGDFˎEULQD\UÖFDELUVDKˎNLPL\DUDQ
PDVÖQDVˎEˎEROGX&ˎEUV|]QQ|]GˎˎVˎULQDGÖQGDQJ|WUOPûGU
yi
$QDUYˎ/DOˎÃ x² WˎQOL\LQLQHFˎKˎOOHGˎFˎNOˎULKDTTÖQGDÀNLUOˎULQLV|\OˎGLOˎU2QODUÖQ
KˎUELULQLQWˎNOLIHWGL\LVXODX\øXQKˎOOL\D]ÖQ
ˍYYˎOFˎYHULOPLûWˎQOL\LQKˎULNL ˍYYˎOFˎWˎQOL\LQVROWˎUˎÀQ
WˎUˎÀQL\ˎE|OˎUˎP6RQUDKˎU GˎNLLIDGˎQLVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎNOˎ
LNLWˎUˎIˎˎODYˎHWPˎNOˎWˎQOL DOÖQPÖûWˎQOL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQˎ
La
\LQN|NQWDSDUDP ˎODYˎHGˎUˎP6RQUDKˎULNL
WˎUˎÀ\ˎE|OˎUˎPYˎWˎQOL\LQ O
/DOˎ
$QDU N|NQWDSDUDP
6DPLULQ\DûÖEDFÖVÖQÖQ\DûÖQÖQPLV 6ˎELQˎÀNULQGˎELUˎGˎGWXWGX%XˎGˎGGˎQ
OLQGˎQ YDKLG oR[GXU 6DPLULQ oÖ[ÖEDOÖQDQIˎUTLˎYXUGXTGDDOÖQÖU6ˎELQˎ
\DûÖYDUVDEDFÖVÖQÖQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU" ÀNULQGˎKDQVÖˎGˎGLWXWXE"
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ˇυˡ˟˜˞ˤ˨˥ˠ˔ˤ˟˔ˠυ˦υ˟υ˛υ˟˟˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
$OÖFÖNTTÖUPÖ]ÖDOPDYˎPˎ\\ˎQTˎGˎUDUPXGDOGÖ
2VDWÖFÖ\DPDQDW|GˎGL
$OÖFÖQHoˎNLORTUDPDUPXGDOGÖ"
%XQXWˎQOLNTXUPDTODQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
᎑ ᎑
ə
7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODPˎVˎOˎKˎOOL
7ˎQOLN PˎVˎOˎQLQ ûˎUWLQL UL\D]L GLOˎ oHYLUPˎN VXOODUÖQGDQ ELULGLU %XQXQ oQ D[WDUÖODQ NˎPL\\ˎWLQ
TL\PˎWLPˎFKXONLPLTˎEXOHGLOLUYˎDGˎWˎQxLOˎLûDUˎROXQXU7ˎQOL\LKˎOOHWPˎNOˎD[WDUÖODQNˎPL\\ˎWLQ
TL\PˎWLWDSÖOÖU7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODPˎVˎOˎKˎOOHWPˎNoQDûDøÖGDNÖPˎUKˎOˎOˎUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
0ˎVˎOˎQLDQODúˎUWLDUDûGÖUYˎDQODGÖøÖQDˎPLQRO
h
3ODQTXU0ˎVˎOˎQLQûˎUWLQˎX\øXQLIDGˎYˎ\DWˎQOLN\D]PDToQPYDÀTPKDNLPˎOˎU\UW
(KWL\DFRODUVDûˎNLOoˎN
+ˎOOHW$[WDUÖODQNˎPL\\ˎWLGˎ\LûˎQOˎ PˎVˎOˎQx LûDUˎHWYˎWˎQOLNTXU
7ˎQOL\LKˎOOHWPˎNOˎD[WDUÖODQNˎPL\\ˎWLQTL\PˎWLQLWDS
&DYDEÖQGRøUXOXøXQX\R[OD$OÖQDQFDYDEÖQPˎVˎOˎQLQûˎUWLQL|GˎGL\LQL\R[OD
yi
1h081ˍ2[LOˎ\D\ÖQELUOLNGˎTL\PˎWLPDQDWGÖU<D\R[GDQPDQDW
EDKDGÖU2[XQTL\PˎWLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
᎑
0ˍ6ˍ/ˍ1ù$1/$
1ˎ\LWDSPDTOD]ÖPGÖUR[XQTL\PˎWLQL
1ˎPˎOXPGXUR[Yˎ\D\ÖQELUOLNGˎTL\PˎWLPDQDWGÖU\D\R[GDQPDQDWEDKDGÖU
La
3/$1485
1HFˎKˎOOHWPˎNRODUR[XQTL\PˎWLQLTÖUPÖ]Ö\D\ÖQTL\PˎWLQL 2[
LVˎVDUÖG]EXFDTOÖLOˎWˎVYLUHGˎN
<D\
<D\ R[GDQ PDQDW EDKD ROGXøX oQ VDUÖ G]EXFDTOÖQÖQ
X]XQOXøX GD TÖUPÖ]Ö G]EXFDTOÖQÖQ X]XQOXøXQGDQ YDKLG 2[
oR[RODU <D\
2[ Yˎ \D\ÖQ ELUOLNGˎ TL\PˎWL PDQDW ROGXøX oQ G]EX
FDTOÖODUÖQX]XQOXTODUÖFˎPLˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
+ˍ//(7
2[XQTL\PˎWLQLxLOˎLûDUˎHWVˎN\D\ÖQTL\PˎWLxRODUúˎUWˎJ|Uˎ xx
xYˎxFˎPLˎEˎUDEˎUGLUúˎUWˎˎVDVˎQWˎQOLNTXUXOXUYˎKˎOO x
HGLOLU x² ²
&DYDE2[XQTL\PˎWLPDQDWGÖU x
x
<2;/$ x
2[XQ TL\PˎWL PDQDWGÖUVD GHPˎOL \D\ÖQ TL\PˎWL PDQ RODFDT 2[ Yˎ \D\ÖQ
ELUOLNGˎTL\PˎWLLVˎ PDQ RODFDT'HPˎOLFDYDEGRøUXGXU&DYDEÖWˎQOLNGˎ\HULQˎ
\D]PDTODEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROGXøXQX\R[ODPDTRODU
ə
9
&ˎPLˎEˎUDEˎURODQLNLˎGˎGGˎQELULRELULQGˎQYDKLGE|\NGU%XQODUKDQVÖˎGˎG
OˎUGLU"
ˎGˎGOˎUGLU"
h
ùNLˎGˎGLQFˎPL\ˎEˎUDEˎUGLUˍGˎGOˎUGˎQELULGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎE|\NGU%XQODUKDQVÖ
dˎOOˎNGˎlVXYDUYHGUˎVXˎODYˎHWGLNGˎQVRQUDoˎOOˎNGˎlVXROGX%LUYHGUˎQLQWXWXPX
QˎTˎGˎUGLU"
yi
7DNVLGˎ JHGLû KDTTÖ VˎUQLûLQ PDûÖQD RWXUDUNˎQ PDQDW
Yˎ KˎU JHGLOˎQ NLORPHWUˎ J|Uˎ PDQDW ˎODYˎ HWPˎNOˎ
KHVDEODQÖU6ˎUQLûLQPDQDW|Gˎ\LEVˎWDNVLQHoˎNLORPHWU
PˎVDIˎTˎWHGLE"
La
ho TXWXGD FˎPL NDUDQGDû YDU ùNLQFL TXWXGD ELULQFLGˎQ ˎGˎG oR[ oQF TXWXGD LVˎ
ELULQFLGˎQGˎIˎoR[NDUDQGDûRODUVDKˎUTXWXGDQHoˎNDUDQGDûYDU"
B
ABC oEXFDøÖQÖQ ACWˎUˎÀ ABWˎUˎÀQGˎQGˎIˎ BCWˎUˎÀ
LVˎ ABWˎUˎÀQGˎQVPX]XQGXU ABCoEXFDøÖQÖQSHULPHWUL
VPRODUVDRQXQWˎUˎÁˎULQLQX]XQOXøXQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
A C
ùNLGˎ]JDKGDJQˎU]LQGˎFˎPLGHWDOKD]ÖU
ODQGÖ'ˎ]JDKODUGDQELULQGˎKD]ÖUODQDQGHWDOODUÖQ
VD\Ö R ELULQGˎQ GˎIˎ oR[ ROGX +ˎU Gˎ]JDKGD
JQˎU]LQGˎQHoˎGHWDOKD]ÖUODQGÖ"
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
1h081ˍ<NPDûÖQÖDUDODUÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎNPRODQ$ûˎKˎULQGˎQ%ûˎKˎULQˎ\NDSDUGÖ<N
ERûDOWGÖTGDQVRQUDJHULTD\ÖGDUNˎQRVUˎWLQLNPVDDWDUWÖUGÖYˎVDDWD$ûˎKˎULQˎoDWGÖ<N
PDûÖQÖ$ûˎKˎULQGˎQ%ûˎKˎULQˎ\NDSDUDUNˎQKDQVÖVUˎWOˎJHWPLûGLU"
0ˍ6ˍ/ˍ1ù$1/$
1ˎ\LWDSPDTOD]ÖPGÖU$ûˎKˎULQGˎQ%ûˎKˎULQˎ\NDSDUDUNˎQPDûÖQÖQVUˎWLQL
1ˎPˎOXPGXU$Yˎ%ûˎKˎUOˎULDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎNPGLUTD\ÖGDQGDVUˎWLQLNPVDDWDUWÖUGÖ
Yˎ$ûˎKˎULQˎVDDWDoDWGÖ
3/$1485
ə
1HFˎKˎOOHWPˎNRODUPˎVˎOˎQLWˎQOLN\D]PDTODKˎOOHWPˎNRODU
%XQXQoQJHGLOˎQ\ROVUˎWYˎ]DPDQDUDVÖQGDNÖˎODTˎGˎQLV
WLIDGˎHWPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU *HGLOˎQ
<NPDûÖQÖTD\ÖGDUNˎQVUˎWLQLNPVDDWDUWÖUGÖøÖoQAûˎ \RO
KˎULQˎVDDWDoDWGÖ%X]DPDQEHOˎELUV[HPoˎNPˎNRODU
6UˎW =DPDQ
h *HGLOˎQ\RO 6UˎWÃ=DPDQ
4D\ÖGDUNˎQVUˎWLNPVDDWDUWGÖ
VDDW
yi
$ NP %
+ˍ//(7
0DûÖQÖQ\NDSDUDQGDVUˎWLQL xLOˎLûDUˎHWVˎNTD\ÖGDQGDVUˎWLxRODUúˎUWˎJ|Uˎx
VUˎWOˎTD\ÖGDQPDûÖQVDDWDNPPˎVDIˎTˎWHGLUúˎUWˎˎVDVˎQWˎQOLNTXUXOXUYˎKˎOOHGLOLU
La
*HGLOˎQ\RO 6UˎWÃ=DPDQ
*HGLOˎQ\RONP
6UˎWxNPVDDW Ã x
=DPDQVDDW
VDDW
xNPVDDW x NPVDDW
$ NP %
x
x
x
x² ² &DYDE <N PDûÖQÖ $ ûˎKˎULQGˎQ % ûˎKˎULQˎ \N
x DSDUDUNˎQNPVDDWVUˎWOˎJHWPLûGLU
<2;/$
0DûÖQ NPVDDW VUˎWOˎ JHGLEVˎ GHPˎOL JHUL\ˎ NPVDDW VUˎWOˎ TD\ÖGÖE %HOˎ
OLNOˎPDûÖQNPVDDWVUˎWOˎNPPˎVDIˎQL VDDW YD[WDTˎWHGLE'HPˎOLFDYDE
GRøUXGXU&DYDEÖWˎQOLNGˎ\HULQˎ\D]PDTODEˎUDEˎUOL\LQGRøUXROGXøXQX\R[ODPDTRODU
Ã
Ã
9
ˍVPˎUQˎQˎELûLUGL\LTXWDEODUÖQQÖTRQûX\DJ|QGˎUGLTDODQ
ə
ODUÖQÖLVˎQˎYˎVLDUDVÖQGDEˎUDEˎUE|OG+ˎUQˎYˎ\ˎTXWDE
GûGˍVPˎUQˎQˎQHoˎTXWDEELûLUPLûGL"
h
']EXFDTOÖ IRUPDVÖQGD RODQ UˎVP oˎUoLYˎVLQLQ HQL VPGLU
dˎUoLYˎQLQSHULPHWULVPRODUVDRQXQX]XQOXøXQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
yi
%LU PˎQWˎTˎGˎQ H\QL ]DPDQGD ˎNV LVWLTDPˎWGˎ LNL PDûÖQ \ROD GûG 0DûÖQODUGDQ ELULQLQ
VUˎWLRELULQLQVUˎWLQGˎQNPVDDWoR[GXU0DûÖQODUVUˎWOˎULQLGˎ\LûPˎGˎQKˎUˎNˎWHW
PˎNOˎVDDWVRQUDDUDODUÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎNPROGX+ˎUPDûÖQKDQVÖVUˎWOˎKˎUˎNˎWHWGL"
La
NTQDULQJLPDQDWDNTSRUWDøDOLVˎPD
QDWDGÖU$OÖFÖPˎ\\ˎQPLTGDUSRUWDøDOEXQGDQ
GˎIˎoR[QDULQJLDOÖEFˎPLPDQDW|GˎGL2
KˎUPH\YˎGˎQQˎTˎGˎUDOGÖ" ᎑ ᎑
'ˎYˎYˎTX]XQXQELUOLNGˎNWOˎVLNTGÖU'ˎYˎQLQNW
OˎVLTX]XQXQNWOˎVLQLQPLVOLQGˎQNToR[GXU'ˎYˎ
QHoˎNLORTUDPGÖU"
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ʵυ˥˔˕υ˥˦˜˭˟˜˞˟υ˥
EˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
Araşdırma-müzakir !E|\NGU
E|\NYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU
$QDU \DûÖQGD TDUGDûÖQÖQ DG JQQˎ
NLoLNGLU
R\XQFDTDOGÖ
NLoLNYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU
2\XQFDT TXWXVXQXQ ]ˎULQGˎNL
EˎUDEˎUGH\LO
\D]ÖVÖ RQXQ KDQVÖ \DûGD XûDTODU oQ
W|YVL\ˎHGLOGL\LQLJ|VWˎULU" EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOL
8ûDøÖQ\DûÖn LOˎLûDUˎHGLOˎUVˎR\XQFD
ə
øÖQKDQVÖ\DûGDXûDTODUoQQˎ]ˎUGˎWXWXOGXøXQX
PTD\LVˎLûDUˎVLLOˎQHFˎ\D]PDTRODU"
+ˎPLQR\XQFDT$QDUÖQTDUGDûÖQÖQ\DûÖQDX\øXQGXUPX"%XQXQHFˎPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNRODU"
ˍGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎU
h
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN²LNLUL\D]LLIDGˎDUDVÖQGDNÖPQDVLEˎWLQ! E|\NGU NLoLNGLU VLPYROODUÖLOˎ\D]Ö
OÖûÖGÖU%ˎ]ˎQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎULQ\D]ÖOÖûÖQGD E|\NYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU NLoLNYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU
EˎUDEˎUGH\LO LûDUˎOˎULQGˎQGˎLVWLIDGˎROXQXU
E|\NYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU LûDUˎVLLOˎ\D]ÖODQPQDVLEˎWOˎUNLoLNGH\LO NLoLNYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU
LûDUˎVLLOˎ\D]ÖODQPQDVLEˎWOˎUE|\NGH\LONLPLGˎR[XQXU
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎULNLWˎUˎÀQGˎˎGˎGLLIDGˎRODUVDEHOˎEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNDGODQÖU
yi
0ˎVˎOˎQ
2 1
! 3 ! 2 ²²
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQ\D]ÖOÖûÖQGDPTD\LVˎLûDUˎVLVDøYˎVROWˎUˎIGˎNLLIDGˎOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖPQDVLEˎWLGRø
UXˎNVHWGLUˎUVˎEHOˎEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNGRøUXEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNDGODQÖUˍNVKDOGDEXEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNGRøUX
ROPD\DQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNDGODQÖU0ˎVˎOˎQ
2
La
!!² 5 ²GRøUXEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎUGLU
1 2 1
!² 2 ! 4 3 4 ²GRøUXROPD\DQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎUGLU
Çalışma
\HULQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU Yˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGH\LO LûDUˎOˎULQGˎQX\øXQRODQÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
67 1+3 (3 - 0, 7) ·2 1 35
100 2 4 20 52 · 5 7 ²
9HULOˎQˎGˎGOˎUGˎQûˎUWˎX\øXQRODQODUÖWDSÖQ
D GDQNLoLNQDWXUDOˎGˎGOˎU
E \ˎEˎUDEˎUROPD\DQQDWXUDOˎGˎGOˎU
F GˎQE|\NYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUQDWXUDOˎGˎGOˎU
'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎU
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQVROYˎ\DVDøWˎUˎÀQGˎGˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎYDUVDEHOˎEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNGˎ\LûˎQLRODQ
EˎUDEˎUVL]OLNDGODQÖU0ˎVˎOˎQ
x!yn!!c
6|]Oˎ YHULOPLû Gˎ\LûˎQL RODQ EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\L \D]PDT oQ Gˎ\LûˎQL Pˎ\\ˎQ KˎUÁˎ LûDUˎ HWPˎN
Yˎ PTD\LVˎ LûDUˎVLQL G]JQ VHoPˎN OD]ÖPGÖU 0ˎVˎOˎQ ´%DøODPDQÖQ NWOˎVL NTGDQ oR[GXUµ
LIDGˎVLQGˎEDøODPDQÖQNWOˎVLGˎQE|\NKˎUKDQVÖˎGˎG NTNTNTYˎV RODELOˎU%Dø
ODPDQÖQNWOˎVLQLcLOˎLûDUˎHWVˎNV|]OˎYHULOˎQLIDGˎQLUL\D]LVLPYROODUODEHOˎ\D]PDTRODUc!
ə
c!
h
%DûTDQPXQˎOˎUˎED[DT
.DUDQGDûODUÖQVD\ÖGDQD]GÖU
k
/DOˎQLQ\DûÖGH\LO
n
yi
$QDUÖQNWOˎVLNTGDQoR[GH\LO +ˎUˎNˎWVUˎWLNPVDDWGDQD]GH\LO
m v
)LNLUOˎUˎX\øXQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN\D]ÖQ
5
D nˎGˎGL 7 GˎQE|\NGU G xYˎQFˎPLGˎQNLoLNGH\LO
La
E c ˎGˎGLGˎQIˎUTOLGLU H ˎGˎGLcQLQPLVOLQGˎQE|\NGH\LO
F m ˎGˎGLGˎQNLoLNGLU I mLQPLVOLGDQE|\NYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU
)LNLUOˎUˎX\øXQNˎPL\\ˎWOˎULKˎUÁˎLûDUˎHWPˎNOˎGˎ\LûˎQLRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN\D]ÖQ
D 6ˎELQˎQLQ\DûÖGˎQoR[GXU G $QDUÖQSXOXPDQDWGDQD]GÖU
E <HûL\LQNWOˎVLNTGDQD]GÖU H /HQWLQX]XQOXøXPGˎQoR[GXU
F 6DPLULQNLWDEODUÖQÖQVD\ÖGˎQD]GH\LO I ùPWDKDQEDOÖGˎQoR[GH\LO
*OVPKˎUJQˎQD]ÖNPSL\DGDJˎ]GL\LQLV|\OˎGL+DQVÖ\D]ÖOÖûGRøUXGXU"
ss
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
<RO QLûDQÖQD J|Uˎ KˎUˎNˎW VUˎWL NPVDDWGDQ oR[ ROPDPDOÖGÖU %XQX
EˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎ\D]ÖQ
9HULOˎQ EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\ˎ X\øXQ ÀNLU V|\Oˎ\LQ Yˎ Gˎ\LûˎQLQ Qˎ\L LIDGˎ HWGL\LQL
L]DKHGLQ
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOL
'ˎ\LûˎQLQEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LGRøUXˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\ˎoHYLUˎQKˎUELUTL\PˎWLQˎEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOL
GH\LOLU9HULOPLûˎGˎGLQEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOLROGXøXQX\R[ODPDToQEXˎGˎGLGˎ\LûˎQLQ\HULQˎ
\D]ÖEDOÖQDQˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQGRøUXROXEROPDGÖøÖQÖ\R[ODPDTOD]ÖPGÖU
ə
1h081ˍx!EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQL|Gˎ\ˎQELUQHoˎˎGˎGLTH\GHGLQ
1 21
x 32 3
8\øXQˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN ! 1
32 2 ! 21
! !
3 22
h 9 9
2
9 9
x!EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LxLQGˎQE|\NLVWˎQLOˎQTL\PˎWLQGˎGRøUXGXUYˎEXTL\PˎWOˎUQDWXUDOˎGˎGDGL
Yˎ\DRQOXTNˎVUKˎPoLQLQTDUÖûÖTˎGˎGRODELOˎU%XQXˎGˎGR[XQGDWˎVYLUHWPˎNoQˎGˎGLNLoLN
oHYUˎLOˎTH\GROXQXUˍGˎGR[XQGDGˎQVDøGDNÖEWQˎGˎGOˎUx!EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQLQKˎOOLGLU
ˎGˎGLKˎOOˎDLGGH\LO
8 8
yi
1
32
x! 21
3
ˍGˎGR[XQGDQ|TWˎQLQNLoLNoHYUˎ LOˎTH\GROXQPDVÖX\øXQˎGˎGLQKˎOOˎDLGROPDGÖøÖQÖJ|VWˎULU
1h081ˍxEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQL|Gˎ\ˎQELUQHoˎˎGˎGLTH\GHGLQ
x
La
8\øXQˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
9 9 9 8 8 8
x EˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LxLQˎEˎUDEˎUYˎ\DGˎQNLoLNLVWˎQLOˎQTL\PˎWLQGˎGRøUXGXU%XQXˎGˎG
R[XQGDWˎVYLUHWPˎNoQˎGˎGLNLoLNGDLUˎLOˎTH\GROXQXUˍGˎGR[XQGDˎGˎGLYˎRQGDQVRO
GDNÖEWQˎGˎGOˎUxEˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQLQKˎOOLGLU
x ˎGˎGLKˎOOˎDLGGLU
ˍGˎGR[XQGDQ|TWˎQLQNLoLNGDLUˎ LOˎTH\GROXQPDVÖX\øXQˎGˎGLQKˎOOˎDLGROGXøXQXJ|VWˎULU
YˎdLûDUˎOˎULDUDVÖQGDKDQVÖˎODTˎYDU"!YˎtLûDUˎOˎULDUDVÖQGDKDQVÖˎODTˎ
YDU"2[ûDUYˎIˎUTOLFˎKˎWOˎULQPXQˎOˎUOˎL]DKHGLQ
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎUˎX\øXQˎGˎGR[XQXPˎ\\ˎQHGLQxxx!x
D E F G
'ˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûKDQVÖTL\PˎWOˎULQGˎEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNGRøUXRODU"
D y E m F x ! G z
2 3
3 4
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\L|Gˎ\ˎQoQDWXUDOˎGˎGWDSÖQYˎKˎOOLˎGˎGR[XQGDWˎVYLUHGLQ
D x E x! F x G x H x I x!
ə
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\L|Gˎ\ˎQˎQNLoLNQDWXUDOˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
3 23
D x! E m! 4 F n G y! H x! 3
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\L|Gˎ\ˎQˎQE|\NQDWXUDOˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
D x
h
6DPLULQÀNULGRøUXGXUPX"
E m F n G y
xYˎxEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎULQL
24
H x 4
yi |Gˎ\ˎQQDWXUDOˎGˎGOˎULQVD\ÖEˎUDEˎUGLU
*ˎ]LQWLJˎPLVLˎQoR[VˎUQLûLQWXWXU*ˎPL\ˎVDWÖODELOˎQ
ELOHWOˎULQVD\ÖQÖ n KDQVÖEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎUOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU"
n n n n
La
8VWDHYLQGLYDUÖQDYXUPDToQˎQD]ÖUXORQˎQoR[XUXORQGLYDUNDøÖ]ÖOD]ÖPRODFDøÖQÖ
KHVDEODGÖ'LYDUNDøÖ]ÖQÖQELUUXORQXPDQDWDGÖU9HULOˎQKDQVÖPˎEOˎøOˎUGLYDUNDøÖ]ÖQÖDO
PDToQ|GˎQLOˎQSXORODELOˎU"
PDQ PDQ PDQ PDQ PDQ PDQ
7ˎUˎ]LOˎUGˎNLPH\YˎOˎULQNWOˎVLNTNTNTYˎNTGÖU+ˎUPH\YˎQLQNWOˎVLQLWDSÖQ
NT
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ʴ˦ͻ˟ͻ˩υ˔˦ͻ˟ͻˢ˟ˠ˔ˬ˔ˡ˗υˬ˜Ουˡ˟υ˥
Araşdırma-müzakir
+HVDEODPDPDûÖQODUÖQGDQELULJLULûˎGD[LO
x
y HGLOˎQˎGˎGˎˎODYˎHGLUGLJˎULLVˎGD[LO GVWXU
HGLOˎQˎGˎGLQPLVOLQLWDSÖU'D[LOHGLOˎQ DVÖOÖGˎ\LûˎQ
ˎGˎGxLOˎoÖ[ÖûGDDOÖQDQˎGˎGyLOˎLûDUˎ DVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQ
x y HGLOVˎ KˎU PDûÖQ oQ x Yˎ y DUDVÖQGDNÖ
u NRRUGLQDWûˎEˎNˎVL
ˎODTˎQLQHFˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU"
TUDILN
ə
$VÖOÖNˎPL\\ˎWOˎU
8]XQOXTNWOˎ]DPDQWHPSHUDWXUVUˎWNˎPL\\ˎWOˎUGLU+ˎUNˎPL\\ˎWLQ|]|OoYDKLGLYDU PHWU
NLORTUDPVDDWYˎV .ˎPL\\ˎWLQTL\PˎWL|OoPˎNOˎ\D[XGKHVDEODPDTODWDSÖOÖU
%ˎ]LNˎPL\\ˎWOˎULQTL\PˎWLEDûTDNˎPL\\ˎWOˎUGˎQDVÖOÖROXU0ˎVˎOˎQNYDGUDWÖQSHULPHWULRQXQWˎUˎ
P a
h
ÀQGˎQG]EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLRQXQHQLYˎX]XQOXøXQGDQJHGLOˎQ\ROLVˎVUˎWYˎ]DPDQGDQDVÖOÖGÖU
5L\D]L\\DWGDEXDVÖOÖOÖTODUGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLOLU'VWXUGDKˎUNˎPL\\ˎWPˎ\\ˎQKˎUÁˎLûDUˎROXQXU
.YDGUDWÖQSHULPHWULQLQGVWXUX ']EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQGVWXUX
S a·b
*HGLOˎQ\ROXQGVWXUX
S v·t
$GˎWˎQGVWXUODUGDDVÖOÖNˎPL\\ˎWEˎUDEˎUOL\LQVROWˎUˎÀQGˎDVÖOÖROPD\DQODULVˎVDøWˎUˎÀQGˎ\D
yi
]ÖOÖU%ˎ]LPˎVˎOˎOˎULKˎOOHWPˎNoQELUNˎPL\\ˎWLGLJˎULLOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
1h081ˍLGPDQN|\Qˎ\LQLQTL\PˎWLPDQDWGÖU%XN|\QˎNOˎULQVDWÖûÖQGDQGD[LORODQPˎE
OˎøLQVDWÖODQN|\QˎNOˎULQVD\ÖQGDQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODQHFˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU"
+ˍ//ù*QˎU]LQGˎVDWÖODQN|\QˎNOˎULQVD\ÖQÖxLOˎVDWÖûGDQGD[LORODQPˎEOˎøLLVˎyLOˎLûDUˎHGˎN
y ᎑ 6DWÖODQN|\QˎNOˎULQ 'D[LORODQPˎEOˎø
VD\Ö x y
10 ᎑ ... 10 ᎑ Ã ᎑
La
à ᎑
x VD\GD
x xà x ᎑
.|\Qˎ\LQ TL\PˎWL PˎOXP ROGXTGD JQ ˎU]LQGˎ VDWÖODQ N|\QˎNOˎUGˎQ GD[LO RODQ PˎEOˎø VDWÖODQ
N|\QˎNOˎULQ VD\ÖQGDQ DVÖOÖGÖU %X ]DPDQ JQ ˎU]LQGˎ GD[LO RODQ PˎEOˎøLQ y VDWÖODQ N|\QˎNOˎULQ
VD\ÖQGDQ x DVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖEHOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
y x
Yadda saxla!
yGˎ\LûˎQLQLQxLOˎLIDGˎHGLOPˎVLRGHPˎNGLUNLyGˎ\LûˎQLDVÖOÖGˎ\LûˎQxLVˎDVÖOÖROPD\DQ
Gˎ\LûˎQGLU%DûTDV|]OˎyGˎ\LûˎQLxGˎ\LûˎQLQGˎQDVÖOÖGÖU
$VÖOÖGˎ\LûˎQ $VÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQ
y x
Çalışma
7DSûÖUÖTODUÖ\HULQˎ\HWLULQ
1h081ˍ']EXFDTOÖQÖQHQLPHWUGLU']EXFDTOÖQÖQX]XQOXøXQX bVDKˎVLQLLVˎ SLOˎ
LûDUˎHWPˎNOˎSLQbGˎQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
S b S ']EXFDTOÖQÖQ VDKˎVL RQXQ HQL LOˎ X]XQOXøXQXQ
KDVLOLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
b
D +ˎUTXWXGDNDUDQGDûYDU4XWXODUÖQVD\ÖQÖnNDUDQGDûODUÖQPXPLVD\ÖQÖmLOˎLûDUˎ
ə
HWPˎNOˎmGˎ\LûˎQLQLQnGˎQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQn YˎROGXTGDmLQTL\
PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
E $UPXGXQELUNLORTUDPÖPDQDWDVDWÖOÖUaNTDUPXGXQVDWÖûÖQGDQˎOGˎRODQSXOXbLOˎ
LûDUˎHWPˎNOˎbGˎ\LûˎQLQLaLOˎLIDGˎHGLQa YˎROGXTGDbQLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
h
F 5RPEXQWˎUˎÀaVPSHULPHWULPVPGLUPGˎ\LûˎQLQLQaGDQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ
a YˎROGXTGDPQLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
G 'ˎ]JDKGDELUVDDWGDGHWDOLVWHKVDOROXQXUtVDDWˎU]LQGˎLVWHKVDOROXQDQGHWDOODUÖQVD\Ö
mRODUVDmGˎ\LûˎQLQLtLOˎLIDGˎHGLQt YˎROGXTGDmLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
H $YWRPRELONPVDDWVUˎWOˎKˎUˎNˎWHGLUtVDDWˎU]LQGˎJHGLOˎQ\ROs LOˎLûDUˎHGLOˎUVˎ
yi
sGˎ\LûˎQLQLtLOˎLIDGˎHGLQt YˎROGXTGDsLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
9HULOˎQDVÖOÖOÖøDˎVDVˎQxLQTL\PˎWOˎULQˎX\øXQyLQTL\PˎWOˎULQLWDSÖQYˎFˎGYˎOLGˎIWˎULQL]Gˎ
WDPDPOD\ÖQ
D y x E y x F y ²x
x y x y x y
La
9HULOˎQFˎGYˎOˎJ|UˎGˎ\LûˎQOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖDVÖOÖOÖøÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQYˎFˎGYˎOLGˎIWˎULQL]Gˎ
WDPDPOD\ÖQ
D y " E y " F y "
x y x y x y
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
']EXFDTOÖQÖQX]XQOXøXHQLQGˎQGˎIˎX]XQGXU2QXQSHULPHWULPVPHQLbVPGLU
D PGˎ\LûˎQLQLbLOˎLIDGˎHGLQ b HQ
E &ˎGYˎOLGˎIWˎULQL]GˎWDPDPOD\ÖQ P SHULPHWU
+HVDEODPDPDûÖQÖQÖQJLULûLQˎGD[LOHGLOˎQxˎGˎGL]ˎULQGˎPˎ\\ˎQˎPˎOOˎULFUDHGLOˎUˎN
oÖ[ÖûGD y ˎGˎGL DOÖQÖU &ˎGYˎOGˎ YHULOˎQOˎUˎ J|Uˎ TDQXQDX\øXQOXøX Pˎ\\ˎQ HGLQ X\øXQ
GVWXUX\D]ÖQYˎFˎGYˎOLWDPDPOD\ÖQ
x y
x
ə
y
ùûoLKˎULûVDDWÖQDJ|UˎPDQDWˎPˎNKDTTÖDOÖUùûVDDWODUÖQÖQVD\ÖxLOˎˎPˎNKDTTÖyLOˎLûDUˎ
HGLOˎUVˎˎPˎNKDTTÖQÖKDQVÖGVWXUODKHVDEODPDTRODU"
VDDWLûOˎ\ˎQLûoLQˎTˎGˎUˎPˎNKDTTÖDODU"
ùûoLQHoˎVDDWLûOˎVˎPDQDWˎPˎNKDTTÖDODU"
y t
h
dˎQGˎ l VXYDU$øDFODUÖVXYDUPDøDKˎUGˎTLTˎGˎ lVXVˎUIHGLOLU tGˎTLTˎGˎQVRQUD
oˎQGˎTDODQVX\XQPLTGDUÖ yLOˎLûDUˎHGLOˎUVˎoˎQGˎQˎTˎGˎUVXTDOGÖøÖQÖKDQVÖGVWXUOD
WDSPDTRODU"
y ²t
'ˎ\LûˎQOˎUDUDVÖQGDDVÖOÖOÖøÖQTUDÀNOˎWˎVYLUL
y à ²t y t ²
yi
'ˎ\LûˎQOˎUDUDVÖQGDDVÖOÖOÖøÖTUDILNOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU%XQXQoQˎYYˎOFˎDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQLQ
x ELUQHoˎTL\PˎWLQˎDVÖOÖGˎ\LûˎQLQ y X\øXQTL\PˎWOˎULWDSÖOÖUYˎFˎGYˎOGˎTH\GHGLOLU6RQUDFˎG
YˎOGˎNLKˎU x; y FWQˎX\øXQQ|TWˎNRRUGLQDWûˎEˎNˎVLQGˎTH\GHGLOLUYˎTH\GHGLOPLûQ|TWˎOˎU
SDUoDODUODELUOˎûGLULOLU
1PXQˎy = xGVWXUXLOˎYHULOˎQDVÖOÖOÖøÖTUDILNOˎEHOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU
xLQ ELU QHoˎ .RRUGLQDW ûˎEˎNˎVL &ˎGYˎOˎ ˎVDVˎQ NR 1|TWˎOˎU SDUoDODUOD
La
TL\PˎWLQˎ X\øXQ oˎNLOLU Yˎ ITL R[ x RUGLQDW ûˎEˎNˎVLQGˎ DUGÖFÖO ELUOˎûGLULOLU (K
yLQ TL\PˎWOˎUL WD ûDTXOLR[LVˎ yLOˎLûDUˎ WL\DF ROGXTGD TUDILNL
SÖOÖU Yˎ FˎGYˎOGˎ HGLOLU NRRUGLQDW GDYDPHWGLUPˎNRODU
TH\GHGLOLU ODUÖQD X\øXQ Q|TWˎOˎU
TH\GHGLOLU
y y y
y x
x y
O x O x O x
9HULOˎQDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQFˎGYˎOLYˎTUDÀNLGˎIWˎULQL]GˎWDPDPOD\ÖQ
D y E y
y=x+ y = x
x y x y
x
x
9HULOˎQDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQFˎGYˎOWˎUWLEHGLQYˎTUDÀNTXUXQ
ə
D y = x E y = x + F y = x G y = x + H y = ²x
y ²xDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖQTUDÀNLQLTXUXQ9HULOPLûNRRUGLQDWFWOˎULQGˎQEXDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQRODQODUÖ
Pˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
h
.YDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀcVPSHULPHWULPVPGLU
D PQLQcGˎQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ
E %XDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQTUDÀNTXUXQ
F 4UDÀNˎˎVDVˎQWˎUˎÀVPRODQNYDGUDWÖQSHULPHWULQLPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
yi
<HPˎN[DQDGD KˎU VWROXQ ˎWUDIÖQD VWXO G]OE 6WROODUÖQ
VD\ÖQÖ n VWXOODUÖQ VD\ÖQÖ LVˎ k LOˎ LûDUˎ HGLQ 6WXOODUÖQ VD\Ö
QÖQVWROODUÖQVD\ÖQGDQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ'VWXUD
X\øXQ n Yˎ ROGXTGD FˎGYˎO WˎUWLE HGLQ Yˎ TUDÀN
TXUXQ
La
D n ROGXTGDVWXOODUÖQVD\ÖQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E +ˎUVWROXQˎWUDIÖQDVWXOGDˎODYˎHGLOˎUVˎGVWXUQHFˎ
Gˎ\LûˎU"
/HQWLQPHWULQLQTL\PˎWLPDQDWGÖU$OÖQDQOHQWLQX]XQOXøXQXnLOˎ|GˎQLOˎQSXOXpLOˎLûDUˎ
HGLQ pYˎ nDUDVÖQGDNÖDVÖOÖOÖøÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ'VWXUDˎVDVˎQDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQLQ
G|UGTL\PˎWLQˎX\øXQFˎGYˎOWˎUWLEHGLQYˎTUDÀNTXUXQ
D POHQWoQQˎTˎGˎUSXO|GˎPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU"
E PDQDWTˎSL\ˎQˎTˎGˎUOHQWDOPDTRODU"
PDQDWLONLQ|GˎQLûHWGLNGˎQVRQUDKˎUPDKQÖQÖLQWHUQHWGˎQHQGLUPˎNoQPDQDWWˎOˎE
ROXQXU(QGLULOˎQPDKQÖVD\Ö x LOˎ[ˎUFOˎQˎQSXO y DUDVÖQGDNÖDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQGVWXUX\D]ÖQ
'VWXUDˎVDVˎQDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQLQoTL\PˎWLQˎX\øXQFˎGYˎOWˎUWLEHGLQYˎTUDÀNTXUXQ
D PDKQÖ\NOˎPˎNoQQˎTˎGˎUSXO|GˎPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU"
E &ˎPLPDQDW|GˎPˎNOˎQHoˎPDKQÖ\NOˎPˎNRODU"
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
0DûÖQKˎUNPPˎVDIˎ\ˎl\DQDFDTLûOˎGLU<ROD
GûˎQGˎ PDûÖQÖQ \DQDFDT oˎQLQGˎ l EHQ]LQ YDU
LGL0DûÖQÖQJHWGL\L\ROX s NP oˎQGˎTDODQ\DQD
FDøÖLVˎ y OLWU LOˎLûDUˎHWPˎNOˎ yGˎ\LûˎQLQLQ sGˎQ
DVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖGVWXUODLIDGˎHGLQ
s ROGXTGDyLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
0DûÖQNPJHWGLNGˎoˎQGˎQHoˎOLWUEHQ]LQTD
ODU"
dˎQGˎTDODQEHQ]LQGDKDQHoˎNLORPHWU\ROJHWPˎ\ˎoDWDU"
ə
4UDÀNGˎLOEL]LQJHWGL\L\ROLOˎEX\RODVˎUIROXQDQ]DPDQDUDVÖQ
GDNÖDVÖOÖOÖTWˎVYLUHGLOLE4UDÀNˎJ|UˎVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D ùOEL]GˎTLTˎˎU]LQGˎQˎTˎGˎU\ROTˎWHWGL"
E *HGLOˎQ\ROXQ s ]DPDQGDQ t DVÖOÖOÖTGVWXUXQXQHFˎ\D]PDT
0ˎVDIˎ VP
RODU"
F %XGVWXUDˎVDVˎQGˎTLTˎGˎQVRQUDLOEL]QˎTˎGˎU\ROJHGˎU"
h
G 4UDÀNGˎ NRRUGLQDWFWKDQVÖPˎQDQÖELOGLULU"
H ùOEL]QHoˎGˎTLTˎGˎQVRQUDVP\ROXTˎWHGˎU"%XQXTUDÀNL
GDYDPHWGLUPˎNOˎQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
=DPDQ GˎTLTˎ
t
yi
(O[DQGLEoˎNGˎER\XVPRODQJOˎNGL2QXQPˎOXPDWÖQDJ|UˎEXJOQ|YG]JQTXOOXT
HGLOGLNGˎPˎ\\ˎQPGGˎWˎU]LQGˎKˎUJQVPER\DWPDOÖGÖU*QOˎULQVD\Ö n LOˎJOQ
ER\X h DUDVÖQGDNÖDVÖOÖOÖøÖGVWXUOD\D]ÖQ
D 'VWXUDˎVDVˎQDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQLQoTL\PˎWLQˎX\øXQFˎGYˎOWˎUWLEHGLQYˎTUDÀN
TXUXQ
E ùNLKˎIWˎVRQUDJOQER\XQˎTˎGˎURODU"
F 1HoˎJQGˎQVRQUDJOQER\XVPRODFDT"
La
úˎNLOGˎPPˎVDIˎ\ˎLGPDQ\HULûL]Uˎ\DUÖûGDLNLDW s
OHWLQTˎWHWGLNOˎULPˎVDIˎOˎULQ]DPDQGDQDVÖOÖOÖTTUDÀNOˎUL
YHULOLE
D +DQVÖDWOHWTDOLEJˎOGL" ,
,,
E $WOHWOˎULQ KˎU ELUL EX PˎVDIˎQL Qˎ TˎGˎU YD[WD EDûD
0ˎVDIˎ P
YXUGX"2QODUÖQKˎUELULQLQVUˎWLQˎTˎGˎUROXE"
F 2QODUVUˎWOˎULQLGˎ\LûPˎGˎQKˎUˎNˎWLGDYDPHWGLUVˎ
LGLOˎUKˎUELULPPˎVDIˎQLQˎTˎGˎUYD[WDTˎWHGˎUGL"
G +ˎUˎNˎWˎEDûODGÖTGDQVDQL\ˎVRQUDKDQVÖDWOHWYˎ
QˎTˎGˎUPˎVDIˎGˎ|QGˎROPXûGXU"
t
=DPDQ VDQL\ˎ
;h/$6ˍ
ùIDGˎQLQVDGˎOˎûGLULOPˎVL 'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
HNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎU x!
Ă c c
c c %ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN x
c c
'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQ
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQ[DVVˎOˎUL LIDGˎ
a b b a LOˎbQLQIˎUTLQLQ\ˎKDVLOL
a b ac bc %ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOL
b a²c b²c
ə
a ² b à x!
a b aÃc bÃc c
xt
a b ac bc c
7ˎQOLN %ˎUDEˎUOLN x
x
xd
x
x
x
h
7ˎQOL\LQKˎOOL
$VÖOÖ
Gˎ\LûˎQ
$VÖOÖOÖT
$VÖOÖROPD\DQ
Gˎ\LûˎQ
y x
'ˎ\LûˎQOˎUDUDVÖQGDDVÖOÖOÖøÖQ
FˎGYˎOYˎTUDÀNOˎWˎVYLUL
y x
y y x
yi
x
$VÖOÖOÖTODUÖQ x y
x² ²
GVWXUOD\D]ÖOPDVÖ
x
y x
x
x
x
La
o|UˎNHYˎSD\ODQGÖ%XHYOˎUGˎQJ|]ˎWoLXVWDYˎTD\ÖToÖQÖQ\DûDGÖøÖHYOˎUˎSD\TDODQODUD
LVˎSD\YHULOGL+ˎUHYˎQHoˎo|UˎNGûG"
SD\Öx LOˎLûDUˎHGˎN2QGDJ|]ˎWoLXVWDYˎTD\ÖToÖQÖQ\DûDGÖøÖKˎUHYˎxSD\PXPLOLNGˎÃ x
SD\GûˎUSD\GûˎQHYOˎULQVD\ÖLVˎ² RODU0ˎVˎOˎQLKˎOOHWPˎNoQEHOˎELUWˎQOLN
\D]PDTRODU
SD\ x
xà x
*|]ˎWoL x x xx
x ... x
8VWD x x x x x x x x
x
4D\ÖToÖ x x x à x x
² HYLQKˎUELULQˎ x x
HYGˎQKˎUELULQˎo|UˎNJ|]ˎWoLXVWDYˎTD\ÖToÖQÖQ\DûDGÖøÖHYOˎULQKˎUELULQˎLVˎo|UˎN
GûˎFˎN
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
h080ù/ˍú'ù5ù&ù7$3ú,5,4/$5
5L\D]LLIDGˎûˎNOLQGˎ\D]ÖQ
D aYˎQIˎUTLQLQPLVOLLOˎQLQFˎPLF mLQNYDGUDWÖLOˎLQFˎPLQLQPLVOL
E cQLQPLVOLLOˎQFˎPLE|OQVQG mLQNYDGUDWÖQÖQLNLTDWÖLOˎLQFˎPL
6DGˎOˎûGLULQYˎGˎ\LûˎQLQYHULOPLûTL\PˎWLQGˎLIDGˎQLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
D xà x² E bà b F à n ²n
x 2 n
b 5
7ˎVYLUOˎUˎX\øXQWˎQOLN\D]ÖQYˎKˎOOHGLQ
D E F
ə
x x y y y y t t t t
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
D x F x H xx J xx
E x²
h G x²
7ˎQOLN\D]PDTODVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
I x²x
D +DQVÖˎGˎGLˎYXUXEDOÖQDQKDVLOGˎQoÖ[GÖTGDIˎUTˎEˎUDEˎURODU"
E +DQVÖˎGˎGGˎQoÖ[ÖEDOÖQDQIˎUTLˎE|OGNGˎDOÖQDU"
K x²x
yi
úˎNLOGˎ YHULOˎQOˎUˎ J|Uˎ G]EXFDTOÖQÖQ SHULPHWULQL KHVDEODPDT
oQUL\D]LLIDGˎ\D]ÖQYˎRQXVDGˎOˎûGLULQ a
D a ROGXTGDSHULPHWULWDSÖQ
E ']EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULVPRODUVDVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU" a
ˍVPˎUQˎQˎTXWDEELûLUGL6DPLUYˎ/DOˎQLQKˎUELULnˎGˎGTXWDE\HGL
D 4DODQTXWDEODUÖQVD\ÖQDX\øXQUL\D]LLIDGˎ\D]ÖQ
La
E n ROGXTGDQHoˎTXWDETDODU"
%D]DUJQWHDWUDJˎOˎQWDPDûDoÖODUÖQVD\ÖûˎQEˎJQJˎOˎQOˎUGˎQGˎIˎoR[ROGXúˎQEˎYˎ
ED]DUJQPXPLOLNGˎWDPDûDoÖROXEVDED]DUJQWHDWUDQHoˎQˎIˎUJˎOPLûGL"
0DûÖQ\ROXQELUKLVVˎVLQLVDDWˎU]LQGˎNPVDDWVUˎWOˎLNLQFLKLVVˎVLQLLVˎVDDWˎU]LQGˎ
aNPVDDWVUˎWOˎJHWGL%XPGGˎWˎU]LQGˎPDûÖQFˎPLs NPPˎVDIˎTˎWHWGL
D sPˎVDIˎVLQLaGDQDVÖOÖRODUDTLIDGˎHGLQ
E a NPVDDW ROGXTGDEXPˎVDIˎQLWDSÖQ
F s NP ROPDVÖoQPDûÖQ\ROXQLNLQFLKLVVˎVLQLKDQVÖVUˎWOˎJHWPˎOLLGL"
NPVDDW aNPVDDW
s NP
ˍOLPHEHOPDøD]DVÖQGDLûOˎ\LU2QXQKˎIWˎOLNˎPˎNKDTTÖPDQDWYˎˎODYˎRODUDTVDWÖûGDQ
GD[LORODQPˎEOˎøLQLNLPLKHVDEODQÖU
D ˍOLQLQKˎIWˎOLNˎPˎNKDTTÖ yLOˎVDWÖûGDQGD[LORODQPˎEOˎøLVˎ xLOˎLûDUˎHGLOˎUVˎRQXQˎPˎN
KDTTÖQÖKDQVÖGVWXUODWDSPDTRODU" y = Ã x y = x
E +ˎIWˎOLNVDWÖûPDQDWWˎûNLOHGˎUVˎˍOLQLQˎPˎNKDTTÖQˎTˎGˎURODU"
F ˍOL|WˎQKˎIWˎPDQDWˎPˎNKDTTÖDOPÖûGÖUgWˎQKˎIWˎVDWÖûQHoˎPDQDWWˎûNLOHGLE"
y ²xDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖQTUDÀNLQLTXUXQ
D 9HULOPLûNRRUGLQDWFWOˎULQGˎQEXDVÖOÖOÖøDX\øXQRODQODUÖQÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
E 4UDÀNˎˎVDVˎQ \HULQˎX\øXQˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
(O[DQÖQPDQDWSXOXYDU/DOˎQLQSXOXPDQDWGDQoR[(O[DQÖQSXOXQGDQLVˎD]GÖU/DOˎQLQ
ə
SXOXQXGˎ\LûˎQLRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLNOˎQHFˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU"
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OL\LQKˎOOLQLˎGˎGR[XQGDWˎVYLUHGLQYˎWˎOˎEROXQDQˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
ˎQNLoLNQDWXUDOˎGˎG ˎQE|\NQDWXUDOˎGˎG
D atE xF xG xz D nE !aF tb
h
.YDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀ xVPGLU']EXFDTOÖQÖQX]XQOXøXEXNYDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀQGˎQVPHQLLVˎ
NYDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀQGˎQVPE|\NGU
D ']EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULQLKDQVÖGVWXUODKHVDEODPDTRODU"
E .YDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀVPRODUVDG]EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULQHoˎVDQWLPHWURODU"
STEAM
yi 4/2%$/ù67ù/ˍú0ˍ
2UWD WHPSHUDWXU DUWÖPÖQÖ T & LOˎ FÖ LOGˎQ NHoˎQ RQLOOLNOˎULQ VD\ÖQÖ x LOˎ LIDGˎ HWPˎNOˎ
TQLQxGˎQDVÖOÖOÖTGVWXUXQX\D]ÖQ
FLLOGˎFÖLOLOˎPTD\LVˎGˎWHPSHUDWXUDUWÖPÖQˎTˎGˎUROPXûGXU"
1HoˎQFLLOGˎFÖLOLOˎPTD\LVˎGˎ<HU]QGˎWHPSHUDWXUDUWÖPÖ&RODFDT"
TQLQxGˎQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQDˎVDVˎQFÖLOˎTˎGˎURQLOOLNOˎU]UˎFˎGYˎOWˎUWLEHGLQYˎTUDÀNTXUXQ
%XJHGLûOˎQHoˎQFLLOGˎFÖLOLOˎPTD\LVˎGˎ<HU]QGˎWHPSHUDWXUDUWÖPÖ&RODU"
4OREDOLVWLOˎûPˎQLQVˎEˎEOˎULYˎEXQXQDUDGDQTDOGÖUÖOPDVÖ\ROODUÖKDTTÖQGDLQWHUQHWGˎQPDWH
ULDOODUWRSOD\ÖQYˎWˎTGLPDWKD]ÖUOD\ÖQ
FLE|OPˎ'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQLIDGˎOˎU7ˎQOLN%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
ə
´NRQTUX\HQW ÀTXUµ
À DQOD\ÖûÖQÖ
O Yˎ NRQT \HQW
x ´NRQTUX\HQWÀTXUµDQOD\ÖûÖQÖYˎNRQTUX
EXFDTODUÖPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎ\L
GˎUˎFˎ|OoVQˎJ|UˎEXFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQLQL
x
x
x
x
Pˎ\\ˎQHWPˎ\L
h
TRQûXEXFDTODUYˎTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODUDDLG
PˎVˎOˎKˎOOHWPˎ\L
G]EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDøÖ
Eˎ]LPUˎNNˎEÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDøÖ
P[WˎOLIYDVLWˎOˎUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎSDUD
yi
OHOYˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWOˎULoˎNPˎ\L
x NYDGUDWYˎG]EXFDTOÖoˎNPˎ\L
x WˎUˎÁˎULQˎYˎEXFDTODUÖQDJ|UˎoEXFDT
oˎNPˎ\L
HPDU
PDU Kˎ\ˎWLQ oH
0HPDUKˎ\ˎWLQoHUW\RMXQXVLIDULûoL\ˎWˎT GLP
La
HWGL6LIDULûoLG]EXFDTOÖIRUPDOÖoDUGDøÖ
PVDøDoˎNPˎ\LWˎNOLIHWGL
5HDOOÖTGDPHWULoHUW\RMGDVPTˎEXOHW
PˎNOˎEXoHUW\RMX[ˎWNHûWUDQVSRUWLUYˎJQ
\ˎQLQN|Pˎ\LLOˎQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU"
']EXFDTˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQWˎUˎÁˎULQLQX]XQOXøX
PRODQG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTIRUPDOÖˎ\OˎQFˎ
0 [W
[WˎOˎOLILIPPK KˎQ ˎ GL
ˎQ G VVTX
TXXUø
U XOXODU
ODUUÖQQÖQ
ÖQ
EELLQDY
QDD Yˎ ˎ HYOˎ
HYYOˎ
Oˎ
PH\GDQoDVÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
dDUGDT Yˎ ˎ\OˎQFˎ PH\GDQoDVÖQÖ oÖ[GÖTGD ULQ
UL Q WL
W NL
NLQW
QWLVLVLQ
LQGˎGˎ
Gˎ \R
\ OO OODU
DUUÖQ
D Q oˎN
ˎNLO
LOPˎ
Pˎ ˎVL
VLQG
LQG
QGˎ ˎ Y
Yˎˎ
ˎ GLJLJˎU
JˎU
ˎU
ˎU
EDøoDQÖQQˎTˎGˎUVDKˎVLTDODU" LûOˎ
Lû OˎUG
UGˎ ˎEX
EXFD FDTOTODUDUÖQÖQQQQ|Y
|YOˎ
YOˎ
OˎULLQGGˎQ
ˎQ RQ
RQODO UÖ
OD UÖQ
Q[D
[DVV
[D VVˎOˎ ˎ
ULQG
UL QGˎQ ˎQJJHQHQLûLûL
LVWVWLI
LIIDG
DGˎ ˎRO
ROXQ
XQXUXUU
%X
%XFFU
%X UP PU ˎN
ˎNNˎ Nˎ ˎE
E
WLNL
WL NLQW
QWLLLû
LûOˎ
OˎUL
ULQˎ
QˎE EDûDûODODPDPD]G]GDQDQˎˎYY
YYˎO ˎORRQO
QODUÖQ
DUUÖQ
D Ö ooHUHUW
\RMO
\R MODU
DUÖÖoˎ
oˎNL NLOL
OLU
U%%X
X oHoHUWUW\R
UW \RMO
\R MODU
D GD
DUG UUHD DO
O WL
WLNL
N Oˎ
OˎFˎ
Fˎ
ˎN N RE
RE
P
dDUGDT
\HNW
\H NWOˎOˎU
U P [W[WˎOˎOLII PV VWˎ
WˎYL
Wˎ YL ÀT
YL TXXUOODU
D IRU
IRUPD
PDVÖ
PD VQ QG GD
GD
P
P
ˍ\OˎQFˎ
P
A B O M E
ə
%XFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQWDSÖQ
CGF
D A B E S
T F H E G E
D
C P S C F
O R F G
AOC "
úˎNLOOˎUGˎNˎVLûˎQSDUDOHOYˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWWSDUoDODUÖQÖJ|VWˎULQ
DGE "
yi
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D cG][ˎWWLeG][ˎWWLLOˎSDUDOHO\R[VDNˎVLûˎQG][ˎWGLU" VP
E a G] [ˎWWLQˎ SHUSHQGLNXO\DU Yˎ c G] [ˎWWL LOˎ NˎVLûˎQ G] [ˎWOˎU a
B
C
KDQVÖODUGÖU" b
F bG][ˎWWLQˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DU[ˎWOˎULJ|VWˎULQ2QODUSDUDOHOGLUPL" M A
D
La
c d e
G BAMoEXFDøÖQÖQEXFDTODUÖQDJ|UˎQ|YQPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
H ABCDG]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖQSHULPHWULYˎVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎURODU"
/DOˎ6DPLUYˎ6ˎELQˎKˎUELULGˎIWˎU A C C
GˎELUoEXFDToˎNLEEˎ]L|OoOˎULQL
TH\GHWGLOˎU.LPKDQVÖÀTXUXoˎNGL" A B
)LNULQL]LL]DKHGLQ
B C
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
Konqruyent bucaqlar.
ʵ˨˖˔ͭͻˡ˧υˡ˕͈˟υˡ˜ NRQTUX\HQWILTXUODU
NRQTUX\HQWEXFDTODU
EXFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQL
Araşdırma-müzakir #NRQTUX\HQWGLU
$QDU TÖUPÖ]Ö NDøÖ]GDQ G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDT NˎVGL C
6RQUDREXÀTXUXPDYLNDøÖ]]ˎULQˎTR\XEWˎUˎÁˎUL
ER\XQFDEDûTDELUoEXFDTNˎVGL$QDUPDYLoEX
FDøÖJ]JˎNVLNLPLoHYLULETÖUPÖ]ÖoEXFDTOD\DQDûÖ
ə
TR\GXYˎDOÖQDQoEXFDøÖABCDGODQGÖUGÖ
COBYˎCOAoEXFDTODUÖQÖQEXFDTODUÖYˎWˎUˎÁˎUL
QLQEˎUDEˎUOL\LKDTTÖQGDQˎGHPˎNRODU" A O B
COQXQACBEXFDøÖQÖ\DUÖ\DE|OG\QQHFˎˎVDV
ODQGÖUPDTRODU"
h
.RQTUX\HQWEXFDTODU
ùNL PVWˎYL ILTXUX WDP RODUDT VWVWˎ GûPˎNOˎ ELUELULQLQ ]ˎULQˎ TR\PDT RODUVD EX ILTXUODU
NRQTUX\HQWILTXUODUDGODQÖU0ˎVˎOˎQ FILTXUXQXG|QGˎULE TILTXUXQXQ]ˎULQˎTR\GXTGDRQODU
WDPVWVWˎGûˎU'HPˎOLFYˎTILTXUODUÖNRQTUX\HQWILTXUODUGÖU
yi
F F T F T
)LTXUODUÖQNRQTUX\HQWOL\L#VLPYROXLOˎLûDUˎROXQXU
La
FILTXUX#TILTXUX N
K
'ˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULEˎUDEˎURODQEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWEX M
FDTODU DGODQÖU 0ˎVˎOˎQ ûˎNLOGˎNL MON Yˎ KPL EXFDTODUÖ
NRQTUX\HQWEXFDTODUGÖU
MON #KPL L
%XLNLEXFDøÖWˎSˎQ|TWˎOˎULYˎWˎUˎIOˎULWDPVWVWˎGû O P
PˎNOˎELUELULQLQ]ˎULQˎTR\PDTRODU
ùNLNYDGUDWKDQVÖKDOGDNRQTUX\HQWRODU"ùNLG]EXFDTOÖKDQVÖKDOGDNRQTUX\HQWRODU"
Çalışma
úˎNLOGˎLNLFWNRQTUX\HQWEXFDTYHULOLE%XEXFDTODUÖWDSÖQYˎ\D]ÖQ
A N
D L
K P
C F
B E
M O
7UDQVSRUWLUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎYHULOPLûEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLPˎ\\ˎQHGLQYˎRQODUD
ə
NRQTUX\HQWEXFDTODUoˎNLQ
D A E D
h C O P
yi
'RøUXÀNLUOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQYˎˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
1h081ˍ%WQG]EXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
)LNLUGRøUXGXU %WQG]EXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULEˎUDEˎU
ROGXøXoQ RQODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU
D %WQLWLEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU F %WQNRUEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU
La
E %WQEˎUDEˎUWˎUˎÁLoEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU G %WQDoÖTEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU
ROBYˎCSMDoÖTEXFDTODUGÖU.RQTUX\HQWEXFDTODUÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
D K
A N
P
R O B E F C S M
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
%XFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQL Konqruyent A
7ˎQE|OˎQ
bucaqlar
%XFDøÖQWˎSˎQ|TWˎVLQGˎQoÖ[DQYˎRQXLNLNRQTUX\HQW
EXFDøDE|OˎQûD\DEXFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQLGH\LOLUúˎNLOGˎ
AOC # BOC ROGXøXQGDQ OC ûDVÖ AOB EXFDøÖQÖQ C
O
WˎQE|OˎQLGLU
´.RUEXFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQLRQXLNLLWLEXFDøDD\ÖUÖUµÀNULGRøUXGXUPX")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
ə
úˎNLOOˎUˎˎVDVˎQNRQTUX\HQWEXFDTODUÖYˎWˎQE|OˎQLPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
1h081ˍ M
P
MOP#POT
O
+ˎOOL
h
OPûDVÖMOTQLQWˎQE|OˎQLGLU
T
$oÖTODPD
úˎUWˎJ|UˎMOP YˎPOT ROGXøX
oQMOP#POT'HPˎOLOPûDVÖMOT
yi EXFDøÖQÖQWˎQE|OˎQLGLU
D E K F S
A
C L
K
La
D
F
E
R B Q M
A M C
AOM #MOC#CON#NOBRODUVDûˎNOˎˎVDVˎQ
KDQVÖ ûDQÖQ KDQVÖ EXFDøÖQ WˎQE|OˎQL ROGXøXQX N
Pˎ\\ˎQHGLQOCûDVÖKDQVÖEXFDTODUÖQWˎQE|OˎQL
GLU")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
O B
1h081ˍ
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
OM ûDVÖ AOC EXFDøÖQÖQ WˎQE|OˎQL úˎUWˎJ|UˎAOM #MOCROGXøXoQOMûDVÖ
GLU AOCEXFDøÖQÖLNLNRQTUX\HQWEXFDøDE|OU
2[ûDUTD\GDGDGLJˎUWˎQE|OˎQOˎULWDSÖQ
S
ə
E|OˎQOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ Fˎ|OoVQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
A M C
x
N
h
/D]HUûRXVXQGDELUQ|TWˎGˎQoÖ[DQOD]HUûDODUÖûˎNLO
GˎNLNLPLJ|UQUOEûDVÖABG][ˎWWLQˎSHUSHQGL
NXO\DUGÖU6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D
O
E M
B
yi
D +DQVÖEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWEXFDTODUGÖU"
C
N
E OEûDVÖKDQVÖEXFDTODUÖQWˎQE|OˎQLGLU"
F %DûTD KDQVÖ ûDODU WˎQE|OˎQGLU" %X ûDODU KDQVÖ A
EXFDTODUÖQWˎQE|OˎQLGLU")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ O B
6DPLUNDONDNDøÖ]ÖQGDAOBEXFDøÖQÖoˎNGL2NDONDNDøÖ]ÖQÖHOˎTDWODGÖNLOAYˎOBûDODUÖ
VWVWˎGûVQ6DPLUNDøÖ]Ö\HQLGˎQDoÖETDWODQPÖû\HUGˎQ[ˎWWoˎNGLYˎ[ˎWWLDGODQGÖUGÖ
2QXQÀNULQLQHFˎˎVDVODQGÖUDELOˎUVLQL]"
La
A A A
M O L AOM#BOM
O O
B
B B
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
˄ˢˡΟ˨˩υˤ˔˥Οͻ˟ͻˤ˟ͻ˕˨˖˔ˤ˟˔˥
Araşdırma-müzakir
8VWD SˎQFˎUˎQL G]ˎOWPˎN oQ QˎUGLYDQD oÖ[GÖ C
1ˎUGLYDQÖQDoÖODQKLVVˎOˎULQLQNˎVLûGL\LQ|TWˎûˎUWL EXFDT
RODUDTOKˎUÀLOˎLûDUˎOˎQLE DoÖTEXFDT
AOBAOCYˎBOCKDQVÖQ|YEXFDTODUGÖU" O LWLEXFDT
AOBYˎAOCEXFDTODUÖQÖQ|OoOˎULLOˎBOCEXFD NRUEXFDT
øÖQÖQ|OoVDUDVÖQGDKDQVÖˎODTˎYDU"
G]EXFDT
ə
AOB EXFDøÖQÖQ |OoV D]DODUVD AOC EXFDøÖQÖQ
|OoVQHFˎGˎ\LûˎU" TRQûXEXFDTODU
A B TDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU
4RQûXEXFDTODU
%LUWˎUˎÁˎULRUWDTRODQGLJˎUWˎUˎÁˎULLVˎG][ˎWWˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQ 2UWDTWˎUˎI
EXFDTODUDTRQûXEXFDTODUGH\LOLUúˎNLOGˎMOKYˎKONEXFDT
h
ODUÖTRQûXEXFDTODUOKûDVÖLVˎEXEXFDTODUÖQRUWDTWˎUˎÀGLU
O
K
N
yi
%HOˎOLNOˎTRQûXEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLQFˎPL\ˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
Çalışma
La
AOBDoÖTEXFDTRODUVDEWQTRQûXEXFDTODUÖYˎRQODUÖQRUWDTWˎUˎÁˎULQL\D]ÖQ
1h081ˍ M
A O B
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
AOMYˎMOBEXFDTODUÖTRQûXEX úˎUWˎ J|Uˎ AOB DoÖT EXFDT ROGXøX oQ AB G]
FDTODUGÖUOMûDVÖRUWDTWˎUˎIGLU [ˎWGLUOMûDVÖLVˎRUWDTWˎUˎIROGXøXoQAOMYˎ
MOBEXFDTODUÖTRQûXEXFDTODUGÖU
D C E D F L
D
A O B B
A O B O
F A
4RQûXEXFDTODUÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
L F D U
K T
A O K M S C
B
SAT RODUVD|OoVYHULOˎQEXFDøDTRQûXEXFDøÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQWDSÖQ
D K E L F M
ə
S A T S A T S A T
DCBEXFDøÖRQDTRQûXEXFDTRODQACD OBûDVÖCODEXFDøÖQÖQWˎQE|OˎQLGLU
EXFDøÖQGDQ GˎIˎ E|\NGU ACD EX COD RODUVDCOBEXFDøÖQÖQYˎRQD
FDøÖQÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQWDSÖQ TRQûXRODQAOCEXFDøÖQÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoV
A
D
h C B
QˎTˎGˎUGLU"
A O
C
B
yi D
7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D %LULGLJˎULQGˎQE|\NRODQTRQûXEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E %LULGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎE|\NRODQTRQûXEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU 4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU
La
%LUEXFDøÖQWˎUˎÁˎULEDûTDELUEXFDøÖQWˎUˎÁˎULQLQGDYDPÖGÖUVDEHOˎ
EXFDTODU TDUûÖOÖTOÖ EXFDTODU DGODQÖU ùNL AB Yˎ CD G] [ˎWOˎULQLQ Nˎ D
VLûPˎVLQGˎQAODYˎCOBKˎPoLQLQAOCYˎDOBTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODUÖ
ˎPˎOˎJˎOLU A B
4DUûÖOÖTOÖ EXFDTODU NRQTUX\HQWGLU 0ˎVˎOˎQ ûˎNLOGˎ DOB EXFDøÖ AOD O
YˎCOBEXFDTODUÖLOˎTRQûXEXFDTGÖU(\QLEXFDøDTRQûXRODQEXFDT
ODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULEˎUDEˎUGLUdQNL C
AODDOB YˎDOBBOC
4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU
'HPˎOL
AOD#BOC
(\QLTD\GDGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎBOD#AOCROGXøXQXQHFˎˎVDVODQGÖUPDTRODU"
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
ùNLG][ˎWWLQNˎVLûPˎVLQGˎQDOÖQDQTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODUÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQYˎ|OoVYHULOPLûEX
FDøDJ|UˎEWQEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLWDSÖQ
F
1h081ˍ B
E T
Q
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
4DUûÖOÖTOÖ EXFDTODU BEF Yˎ QET 7ˎULIˎJ|UˎTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODUWDSÖOÖU
BEQYˎFET.
BEF FET BEFYˎFETTRQûXEXFDTODUROGXøXoQ
ə
FET ²BEF
QET BEF BEFYˎ QET FETYˎ BEQTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU
BEQ FET
ROGXøXoQNRQTUX\HQWGLUOˎU
D B E R F C
L P
A
C
O
h D
M
S
úˎNLOGˎLNLG][ˎWWNˎVLûLU7ˎVYLUOˎUˎˎVDVˎQxLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ
N
A
K D
D
yiB
E
P K
F R
x G
x
C x N E
F
O D
M L Q
3DUNÖQˎUD]LVLQGˎo\RONˎVLûLUúˎNLOGˎQ
La
LVWLIDGˎHGˎUˎNVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
.LWDE UˎÀQL GLYDUD P|KNˎP EˎUNLWPˎN
AOMMODYˎNOBEXFDTODUÖQÖQGˎUˎ
oQNURQûWH\QGˎQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU
Fˎ|OoOˎULQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
MBC YˎMCB RODUVD
AONEXFDøÖQÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQIˎUTOL
ABCBCDFˎPLQLWDSÖQ
VXOODUODQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
A A M
B
M
O
x
C C D
x
D B
N
ˀυ˦υ˟υ˟υ˥
úˎNLOGˎ G] [ˎWOˎU ELU Q|TWˎGˎ NˎVL <HOSLN WDP DoÖOGÖTGD OA Yˎ OB oXEXTODUÖ
ûLU .RQTUX\HQW Yˎ TRQûX EXFDTODUÖ DUDVÖQGDNÖEXFDTGLU4RQûXoXEXTODU
Pˎ\\ˎQHGLQ DUDVÖQGDNÖEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWRODUVDEX
L EXFDTODUÖQ|OoOˎULQLWDSÖQ
E
K T B
S
ə
A A
M O
M
A
hD
O
N M
P
Q
O
R
S
N
yi
K
C B
D
ùNLTRQûXEXFDTGDQELULQLQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎ
E|\NGU%XEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLQIˎUTLQLWDSÖQ
A N
B
La
AOB RODUVDPˎFKXOEXFDøÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQWDSÖQ
D F H O
A t t B
g t
x g
A O B A O B
E G I
a
a B y
y y
y O
A O B A A O B
FLE|OPˎ$GLNˎVUOˎU
$NUREDWLN[L]ˎNVUPˎ\DUÖûÖQGDLGPDQoÖNLoLNWˎSˎOˎUGˎQWXOOD
QDUNˎQ[L]ˎNOˎULûˎNLOGˎNLNLPLoDUSD]VD[ODGÖúˎNOˎˎVDVˎQxYˎ
yLQTL\PˎWOˎULQLWDSÖQ
y
x
7ˎQOLNTXUPDTODTRQûXEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLWDSÖQ
D ELULGLJˎULQGˎQE|\NRODQ F ELULGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎE|\NRODQ
E ELULGLJˎULQGˎQNLoLNRODQ G ELULGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎE|\NRODQ
ə
úˎNLOGˎNLQRWEXNXQTDSDøÖAOBEXFDøÖTˎGˎUDoÖOPÖûGÖU B
%XQRWEXNXQTDSDøÖQHoˎGˎUˎFˎOLEXFDTDOWÖQGDDoÖOPÖûGÖU"
x
h
4XûODUoQKD]ÖUODQDQHYFL\LQGDPÖ\DQGLYDUODUODNRQTUX
\HQW EXFDTODU ˎPˎOˎ JˎWLUPˎOLGLU úˎNLOGˎNL HYFLN EX ûˎUWˎ
X\øXQGXUPX"
A
x
x
O
y
yi x y
/D]HUûRXVXQGDLûÖTûDODUÖûˎNLOGˎNLNLPLLVWLTDPˎWOˎQLE F
ASB EXFDøÖDoÖTEXFDTGÖUBSCEXFDøÖQÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoV
C D
ASC EXFDøÖQGDQGˎIˎoR[GXU
La
ASCEXFDøÖQÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoVQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
CSFYˎDSFEXFDTODUÖNRQTUX\HQWRODUVDEXEXFDTOD A B
UÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQˎTˎGˎUGLU" S
6ˎELQˎQLQÀNULGRøUXGXUPX")LNULQL]LL]DKHGLQ
4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODUÖQWˎQE|OˎQOˎUL
G][ˎWWˎPˎOˎJˎWLULU
ʷ͎˭˕˨˖˔ˤ˟ͻ͎̹˕˨˖˔ͭͻˡ˦˔˛υ˦˜
G]EXFDTOÖoEXFDT
NDWHW
Araşdırma-müzakir KLSRWHQX]
'DPDOÖNDøÖ]GDACBDG]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖoˎNLQùNLTDUûÖWˎSˎQLSDUoDLOˎELUOˎûGLULQYˎTD\oÖLOˎNˎVLQ
A D
A D A D
ə
C B C B C B
ACBYˎBDAoEXFDTODUÖQÖQNRQTUX\HQWROGXøXQXQHFˎPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNRODU"
ACBDG]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖQVDKˎVLQHoˎYDKLGNYDGUDWDEˎUDEˎUGLU"
ACBDG]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖQVDKˎVLQGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎACBYˎ\DBDAoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQHFˎ
WDSPDTRODU"
h
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVL
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQG]EXFDTˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQWˎUˎÁˎULNDWHWOˎUG]EX
FDøÖQTDUûÖVÖQGDNÖWˎUˎÀLVˎKLSRWHQX]DGODQÖU
ù[WL\DUL G]EXFDTOÖQÖ LNL NRQTUX\HQW G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDøD D\ÖUPDT RODU
Katet
+৻
SR
WHQ
X]
yi
.RQTUX\HQWÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎOˎULEˎUDEˎUROGXøXoQKˎUELUG]EXFDTOÖo Katet
EXFDøÖQVDKˎVLG]EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQ\DUÖVÖQDEˎUDEˎUGLU
A a D A a D
A
b b b b
C a B C B B
a
La
SACBD = a · b 1 1
6DKΩGVWXUXQGD6KΩUI৻Q৻Q৻QGHN- SACB = 2 · a · b SADB = 2 · a · b
V৻QGΩX\÷XQI৻TXUXQDGÕ\D]ÕOÕU
%HOˎOLNOˎG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLNDWHWOˎULQX]XQOXTODUÖKDVLOLQLQ\DUÖVÖQDEˎUDEˎUGLU
Çalışma
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQNDWHWOˎULQLQX]XQOXøXQXWDSÖQYˎVDKˎVLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ8\øXQG]EX
FDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQ\DUÖVÖQÖWDSPDTODFDYDEÖQÖ]Ö\R[OD\ÖQ
VP
1h081ˍ
VP
VP
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
a VPb VP GDPDQÖQX]XQOXøXVPROGXøXoQNDWHWOˎULQX]XQ
OXøXEHOˎRODU VP Yˎ VP
S 12 ÃÃ VP ']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQNDWHWOˎULKDVLOLQLQ\DUÖVÖQÖKHVDEOD
PDTODVDKˎWDSÖOÖU
Ă VP VP 8\øXQG]EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQ\DUÖVÖQÖWDSPDTODFDYDE
\R[ODQÖOÖU
VP
D E F G H
ə
ABCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D VP E F VP
B C
VP
D
A
B
hE
C
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDTODUÖQVDKˎOˎULQLWDSÖQ
PP
VP
A
VP
F
D
B
G
C
VP
D
yi
VP VP VP
PP VP VP
VP
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLYˎNDWHWOˎULQGˎQELULYHULOLE'LJˎUNDWHWLQX]XQOXøXQXWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ A
"
La
B VP C SABC = VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
1 ']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎGVWXUXQGDYHULOˎQOˎU\D]ÖOÖU
2 ÃABÃ
1
2 ÃÃAB
ÃAB ABNDWHWLQLQX]XQOXøXPˎFKXOYXUXøXQWDSÖOPDVÖTD\GDVÖLOˎWDSÖOÖU
AB VP
D C E " F L G
E R
VP F PP " S
B VP P "
A " D K M P
SABC = VP SDEF = VP SKLM = PP SRPS = P
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
2
D ']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQNDWHWOˎULQGˎQELULQLQX]XQOXøXPGLJˎULLVˎEXQXQ 3 KLVVˎVLQˎ
EˎUDEˎUGLU%XG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E ']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQNDWHWOˎULQGˎQELULQLQX]XQOXøXPGLJˎULLVˎEXQGDQoR[GXU
%XG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
F ABCDNYDGUDWÖQÖQWˎUˎÀQLQX]XQOXøX aVPGLU ABCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLKDQVÖGVWXUOD
WDSPDTRODU"
7ˎOˎEROXQDQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
B
1h081ˍ SABC = "
ə
VP
A VP D VP C
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
1 1
6ADB 2 ĂADĂBD 2 ĂĂ VP
D
1
h
6ABC VP
B
1
6BDC 2 ĂDCĂBD 2 ĂĂ VP
E
ADBoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
BDCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
ADBYˎBDCoEXFDTODUÖQÖQVDKˎOˎULWRSODQÖU
YˎABCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
B F
yi B
VP VP
VP VP
A VP D VP C A VP D VP C
A ɋ
SABC = " SADB = "
VP VP
D
SABCD= "
La
4D\ÖøÖQLNL\HONˎQLYDU%|\N\HONˎQNDWHWOˎULPYˎPNLoLN
\HONˎQLVˎNDWHWOˎULEXQODUGDQPTÖVDRODQG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDT
IRUPDVÖQGDGÖU%X\HONˎQOˎULKD]ÖUODPDToQFˎPLQHoˎNYDGUDWPHWU
SDUoDOD]ÖPGÖU"
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
ˀ͎˥υ˞˞υ˕Ѓˤ˨˥˟˔˥ͻˡ˦˔˛υ˦˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
$\QXUUˎQJOLNDøÖ]ODUGDQûˎNLOGˎNLÀTXUODUÖNˎVLE\DSÖûGÖUGÖ
2KDQVÖÀTXUODUÖNˎVPLûGL"
$OÖQDQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
%ˎ]LPUˎNNˎEÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVLQLQWDSÖOPDVÖ
ə
%ˎ]L ÀTXUODUÖ G]EXFDTOÖ Yˎ G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDTODUD D\ÖUPDTOD \D[XG G]EXFDTOÖODUD WDPDPOD
PDTODVDKˎVLQLWDSPDTRODU
']EXFDTOÖ\D Yˎ G]EXFDTOÖ ']EXFDTOÖ\D
oEXFDøDD\ÖUPDTOD WDPDPODPDTOD
VP VP 1 VP VP
2 · 2 · 4 1
2 ·2·4
VP S "
VP
h VP
VP VP
S 4 · 6 + 12 · 2 · 4 = 28 (sm2)
úˎNLOGˎNLÀTXUXQVDKˎVLVPˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
VP Ã
VP
S 4 · 8 - 12 · 2 · 4 = 28 (sm2)
yi
<DOQÖ]G]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTODUDD\ÖUPDTODYHULOˎQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
Çalışma
La
9HULOPLûILTXUXVDGˎILTXUODUDD\ÖUPDTODVDKˎVLQLQQHoˎYDKLGNYDGUDWROGXøXQXWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ
²YDKLGNYDGUDW
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
+ˎUÀTXUXQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖUYˎWRSODQÖU
S= 12 · 5 · 4 + 6 · 3 = 28 (v.kv.)
D E F
9HULOPLûILTXUXG]EXFDTOÖ\DWDPDPODPDTODVDKˎVLQLYDKLGNYDGUDWODWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ
ə
²YDKLGNYDGUDW
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
SG]E = 4 · 8 = 32 (v.kv.) )LTXUG]EXFDTOÖ\DWDPDPODQÖUYˎVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
1 ˍODYˎROXQDQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
SoE = 2 · 3· 6 = 9 (v.kv.)
D
h
SÀTXU = 32 - 9 = 23 (v.kv.)
E
']EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQGˎQoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVLoÖ[ÖOÖU
F
yi
)LTXUVDGˎÀTXUODUDD\UÖOÖE%XÀTXUODUDˎVDVˎQYHULOˎQÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D E F
La
VP VP
VP
VP VP VP
VP
VP VP VP VP
VP
)LTXUVDGˎILTXUODUDD\UÖOÖEˍYYˎOFˎKˎUVDGˎILTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDToQOD]ÖPRODQ|O
oOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ6RQUDKˎUILTXUXQVDKˎVLQLKHVDEODPDTODYHULOˎQILTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ C C
EF VP
VP
BG VP
D GD VP D
B G E B G E
DE VP VP VP VP VP
A F CG VP A F
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
1 +ˎUÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNoQOD]ÖPRODQ|OoOˎU
2 $ 6 $ 3 9 sm
= ^ 2h
X\øXQWˎUˎÁˎU]ˎULQGˎTH\GROXQXU
1 = ^ 2h
2 $ 4 $ 3 6 sm VP VP VP
ə
C B G
A B D A F E
A H AB VP AF VP BC VP
'ɋ VP BC VP AD VP FE VP AC VP
D
DE VP
VP
h HE VP
9HULOPLûÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLˎOYHULûOLVXOODWDSÖQ
E
BC VP
VP
VP VP VP
VP
VP
yi VP
VP
VP VP VP
P P
P
úˎNLOGˎKˎ\ˎWLQSOLWˎG|ûˎQˎFˎNVDKˎVLQLQSODQÖYHULOPLûGLU%X
P
ˎUD]LQLQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU" P
La
P
8VWDHYLQDU[DGLYDUÖQÖUˎQJOˎPˎNLVWˎ\LUPVDKˎ\ˎOER\D
VˎUIROXQXU%XVDKˎQLUˎQJOˎPˎNoQOLWUOLNQHoˎEDQNDER\D
P P
OD]ÖPGÖU" P
$QDUGˎIWˎUGˎ\DQDûÖLNLNYDGUDWYˎRQODUÖQGD[LOLQGˎûˎNLO
GˎNLNLPLVDUÖoEXFDToˎNGL6DUÖÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
VP VP
˃˔˥˔˟˘˟˩υˣ˘˥ˣ˘ˡ˗˜˞˨˟ˬ˔˥˗͎˭˫υ˧˟υ˥˜ˡ
̹υ˞˜˟ˠυ˦˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
']EXFDToˎNPˎNoQJQ\ˎDGODQDQDOˎWGˎQLVWLIDGˎROXQXUdR[
]DPDQ NDWHWOˎULQ ELULQGˎ [ˎWNHû RODQ G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDTGDQ JQ\ˎ
NLPLGˎLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
*Q\ˎGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎABG][ˎWWLQˎRQXQ]ˎULQGˎ\HUOˎûˎQCQ|T
WˎVLQGˎQX]XQOXøXVPRODQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUSDUoDQÖQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU" A C B
ə
9HULOPLûG][ˎWWˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWWLQoˎNLOPˎVL
'][ˎWOˎULQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUROPDVÖALOˎLûDUˎROXQXU0ˎVˎOˎQABYˎMNG] M
[ˎWOˎULQLQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUROGXøXQXEHOˎ\D]PDTRODUABAMN
*Q\ˎGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎCDG][ˎWWL]ˎULQGˎROPD\DQKQ|TWˎVLQGˎQEXG]
A B
h
[ˎWWˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWWoˎNPˎNRODU%XQXQoQJQ\ˎQLQNDWHWOˎULQGˎQ
ELULCDG][ˎWWLER\XQFDGLJˎULLVˎKQ|TWˎVLQLQ]ˎULQˎTR\XOXUK Q|TWˎVLQGˎQ
NDWHWER\XQFDoˎNLOˎQKFG][ˎWWLCDG][ˎWWLQˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUROXUKFACD
K K K
N
yi
C D C D C F D
Yadda saxla!
3HUSHQGLNXO\DU
9HULOˎQ Q|TWˎGˎQ G] [ˎWWˎ SHUSHQGLNXO\DU oˎNLOPLû SDUoDQÖQ C
La
X]XQOXøXKˎPLQQ|TWˎGˎQG][ˎWWˎTˎGˎURODQPˎVDIˎSDUoDQÖQ
h
|]LVˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUDGODQÖU%XPˎVDIˎ h YHULOˎQQ|TWˎLOˎG]
[ˎWWLQL[WL\DULQ|TWˎVLDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎGˎQ PˎVˎOˎQAC NLoLNGLU
A B
'][ˎWW]ˎULQGˎYHULOPLûQ|TWˎGˎQEXG][ˎWWˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖWUDQVSRUWLUYˎ[ˎWNHûLQ
N|Pˎ\LLOˎQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU"
Çalışma
úˎUWˎX\øXQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUSDUoDoˎNLQ
1h081ˍABG][ˎWWL]ˎULQGˎ\HUOˎûˎQOQ|TWˎVLQGˎQEXG][ˎWWˎX]XQOXøX
VPRODQMOSHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖQÖTDOGÖUÖQ
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
*Q\ˎQLQ NDWHWOˎULQGˎQ ELUL AB
G] [ˎWWL ]ˎULQˎ TR\XOXU Yˎ O
Q|TWˎVLQGˎQ SHUSHQGLNXO\DU TDO
M M GÖUÖOÖU*Q\ˎ]ˎULQGˎVP|Oo
VP OUYˎMQ|TWˎVLTH\GHGLOLUMYˎ
OQ|TWˎOˎULELUOˎûGLULOLUMOAAB
A O B A O B
D 8]XQOXøX VP RODQ E 8]XQOXøXVPRODQMN F E Q|TWˎVLQGˎQ CD SDU
ABSDUoDVÖQD]ˎULQGˎNL SDUoDVÖQDRQXQ]ˎULQGˎRO oDVÖQDSHUSHQGLNXO\DUoˎNLQ
PD\DQ B Q|TWˎVLQGˎQ SHU YˎX]XQOXøXQX|OoQ
ə
OQ|TWˎVLQGˎQSHUSHQ
GLNXO\DUoˎNLQ SHQGLNXO\DUoˎNLQ E
M B C
A O B
N D
SQ|TWˎVLQGˎQPTG][ˎWWLLOˎNˎVLûˎQLNLP[WˎOLIG][ˎWWoˎNLOPLûGLU%XG][ˎWOˎULQKˎU
h
LNLVLPTG][ˎWWLQˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DURODELOˎUPL")LNULQL]LL]DKHGLQ
9HULOˎQG][ˎWWˎSDUDOHOG][ˎWWLQoˎNLOPˎVL
'][ˎWOˎULQSDUDOHOROPDVÖ LOˎLûDUˎROXQXU0ˎVˎOˎQADYˎKLG]
[ˎWOˎULQLQSDUDOHOROGXøXQXEHOˎ\D]PDTRODUAD KL
A D
yi K L
Yadda saxla!
3DUDOHO G] [ˎWOˎUGˎQ ELULQLQ ]ˎULQGˎNL KˎU KDQVÖ Q|TWˎGˎQ GLJˎU G] [ˎWWˎ oˎNLOPLû SHU
SHQGLNXO\DUÖQX]XQOXøXEXG][ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎDGODQÖU3DUDOHOG][ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖ
PˎVDIˎGˎ\LûPLU
VP
VP VP
VP
úˎUWˎX\øXQSDUDOHOG][ˎWOˎULoˎNLQ
ə
MN KL
N L
VP
D OQ|TWˎVLQGˎQABG][ˎWWLQˎTˎGˎUPˎVDIˎVPGLUOQ|TWˎVLQGˎQABG][ˎWWLQˎ
SDUDOHOG][ˎWWoˎNLQ
h
E MNG][ˎWWLQˎDUDODUÖQGDVPPˎVDIˎROPDTODVPX]XQOXTGDSDUDOHOKLSDUoDVÖQÖ
oˎNLQ
AB SDUoDVÖQÖQ X]XQOXøX VPGLU A Yˎ B Q|TWˎOˎULQGˎQ AB SDUoDVÖQD SHUSHQGLNXO\DU G]
[ˎWOˎUoˎNLQ%XG][ˎWOˎUSDUDOHOGLUPL"2QODUDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
yi
0VWˎYL]ˎULQGˎABSPYˎPTG][ˎWOˎULoˎNLOLESPG][ˎWWLPTG][ˎWWLQˎSHUSHQGLNXO
\DUGÖUABG][ˎWWLSPG][ˎWWLLOˎNˎVLûPLUODNLQPTG][ˎWWLLOˎNˎVLûLU%XG][ˎWOˎULoˎNLQ
AYˎ LûDUˎOˎULQGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎDûDøÖGDNÖÀTXUODUGDSDUDOHOYˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUSDUoDODUÖ
\D]ÖQ
La
K
C B C K N P S
A B L M J X E
A D R Q
K
KQ|TWˎVLQGˎQMNG][ˎWWLQˎoˎNLOPLû KPSHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖYˎKL
SDUoDVÖQÖQFˎPLVPGLU KLSDUoDVÖKPSHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖQGDQVP
X]XQGXUKQ|TWˎVLQGˎQMNG][ˎWWLQˎTˎGˎUPˎVDIˎQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
M P L N
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
']EXFDTOÖYˎNYDGUDWÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
*Q\ˎYˎ[ˎWNHûGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎWˎUˎÁˎULQLQX]XQOXøXYHULOPLûG]EXFDTOÖQÖoˎNPˎNRODU
0ˎVˎOˎQX]XQOXøXVPHQLVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖQÖoˎNˎN
;ˎWNHûGˎQ LVWLIDGˎ *Q\ˎ YDVLWˎVLOˎ AB SDUoDVÖQD A D Yˎ C Q|TWˎOˎUL
HWPˎNOˎ X]XQOXøX YˎBQ|TWˎOˎULQGˎQX]XQOXøXVP ELUOˎûGLULOLU
VP RODQ AB SDU RODQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUSDUoDODUoˎNL
oDVÖoˎNLOLU OLU %X SDUoDODUÖQ XF Q|TWˎOˎUL X\
øXQRODUDTDYˎC LOˎDGODQGÖUÖOÖU
VP
D C D C
VP VP VP VP
ə
VP
A B A VP B A VP
VP B
*Q\ˎYˎ[ˎWNHûGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎWˎUˎÀVPRODQNYDGUDWÖQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU"
D
A
C
h
úˎNLOGˎNLILTXUODUÖQWˎUˎIOˎULQLQX]XQOXøXQX|OoQYˎEXILTXUODUÖGˎIWˎULQL]GˎoˎNLQ
H G P K T S
yi E F
M N
Q R
7ˎUˎIOˎULYHULOˎQNYDGUDWoˎNLQ
D VP E VP F VP G VP
7ˎUˎIOˎULYHULOˎQG]EXFDTOÖoˎNLQ
D VPYˎVP E VPYˎVP F VPYˎVP G VPYˎVP
9HULOˎQûˎUWOˎUˎJ|UˎG]EXFDTOÖoˎNLQ
La
D AB VPAD VPABAAD
E KL VPMN VPKL < MNKLYˎMNSDUoDODUÖDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎVPGLU
8]XQOXøXVPRODQABSDUoDVÖoˎNLQ%XSDUoD]ˎULQGˎCYˎDQ|TWˎOˎULQLHOˎTH\GHGLQNL
ACSDUoDVÖQÖQX]XQOXøXVPBDSDUoDVÖQÖQX]XQOXøXVPROVXQCYˎDQ|TWˎOˎULQGˎQAB
G][ˎWWLQˎX]XQOXøXVPRODQSHUSHQGLNXO\DUSDUoDODUoˎNLQ%XSDUoDODUDUDVÖQGDNÖPˎVDIˎ
QˎTˎGˎUGLU"
8]XQOXøXVPRODQ ABSDUoDVÖQÖYˎ AQ|TWˎVLQGˎQEXSDUoD\DX]XQOXøXVPRODQ AD
SHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖQÖoˎNLQ
ABCD G]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU"
CQ|TWˎVLQGˎNˎVLûˎQSDUoDODUGDQKDQVÖABWˎUˎÀQˎSDUDOHOKDQVÖSHUSHQGLNXO\DURODU"
• ABCD G]EXFDTOÖVÖQÖQVDKˎVLYˎSHULPHWULQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
̮̹˕˨˖˔ͭͻˡ̹υ˞˜˟ˠυ˦˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
AB VPBC VPABC A
+DQVÖ oEXFDT \D]ÖOPÖû ûˎUWOˎUˎ X\øXQ A A
RODELOˎU"%XQXQHFˎPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNRODU"
úˎUWˎX\øXQoEXFDøÖQHFˎoˎNPˎNRODU"
B C B C B C
ùNLWˎUˎÀYˎRQODUDUDVÖQGDNÖEXFDøDJ|UˎoEXFDøÖQ
hə
oˎNLOPˎVL
hoEXFDøÖQ LNL WˎUˎÀQLQ X]XQOXøX Yˎ RQODU DUDVÖQGDNÖ EXFDøÖQ GˎUˎFˎ |OoV YHULOGLNGˎ [ˎWNHû Yˎ
WUDQVSRUWLUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎEXoEXFDøÖoˎNPˎNRODU0ˎVˎOˎQWˎUˎÁˎULVPYˎVPEXWˎUˎÁˎU
DUDVÖQGDNÖEXFDøÖRODQoEXFDøÖEHOˎoˎNPˎNRODU
gOoVRODQEXFDT %XFDøÖQWˎSˎQ|TWˎVLQGˎQ %X SDUoDODUÖQ RUWDT RO
oˎNLOLU EDûOD\DUDT WˎUˎÁˎUL ]ˎ PD\DQ XF Q|TWˎOˎUL A
ULQGˎVPYˎVPX]XQ Yˎ C SDUoD LOˎ ELUOˎûGL
OXTGDSDUoDODUD\UÖOÖU ULOLU
yi
Çalışma
K
7UDQVSRUWLUYˎ[ˎWNHûGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎYHULOˎQoEXFDøD
La
X\øXQ|OoOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
$ % &
MN VP MN VP MN VP
MK VP MK VP MK VP
KMN KMN KMN M N
7UDQVSRUWLUYˎ[ˎWNHûGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎYHULOPLûoEXFDTODUÖGˎIWˎULQL]ˎoˎNLQ
D E F G
C C C C
VP
VP VP
VP
A VP B A VP B A B A
VP
B
VP
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
%LUWˎUˎÀYˎEXWˎUˎIˎELWLûLNEXFDTODUDJ|UˎoEXFDøÖQ
oˎNLOPˎVL
hoEXFDøÖQ ELU WˎUˎÀQLQ X]XQOXøX Yˎ RQD ELWLûLN LNL EXFDøÖQ GˎUˎFˎ |OoV YHULOGLNGˎ [ˎWNHû Yˎ
WUDQVSRUWLUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎEXoEXFDøÖoˎNPˎNRODU0ˎVˎOˎQELUWˎUˎÀVPEXWˎUˎIˎELWLûLN
EXFDTODUÖYˎRODQoEXFDøÖEHOˎoˎNPˎNRODU
8]XQOXøXVPRODQ 7ˎSˎQ|TWˎOˎULSDUoDQÖQXFQ|TWˎOˎULROPDTOD %XFDTODUÖQoˎNLOˎQ
SDUoDoˎNLOLU ûˎNLOGˎJ|VWˎULOGL\LNLPLYˎOLEXFDTODU WˎUˎÁˎULQLQ NˎVLû
oˎNLOLU Pˎ Q|TWˎVL TH\G
ROXQXU
h ə
7UDQVSRUWLUYˎ[ˎWNHûGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎYHULOPLûoEXFDTODUÖGˎIWˎULQL]ˎoˎNLQ
D C E C F C G C
úˎUWˎX\øXQoEXFDToˎNLQ
D 7ˎUˎÁˎULQLQX]XQOXøXVPYˎVPDUDODUÖQGDNÖEXFDT
E 7ˎUˎÀQLQX]XQOXøXVPYˎRQDELWLûLNEXFDTODUYˎ
La
6DPLU PˎIWLOGˎQ WˎUˎÁˎUL VP Yˎ VP RQODU DUDVÖQGDNÖ
EXFDTRODQoEXFDTG]ˎOWPˎNLVWˎGL%XQXQoQ6D
PLUˎX]XQOXøXVPRODQPˎIWLOoDWDUPÖ"8\øXQoEXFDøÖ
GˎIWˎULQL]Gˎ oˎNLE oQF WˎUˎÀQLQ X]XQOXøXQX |OoPˎNOˎ
FDYDEÖWDSÖQ
/DOˎQLQÀNULGRøUXGXUPX"hoEXFDøÖGˎIWˎULQL]GˎoˎNPˎNOˎYˎ|OoPˎNOˎFDYDEÖQÖ]ÖL]DKHGLQ
%XoEXFDøÖQCA
ABC oEXFDøÖ: AB VPCAB = 35CBA = 50 WˎUˎIL CBWˎUˎILQGˎQ
TÖVDGÖU
;h/$6ˍ
.RQTUX\HQWÀTXUODU 3DUDOHOYˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWOˎULQ
oˎNLOPˎVL
9HULOPLûQ|TWˎGˎQG][ˎWWˎSHUSHQGLNXO\DUÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
F F T F T
Konqruyent bucaqlar² OCûDVÖAOBEXFDøÖQÖQ C C
GˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULEˎUDEˎURODQ WˎQE|OˎQLGLU
EXFDTODU .RQTUX\HQWEXFDTODU
A M
7ˎQE|OˎQ
N A
B O A O B A O B
C C
O B 9HULOPLûG][ˎWWˎSDUDOHOG][ˎWWLQoˎNLOPˎVL
ABC#MNO AOC #BOC A D
4RQûXYˎTDUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU K
hə
AOCYˎCOBTRQûX AOBYˎCODTDUûÖOÖTOÖ
EXFDTODUGÖU 2UWDT EXFDTODUGÖU
4RQûX C WˎUˎI C 0VWˎYL
EXFDTODU A
ÀTXUODU B F
O D ']EXFDTOÖQÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
B
AOB#COD
A O B AOC#BOD VP
D C
AOCBOC D C
VP VP VP VP
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQVDKˎVL A VP B A VP B A VP B
A
hoEXFDøÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
a 1 ùNLWˎUˎÀYˎRQODUDUDVÖQGDNÖEXFDøDJ|UˎoEXFDøÖQ
SABC ÃaÃb oˎNLOPˎVL
2
B b C
yi
0UˎNNˎEÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVL %LUWˎUˎÀYˎEXWˎUˎIˎELWLûLNEXFDTODUDJ|UˎoEXFD-
øÖQoˎNLOPˎVL
']EXFDTOÖ\DYˎG]EXFDTOÖ ']EXFDTOÖ\D
oEXFDøDD\ÖUPDTOD WDPDPODPDTOD
VP 1 VP VP
2 ·2·4 1
2 ·2·4
VP Ã VP Ã
VP
VP
GDUYD]DQÖˎNVHWGLUˎQSDUoDODUoˎNLOLU
.DWHWOˎULPRODQG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTIRUPDVÖQGDRODQ
VP
ˎ\OˎQFˎPH\GDQoDVÖQÖQVDKˎVLKHVDEODQÖU
S 12 ÃÃ P
VP
%DøoDQÖQoDUGDTYˎˎ\OˎQFˎPH\GDQoDVÖQGDQEDûTDTDODQVDKˎVLKHVDEODQÖU
%DøoDQÖQVDKˎVLÃ P dDUGDøÖQVDKˎVLÃ P
S ² P
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
h080ù/ˍú'ù5ù&ù7$3ú,5,4/$5
%XFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQˎJ|UˎGRøUXYˎVˎKYÀNLUOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ)LNULQL]LL]DKHGLQ
D A E N F C G C
T D
B
A
O A A
B C M B D
B
ABCG]EXFDTGÖU AOM Yˎ BON TDUûÖOÖTOÖ BDWˎQE|OˎQGLU ADCYˎCDBTRQûX
EXFDTODUGÖU EXFDTODUGÖU
9HULOˎQOˎUˎˎVDVˎQPDYLÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
ə
D AC VP E AC VP F NM VP
B B K L
D y
B
E y
h
9HULOˎQÀTXUODUÖQKDQVÖWˎUˎÁˎULSDUDOHOKDQVÖWˎUˎÁˎULSHUSHQGLNXO\DUGÖU"%XÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVLQL
KHVDEOD\ÖQ
F y
B
G y
C
B C
B C
yi
D
A E F
D A G
A D
A C
x x x x
O O O O
4H\GROXQDQ|OoOˎUˎˎVDVˎQoEXFDTODUÖGˎIWˎULQL]GˎoˎNLQABCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D E C
C F C
La
VP
VP
VP
VP
A VP D VP B D B A
VP D VP A VP B
9HULOˎQ|OoOˎUGˎELUQHoˎoEXFDToˎNLQYˎ]ˎULQGˎX\øXQ|OoOˎULTH\GHGLQ
D ùNLEXFDøÖYˎ
E %LUWˎUˎÀVPYˎEXWˎUˎIˎELWLûLNELUEXFDøÖ
F 7ˎUˎÁˎULVPYˎVP
/DOˎGˎIWˎULQGˎWˎUˎÀVPRODQNYDGUDWoˎNGLYˎEXNYDGUDWÖûˎNLO B C
N
GˎNLNLPL[ˎWOˎUOˎHOˎE|OGNLNRQTUX\HQWG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTYˎELU
M
NYDGUDWDOÖQGÖ+ˎUG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDøÖQNDWHWOˎULVPYˎVPRODU O
VDNLoLNNYDGUDWÖQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎURODU"0ˎVˎOˎQLLNLVXOODKˎOOHGLQ
A K D
8\øXQÀTXUODUÖQVDKˎVLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
D ']EXFDTOÖQÖQWˎUˎÁˎULVPYˎVPGLU3HULPHWULEXG]EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULQLQQˎ
EˎUDEˎURODQNYDGUDW
E %LUWˎUˎÀGLJˎULQGˎQGˎIˎX]XQSHULPHWULVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖ
+ˎQGˎVLRUQDPHQWGˎNLE|\NVDUÖG|UGEXFDTOÖODUÖQKˎUELUL VP
LNL NRQTUX\HQW G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDTGDQ LEDUˎWGLU .LoLN VDUÖ
VP
G|UGEXFDTOÖODUÖQVDKˎVLE|\NVDUÖG|UGEXFDTOÖODUÖQVDKˎVLQLQ
1
4 KLVVˎVLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU%XRUQDPHQWLQVDUÖKLVVˎOˎULQLQPXPL
ə
VDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
STEAM $97202%ù/'$<$1$&$÷,
h
%|\N ûˎKˎUOˎUGˎ \DûD\Öû HYOˎULQLQ
VXSHUPDUNHW Yˎ KRWHOOˎULQ TDUûÖVÖQGD
WLNLOˎQ DYWRPRELO GD\DQDFDTODUÖ [
VXVL ˎKˎPL\\ˎW NˎVE HGLU 2QODU HOˎ
SODQODûGÖUÖOPDOÖGÖU NL KˎP GDKD oR[
DYWRPRELO\HUOˎûVLQKˎPGˎDYWRPR
yi
ELOOˎU ELUELULQLQ KˎUˎNˎWLQˎ PDQH RO
PDVÖQ
P
úˎNLOGˎNLQPXQˎGˎKDQVÖ[ˎWOˎUSD
UDOHO KDQVÖODU LVˎ SHUSHQGLNXO\DUGÖU"
6DUÖ Yˎ J|\ UˎQJOL DYWRPRELOOˎU ELUEL
P
ULQˎ Qˎ]ˎUˎQ KDQVÖ EXFDT DOWÖQGD GD P
La
\DQPÖûGÖU"
9HULOPLû|OoOˎUˎJ|UˎELUDYWRPRELOoQQˎ]ˎUGˎWXWXODQ\HULQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
<HQLWLNLOˎQELQDQÖQTDUûÖVÖQGDX]XQOXøXPHQLLVˎPRODQˎUD]LGˎDYWRGD\DQDFDTWLNPˎN
Qˎ]ˎUGˎWXWXOXU%XGD\DQDFDToQHOˎOD\LKˎKD]ÖUOD\ÖQNLRUDGDGDKDoR[DYWRPRELO\HUOˎûVLQ
$ûDøÖGDWˎNOLIROXQDQV[HPOˎUGˎQLVWLIDGˎHGˎELOˎUVLQL]
P P
P
P
P
P
P
P
8\øXQWˎTGLPDWKD]ÖUOD\ÖQ
FÖE|OPˎ0VWˎYLÀTXUODU
ə
x NXERLGYˎRWXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖ
oEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQVˎWKLQLQ
VDKˎVLQLKHVDEODPDøÖ
NXEYˎNXERLGOˎUGˎQLEDUˎWPUˎN
x
x
PDøÖ
h
NˎEÀTXUODUÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQL
KHVDEODPDøÖ
Eˎ]LG]SUL]PDODUÖQKˎFPLQLWDS
VDKˎYDKLGOˎULQLYˎRQODUÖQELUELULQˎ
oHYULOPˎVLQL
yi
x KˎFPYDKLGOˎULQLYˎRQODUÖQELUELULQˎ
oHYULOPˎVLQL
(QLPX]XQOXøXLVˎPRODQHYLQGL
YDUÖQD\HUGˎQPKQGUONGˎ]ONGDûÖ
YXUPDTYˎTDODQKLVVˎQLLVˎUˎQJOˎPˎNoQ
La
[ˎUFOˎQˎFˎNPˎEOˎøLKHVDEODPDTOD]ÖPGÖU
4DSÖ Yˎ KˎU SˎQFˎUˎQLQ VDKˎVL P 0DV
0 DVLU
DVLU
LUWWLN
LNLO
NLLOOLLOOˎ
ˎUUGˎ
Gˎ\
Gˎ \HHQL
QL WH[
QLW H[QL
QLN ND
D LVWHK
DL VWHK
VW HKVVD DOÖOÖQG
QGDK
QGD Kˎ ˎUU
RODUVD GLYDUÖQ ]OˎQˎFˎN Yˎ UˎQJOˎQˎFˎN KDQV
KD QVVÖ
Ö EL
ELUUPˎ
PˎK KVVVXO
XOOX
X X KDKD D]Ö
]ÖUUOOD\
]Ö D\DQ
\D
DQQGGD DLLOON
NQQ|Y
|YEˎ Eˎ
E ˎGˎ
Gˎ ˎRRQ
VDKˎOˎULQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ ODUUÖÖQ
OD
ODUÖ QIR
IRUP
RUP
UPDO DODU
ODU
DUÖ ÖKKD DTTÖQ
TT TÖQ
ÖQGDGDG
D GûûûQ
QPˎ
Q PˎN ˎNOD
NODOD]Ö
OD]Ö]ÖP PJˎ
PJˎ JˎOL OLLU
U
P ]ON GDûÖQÖQ TL\PˎWL PDQDW %X PˎK
%X
%XP ˎKVX
KVVX XOOODDUUDD Vˎ ˎUIR
UUII ROX XQDFD
QDFD
QD FDT
TP PD DWWH HUL
ULDO
DOÖQ
DO ÖQP
ÖQ PLT TG GD D
D
P VDKˎQL UˎQJOˎPˎN oQ OD]ÖP RODQ UÖP
UÖ PˎKVX
ˎKKVX XOX XQQ IR IRUP UPD
PD Y Yˎˎ|
ˎ |Oo Oo
OOˎU
ˎULQ
LQGˎ
GˎQ
Gˎ Q DV
DVÖO ÖOOÖÖG
GÖÖUU
+D
+DD
ER\DQÖQ TL\PˎWL LVˎ PDQDWGÖU h]ON ] UOODQ
]Ö QDFDT
DFDT
DF TP PˎK ˎKVVX XOO IR RUUPPD DVVÖQ
QDD J|
J|Uˎ UˎJ
Uˎ J|]|]R R[ [ûD D\ \DDQQ
GDûÖYˎER\DDOPDToQFˎPLQˎTˎGˎU ROOPD
R P TOD TOD\D
TO \DDQDûÖ
QD DûûÖÖ
Kˎ ˎPPGˎGˎR RQO
QODU
DUÖQ
ÖQK
ÖQ KD D]]ÖU
ÖUODODQ QP PDV DVÖQÖQDD
PˎEOˎøWˎOˎEROXQXU" ooˎˎNL
NLLOˎ
OˎQ
Oˎ
ˎQ
Q [ˎ
Q[ˎ[ˎUF
ˎUF
UFLLTW TWLLVVDG DGL LFˎ
FˎKˎ
Fˎ ˎKˎ
K WGWGˎQˎQQVVˎU
ˎUIIˎ ˎOOLLR
ROP PDOÖG
DOÖG
DO GÖUÖU
%X
%
%XG
X GD DR
RQQOD ODUUÖÖQ
ÖQ IR IRUP
UPPDV DVÖQÖQ
QÖQ QGG]
]J
]JJQ
Q VH VHoL
oLOP PˎV ˎVLQ
LQGˎQ
LQGˎGˎQ
Gˎ
P
DVÖO
DV ÖOOÖG
ÖGÖU
ÖU
0ˎ
0ˎVˎ VˎOˎ Oˎ
OˎQ
ˎQ
QE EDøDøH HYYOOˎULQ
ˎULLQ
ˎU QGGˎˎ
ˎK KRYRYX]
YX]
X]WWLLN N
NˎU
ˎUNˎ
ˎU NˎQ
Nˎ Q
P
RQXQ
RQ XQ GDKGDKD D ooR R[ [ VX X WXWXWXPXPXQ XQD D PD
PDOL OLN
N R ROOPD
OPPD DVÖV LOˎO
P
\ QD
\D QDûÖ ûÖ
Kˎ
K P P Gˎ Gˎ GLY
Gˎ LYDU
YDDUUUOD
ODUÖ
OD UÖQD
Q G]O
]]
OOˎˎFFˎ ˎNN NDI DIHO HOOLQ
LQ
P
VVD
D
D\Ö
\ÖQÖ
\ÖQÖ
\Ö QÖQ
QG
G
G]J]J
]JQ Q QKKHVDE
HVD
HV DEEODODQPDV
ODQPQPPDVÖ
DVVÖ YYD
DFFLLEGLU
EGLU
EG LU
P P
P P
İlkin yoxlama
+DQVÖûˎNLOOˎUNXEXQDoÖOÖûÖQDDLGGLU"
$oÖOÖûûˎNLOOˎULQˎX\øXQIˎ]DÀTXUODUÖQÖPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
ə
0TD\LVˎHGLQ
h
D VPPPYˎPP²VP
E PPVPYˎNP²P
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D hoEXFDTOÖSUL]PDQÖQ]OˎULKDQVÖPVWˎYLÀTXUODUGÖU"
E 7LOLQLQX]XQOXøXVPRODQNXEXQKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
F PP²PYˎVPGP
G l mlYˎlml
yi
F %LU]QQVDKˎVLVPRODQNXEXQKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
G +QGUO\PX]XQOXøXPHQLPRODQG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLQˎ
TˎGˎUGLU"
9DKLG NXEODUGDQ G]ˎOGLOPLû ÀTXUXQ KˎFPLQL WDSÖQ %X ÀTXUXQ |QGˎQ VWGˎQ Yˎ \DQGDQ
J|UQûOˎULQLoˎNLQ
D E F G H I
La
9HULOˎQÀTXUODUÖG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGˎWDPDPODPDToQQHoˎYDKLGNXEOD]ÖPGÖU"
D E F G H
<DûÖOUˎQJOLVDKˎQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
D PP E VP F
PP
P
P
P
PP
VP
P
P
VP
P
PP VP VP
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
ʾ˨˕˩υ˞˨˕ˢ˜˗˜ˡ˦υ˧˛˜ˡ˜ˡ˦˔˛υ˦˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
/DOˎYˎ6DPLUDøNDøÖ]GDQûˎNLOGˎNL
ILTXUXNˎVLENXEG]ˎOWGLOˎU6RQUD VP
RQODUEXILTXUXQEWQ]OˎULQLTÖU
VP
PÖ]ÖER\DLOˎUˎQJOˎGLOˎU
)LTXUXQ UˎQJOˎQˎQ ]OˎULQLQ VP VP VP
PXP LVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUROGX"%X
QXQHFˎWDSPDTRODU" VP
ə
.XEXQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
.XEXQ WDP VˎWKLQLQ VDKˎVL RQXQ ]OˎULQL WˎûNLO HGˎQ DOWÖ NYDGUDWÖQ VDKˎOˎUL FˎPLQˎ EˎUDEˎUGLU
0ˎVˎOˎQWLOLVPRODQNXEXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLEHOˎWDSPDTRODU
h
yi
S Ã VP
Yadda saxla!
.XEXQVˎWKLNRQTUX\HQWNYDGUDWGDQLEDUˎWROGXøXQGDQELU]QQ
La
VDKˎVLQLWDSÖE\DYXUPDTODNXEXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDTRODU a
7LOLaRODQNXEXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLEXGVWXUODKHVDEODQÖU a
a
SWDP Ăa
Çalışma
.XEXQ WDP VˎWKLQLQ VDKˎVLQL RQXQ ]OˎULQLQ VDKˎOˎUL FˎPLQL WDSPDTOD Yˎ GVWXUD ˎVDVˎQ
KHVDEOD\ÖQ
1h081ˍ
VP VP
VP
VP VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
SNYDGUDW Ă VP .XEXQ ]OˎUL WˎUˎÀ VP RODQ NYDGUDW
SWDP VP ODUGÖU+ˎUELUNYDGUDWÖQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖUYˎ
EXVDKˎOˎUWRSODQÖU
SWDP Ă Ă VP .XEXQ WDP VˎWKLQLQ VDKˎVL GVWXUD
ˎVDVˎQWDSÖOÖU
D E F
h ə
.XEXQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D E F G
6ˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLYHULOPLûNXEODUÖQWLOLQLQX]XQOXøXQXWDSÖQ&DYDEÖ\R[OD\ÖQ
1h081ˍSWDP VP
"
La
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
%LU]QVDKˎVL VP .XEXQ ] ROGXøXQGDQ WDP VˎWKLQLQ VDKˎVLQL \D
E|OPˎNOˎELU]QQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU
VP VP 6DKˎVLVPRODQNYDGUDWÖQWˎUˎÀQLQX]XQOXøXWDSÖOÖU
VP
ˎGˎGLQLQNYDGUDWÖQDEˎUDEˎUGLU
.XEXQWLOLQLQX]XQOXøXVPGLU &DYDEÖQGRøUXOXøX\R[ODQÖOÖU
SWDP Ă Ă VP
D E F
" " "
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
.XERLGLQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
.XERLGLQTDUûÖ]OˎULFWFWNRQTUX\HQWG]EXFDTOÖODUGÖU%XG]EXFDTOÖODUÖQVDKˎOˎULQLWRSODPDT
ODNXERLGLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDTRODU
Ă VP
VP
Ă Ă
Ă VP Ă VP
VP VP VP
VP
Ă VP
ə
SWDP VP
.RQTUX\HQW]OˎULQKˎUFWQGˎQELULQLQVDKˎVLQL\ˎYXUXEDOÖQDQKDVLOOˎULWRSODPDTODGDNXERL
GLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDTRODU
SWDP ÃÃÃ VP \D[XG
SWDP Ã VP
Yadda saxla!
h
7LOOˎULa, b, cRODQNXERLGLQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLEXGVWXUODKHVDEODPDTRODU
SWDP Ă aĂb Ă bĂc Ă aĂc \D[XG
SWDP Ă aĂbbĂcaĂc
yi
a·b
c
a·c b·c a·c b·c
a
b a·b
.XERLGLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLRQXQ]OˎULQLQVDKˎOˎULFˎPLQLWDSPDTODYˎGVWXUDˎVDVˎQ
La
KHVDEOD\ÖQ
1h081ˍ
VP
VP
VP
VP VP
VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
S ĂĂĂĂĂĂ VP .XERLGLQKˎUELU]QQVDKˎ
VLWDSÖOÖUYˎEXVDKˎOˎUWRSODQÖU
S Ă Ă Ă Ă Ă Ă VP .XERLGLQ WDP VˎWKLQLQ VDKˎVL
GVWXUDˎVDVˎQWDSÖOÖU
D E
P VP
P VP
P
P P VP
VP
VP
P VP
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D E VP
F G
P VP PP
P VP
P VP VP
ə
PP
VP
PP
)LTXUODUÖWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLE|\NGˎQNLoL\ˎROPDTODVÖUDOD\ÖQ
P
P P P
P P
P P
P
h P
9DKLGNXEODUGDQG]ˎOGLOPLûÀTXUXQJ|UQûOˎULQˎˎVDVˎQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
9DKLGNXEODUGDQG]ˎOGLOPLûÀTXUXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D E F G H
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
.XERLGOˎUGˎQG]ˎOGLOPLûÀTXUXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ 6ˎWKLˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQPVWˎYLÀTXUODU
VP
VP VP VP VP
VP
VP
VP VP
VP VP
VP VP
VP
ə
à VP à VP
D VP E F
h VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
yi S VP
7D[WDVH[LQGˎKD]ÖUODQDQTXWXQXQHQLVP
X]XQOXøXVPKQGUO\LVˎVPGLU
%XTXWXQXQEWQVˎWKLQD[ÖûOÖNDøÖ]ODEˎ]ˎ VP
GLOLUVPEˎ]ˎNOLNDøÖ]ODˎQoR[XQHoˎ
EHOˎTXWXQXEˎ]ˎPˎNRODU" VP
VP
VP
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGGˎQWLOLVPRODQNXENˎVLOLE VP
D\UÖOGÖ VP VP
$OÖQDQÀTXUXQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
VP VDKˎQL UˎQJOˎPˎN oQ ml ER\D OD]ÖPGÖU
$OÖQDQÀTXUXQVˎWKLQLUˎQJOˎPˎNoQlER\DoDWDUPÖ"
˂˧˨˥˔˖˔ͭͻ˗͎˭˕˨˖˔ˤ˟ͻ͎̹˕˨˖˔ˤˢ˟˔ˡ˗͎˭
ˣ˥˜˭ˠ˔ˡͻˡ˦υ˧˛˜ˡ˜ˡ˦˔˛υ˦˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
úˎNLOGˎûûˎGˎQKD]ÖUODQPÖûSUL]PDIRUPDVÖQGDVXYHQLUYˎRQXQPR
G]SUL]PD
GHOLWˎVYLUROXQPXûGXU
3UL]PDQÖQRWXUDFDTODUÖYˎ\DQ]OˎULKDQVÖILTXUODUGÖU"
0VWˎYLILTXUODUGDQEHOˎVXYHQLUG]ˎOWPˎNoQKˎUILTXU
GDQQHoˎGˎQˎOD]ÖPGÖU"
ə
%XILTXUXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQWDP
VˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
h
3UL]PDQÖQEWQ\DQ]OˎULG]EXFDTOÖODURODELOˎU%HOˎSUL]PDG]SUL]PDDGODQÖU
<DQ
2WXUDFDT
<DQ
yi
2WXUDFDTODUÖG]EXFDTOÖ
oEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PD ]OˎU ]OˎU
2WXUDFDT
2WXUDFDTODUÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDToQ\DQ]
OˎUGˎNLG]EXFDTOÖQÖQYˎRWXUDFDTODUGDNÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTODUÖQVDKˎOˎULFˎPLQLKHVDEODPDT
La
OD]ÖPGÖU
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
Çalışma
']SUL]PDQÖQYHULOPLûDoÖOÖûûˎNLOOˎULQˎˎVDVˎQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ
1 = 2 Ă VP
VP 2 · 5 · 12 30 (sm )
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
ə
SWDP VP
%WQ]OˎULQVDKˎOˎULWDSÖOÖUYˎWRSODQÖU
P VP
D E
VP
P
P P
h VP
VP
2WXUDFDTODUÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
yi
D P P E P F P
P
P P
P
P P
P P
La
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQûˎNLOGˎNLG]SUL]PDQÖQ\DûÖO
\DQ ]QQ VDKˎVL VP VDUÖ \DQ ]QQ VDKˎVL LVˎ VPˎ
EˎUDEˎUGLUgQGˎNL]QVDKˎVL\DûÖO\DQ]GˎQVPoR[GXU%X
SUL]PDQÖQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU" VP
úˎNLOGˎˎOLODUDEDVÖoQG]SUL]PDIRUPD
VÖQGDNHoLGLQ|OoOˎULYHULOPLûGLU%XNHoLGLQ
PVDKˎVLQLUˎQJOˎPˎNoQmlER\D P
OD]ÖPGÖU%XÀTXUXQVˎWKLQLUˎQJOˎPˎNoQ
ˎQD]ÖQˎTˎGˎUER\DOD]ÖPGÖU" P
P
P
ˀυ˦υ˟υ˟υ˥
/DOˎ|OoOˎULPPYˎPRODQNXERLGIRUPDVÖQGDKˎGL\\ˎ
TXWXVXKD]ÖUODGÖ2EXTXWXQXQVˎWKLQˎEˎ]ˎNOLNDøÖ]\DSÖûGÖUGÖ
(QLVPX]XQOXøXLVˎPRODQG]EXFDTOÖIRUPDOÖEˎ]ˎNOLNDøÖ]EX
TXWXQXEˎ]ˎPˎNoQoDWDUPÖ"1ˎTˎGˎUoDWPD]Yˎ\DDUWÖTTDODU"
ə
UˎQJOˎPˎOLGLU%XRWDøÖQHQLPX]XQOXøXLVˎEXQGDQoR[GXU
2WDøÖQ SˎQFˎUˎVLQLQ VDKˎVL P TDSÖQÖQ VDKˎVL LVˎ P RODUVD
UˎQJOˎQˎFˎNGLYDUODUÖQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
PVDKˎQLUˎQJOˎPˎNoQmlER\DLVWLIDGˎROXQXU2WDøÖQGLYDU
ODUÖQÖUˎQJOˎPˎNoQ lER\DoDWDUPÖ"
h
1ˎTˎGˎUoDWPD]Yˎ\DDUWÖTTDODU"
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDIRUPDVÖQGDoD
GÖUoQˎQD]ÖQHoˎNYDGUDWPHWUSDUoDLVWLIDGˎROXQGX"dDGÖUÖQ
\HULQˎSDUoDG|ûˎQPLU
P
P
yi
P
P
3UL]PD IRUPDOÖ ELQDQÖQVˎWKLQL ûûˎ LOˎ |UWPˎN Qˎ]ˎUGˎ
WXWXOXU P
La
úûˎLOˎ|UWOˎFˎNPXPLVDKˎQHoˎNYDGUDWPHWUGLU"
P ûûˎ PDQDWD RODUVD ELQDQÖQ VˎWKLQL ûûˎ LOˎ
|UWPˎNoQDOÖQDFDTûûˎ\ˎQˎTˎGˎUSXO|GˎPˎNOD
]ÖPGÖU"
P
P
GP
8VWD WD[WDGDQ NXE Yˎ NXERLGL VWVWˎ TR\PDTOD PRGHO
G]ˎOWGLúˎNLOGˎNL|OoOˎUˎˎVDVˎQEXPRGHOLQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
QˎTˎGˎUGLU" GP GP
GP
FE|OPˎ2QOXTNˎVUOˎU
ʷ͎˭ˣ˥˜˭ˠ˔ˡͻˡ˛υ˖ˠ˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
$OÖFÖNXEIRUPDVÖQGDRODQSHQGLULQ\DUÖVÖQÖNˎVPˎ\L[DKLû
HWGL6DWÖFÖSHQGLULûˎNLOGˎNLNLPLNˎVGL
6DWÖFÖSHQGLULEHOˎNˎVPˎNOˎDOÖFÖQÖQ[DKLûLQL\HULQˎ\H
WLUˎELOGLPL"
$OÖQDQKˎUELUKLVVˎQLQKˎFPLLOˎNXEIRUPDVÖQGDRODQSHQGLULQKˎFPLDUDVÖQGDKDQVÖˎODTˎYDU"
3HQGLUWLOLVPRODQNXEIRUPDVÖQGDRODUVDNˎVLOPLûKLVVˎOˎUGˎQKˎUELULQLQKˎFPLQLQHFˎWDS
PDTRODU"
ə
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPL
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQEWQ]OˎULG]EXFDTOÖGÖU%DûTDV|]OˎG]EXFDTOÖ
ɫ
SDUDOHOHSLSHGRWXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖRODQG]SUL]PDGÖU
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLRQXQHQLX]XQOXøXYˎKQGUO\QQKD b
VLOLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
h 9 DÂEÂɫ
úˎNLOGˎWˎUˎÁˎULaYˎbRODQG]EXFDTOÖ\DSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQRWXUDFDøÖ
NLPLED[DUDTEXSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKQGUO\QhLOˎLûDUˎHGˎN%X
]DPDQ G]EXFDTOÖ SDUDOHOHSLSHGLQ KˎFP GVWXUXQX EHOˎ Gˎ \D] a
b
h
a
Sot = a · b
PDTRODU
yi
V SRWÃh
VP
%XUDGDSRWRWXUDFDøÖQVDKˎVLGLU0ˎVˎOˎQX]XQOXøXVPHQLVPKQGU VP
O\VPRODQG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLEHOˎWDSÖOÖU VP
Çalışma
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGYˎ\DNXEIRUPDVÖQGDRODQˎû\DODUÖQKˎFPLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
D E F G
VP
P
VP VP
VP VP VP
VP VP
VP P P
gOoOˎUL H\QL YDKLGOˎUˎ JˎWLUPˎNOˎ YHULOˎQ G]EXFDTOÖ SDUDOHOHSLSHGLQ KˎFPLQL KHVDEOD\ÖQ
6HoGL\LQL]YDKLGLˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
1h081ˍ
VP
GP
P
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
P VP +HVDEODPDODU]DPDQÖH\QLNˎPL\\ˎWELUYDKLGOˎLIDGˎROXQPDOÖGÖU
GP VP gOoOˎULVDQWLPHWUˎoHYLUGLNGˎKHVDEODPDGDKDDVDQDSDUÖOÖU
V ÃÃ VP ']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQWLOOˎULQLQKDVLOLWDSÖOÖU
ə
D E F G 3
P VP 4P
GP P
VP GP
VP SRW P
VP
P
h
+ˎFPLYˎLNLWLOLYHULOPLûG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQGLJˎUWLOLQLWDSÖQ
1h081ˍV VP
VP
"
VP
yi
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
ÃÃx $[WDUÖODQWLOLQX]XQOXøXxLOˎLûDUˎHGLOLUYˎKˎFPGVWXUXQGD\HULQˎ
Ãx \D]ÖOÖU
x VP 7ˎQOLNKˎOOHGLOLUYˎWLOLQX]XQOXøXWDSÖOÖU
V ÃÃ VP 3DUDOHOHSLSHGLQYHULOPˎ\ˎQWLOLQLQX]XQOXøXVDQWLPHWUˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
&DYDEÖQGRøUXOXøX\R[ODQÖOÖU
D E F
La
PP
" VP
P "
P PP
VP V PP
V P "
V VP
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D +QGUO\ P RWXUDFDøÖQÖQ VDKˎVL P RODQ G]EXFDTOÖ SDUDOHOHSLSHGLQ KˎFPL Qˎ
TˎGˎUGLU"
E +QGUO\GPYˎKˎFPLVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQRWXUDFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVL
QHoˎNYDGUDWVDQWLPHWUGLU"
2
F ']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQX]XQOXøXPHQLLVˎX]XQOXøXQXQ 3 KLVVˎVLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
3DUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLPRODUVDKQGUO\QHoˎPHWUGLU"
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPL
']SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLRWXUDFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLLOˎKQGUO\QQKDVL
OLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU h
V SRWÃh
SRW
0ˎVˎOˎQRWXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQKQGUO\VPRWXUDFDøÖQÖQNDWHW
OˎULVPYˎVPRODUVDEXSUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLQLEHOˎWDSPDTRODU
ə
VP
SRW 12 ĂĂ VP
V Ã VP
VP VP
h
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLQLQWDSÖOPDVÖGVWXUXQGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎRWXUDFDTODUÖ
G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDT RODQ G] SUL]PDQÖQ KˎFPLQLQ WDSÖOPDVÖ TD\GDVÖQÖ QHFˎ L]DK HWPˎN
RODU"$ûDøÖGDNLV[HPGˎQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNOˎL]DKHGLQ
yi
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
P
D E F
P
P VP
P
P
P
V
La
P VP
/DOˎ Yˎ 6DPLU ûˎNLOGˎNL G] SUL]PDQÖQ KˎFPLQL WDSPDT LVWˎ\LUOˎU .LPLQ ÀNUL GRøUXGXU" ù]DK
HGLQ
3UL]PDQÖQKQGUO\VP 3UL]PDQÖQKQGUO\VP
RWXUDFDøÖLVˎWˎUˎÁˎUL RWXUDFDøÖLVˎNDWHWOˎUL
VPYˎVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖGÖU VP VPYˎVPRODQ
VP
VP 1
V Ã VP SRW 2 ĂĂ VP
V Ã VP
']SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQ
D E F G
P
VP VP
P VP
VP VP VP VP
P VP
VP
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D +QGUO\PRWXUDFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLPRODQoEXFDTOÖG]SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E ']SUL]PDQÖQRWXUDFDøÖNDWHWOˎULPYˎPRODQG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTGÖU%XSUL]PDQÖQ
ə
KQGUO\PRODUVDKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
.XERLGOˎUGˎQWˎûNLOROXQPXûÀTXUXQKˎFPL
%ˎ]LIˎ]DÀTXUODUÖQÖELUQHoˎNLoLNNXERLGˎD\ÖUPDTODRQXQKˎFPLQLWDSPDTRODU0ˎVˎOˎQûˎNLOGˎNL
VP
h
ÀTXUXLNLNLoLNNXERLGˎD\ÖUPDTODKˎFPLQLEHOˎWDSPDTRODU
VP
VP
VP
VP
yi VP
VP VP
VP VP VP
VP
V ÃÃÃÃ VP
)LTXUXNXERLGOˎUˎD\ÖUPDTODKˎFPLQLWDSÖQ
La
1h081ˍ VP
VP VP VP
VP
VP VP
VP
VP
VP VP
VP VP VP
VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
ÃÃ VP )LTXULNLNXERLGˎD\UÖOÖUYˎKˎUELUNXERL
ÃÃ VP GLQKˎFPLWDSÖOÖU
V VP +ˎFPOˎUWRSODQÖU
)LTXUXQKˎFPLVPˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
VP VP
D E F VP
VP
VP VP
VP VP VP
VP VP VP VP
VP VP
VP
+QGUO\PRWXUDFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLPRODQG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLYHULOˎQ
NXEODUGDQELULQLQKˎFPLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU%XKDQVÖNXEGXU"
ə
P P P
P P
P P P
P
h
dD\TXWXVX|OoOˎULVPVPVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖ
SDUDOHOHSLSHGIRUPDVÖQGDGÖUúˎNLOGˎYHULOˎQ|OoGˎoE|
\NTXWX\DFˎPLQHoˎoD\TXWXVX\ÖøPDTRODU" VP VP
yi VP
4
$NYDULXPKQGUO\QQ 5 KLVVˎVLQˎTˎGˎUVXLOˎGROGX
UXOGX
$NYDULXPGDVX\XQVˎYL\\ˎVLKDQVÖKQGUONGˎROGX" VP
$NYDULXPGDQHoˎNXEVDQWLPHWUVXYDU"
VP
P
úˎNLOGˎG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGIRUPDVÖQGDRODQNˎU
SLFLQ|OoOˎULYHULOPLûGLUEHOˎNˎUSLFGˎQDOÖQDQÀTX VP
UXQKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"ùNLIˎUTOLVXOODKHVDEOD\ÖQ VP VP
ˆ˔˛υ˩˔˛˜˗˟υ˥˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
úˎNLOGˎNL TXWXQX Eˎ]ˎPˎN oQ WˎUˎIL DU
VP
PRODQNYDGUDWIRUPDOÖNDøÖ]NLID\ˎW KHNWDU KD
P
HGˎUPL"
VP
1ˎTˎGˎUˎVNLNRODU\D[XGDUWÖTTD
VP
ODU"%XQXQHFˎWDSPDTRODU" P
ə
6DKˎYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎ
)LTXUXQVDKˎVLQLWDSPDToQLONQ|YEˎGˎ|OoYDKLGLQLVHoPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU%XQˎ\LQVDKˎVLQLQ|O
oOˎFˎ\LQGˎQDVÖOÖGÖU0ˎVˎOˎQGˎIWˎUYˎUˎTLQLQVDKˎVLNYDGUDWVDQWLPHWUOˎPˎQ]LOLQVDKˎVLNYDG
UDWPHWUOˎ|ONˎOˎULQˎUD]LVLLVˎNYDGUDWNLORPHWUOˎLIDGˎROXQXU%ˎ]LKHVDEODPDODU]DPDQÖELUYDKLGOˎ
YHULOPLûVDKˎQLEDûTDELUYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNOD]ÖPJˎOLU0ˎVˎOˎQ
VP PP
yi VP PP
)LTXUXQVDKˎVLKˎUKDQVÖELUYDKLGOˎYHULOGLNGˎ )LTXUXQVDKˎVLKˎUKDQVÖELUYDKLGOˎYHULOGLNGˎ
RQXQˎGˎGLTL\PˎWLQLYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎ RQXQˎGˎGLTL\PˎWLQLYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎ
YXUDUDTNLoLNYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU E|OˎUˎNE|\NYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
u
La
VP PP PP VP
VP uPP PP PP VP
(\QLTD\GDLOˎGLJˎUVDKˎYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎQLEHOˎ\D]PDTRODU
GP GPuGP VPuVP VP
P PuP GPuGP GP
P PuP VPuVP VP
NP NPuNP PuP P P
PLQQHoˎVPVPLQQHoˎPROGXøXQXQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
Çalışma
%Rû[DQDODUDX\øXQˎGˎGOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
1h081ˍP VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
P VP 6DKˎYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎPˎ\\ˎQROXQXU
9HULOPLûˎGˎGYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎYXUXOXU
u
P VPuVP VP
ə
P VP
P VP
P uVP VP
E VP
0TD\LVˎHGLQ
hP G PP
D VPYˎPP
VP I P
F PYˎVP
NP K PP VP
H VPYˎP
yi
E NPYˎP G PYˎVP 3
I 4 NPYˎP
+HNWDUYˎDUVDKˎYDKLGOˎUL
dR[E|\NROPD\DQWRUSDTVDKˎOˎULQL|OoPˎNoQDUYˎKHNWDUGDQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU
P P
P P
PuP P
ÃP
DU PuP P ÃP KD
úˎNLOGˎNLˎ\OˎQFˎPH\GDQoDVÖQÖQVDKˎVLDUGÖU úˎNLOGˎNLˎNLQ\HULQLQVDKˎVLKDGÖU
Yadda saxla!
+ˎUKDQVÖELUYDKLGOˎYHULOPLûVDKˎQLGDKDNLoLNYDKLGˎoHYLUPˎNoQRQXQˎGˎGLTL\PˎWLQL
YDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎYXUPDTGDKDE|\NYDKLGˎoHYLUPˎNoQLVˎE|OPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU
u u u u u u
NP KD DU P GP VP PP
ə
gONˎOˎULQSDUNODUÖQVDKˎVLQLKDQVÖYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLUNPKHNWDU\R[VDDU"
%Rû[DQDODUDX\øXQˎGˎGOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
h
1h081ˍKD
KD P
+ˎOOL
P
$oÖTODPD
6DKˎ YDKLGOˎUL DUDVÖQGD ˎODTˎ Pˎ\\ˎQ ROXQXU 9H
ULOPLûˎGˎGYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎYXUXOXU
yi u
KD P
KD P
KD uP P
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
ʻυ˖ˠ˩˔˛˜˗˟υ˥˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
6GNRPELQDWÖQGDJQˎU]LQGˎOLWUVGKDVLOROXQXUYˎSDNHWOˎUˎV]
OU l VPRODUVDELUJQGˎKDVLOROXQDQVGV]PˎNoQQHoˎ VP
SDNHWOD]ÖPRODU"
VP VP
+ˎFPYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎ
ə
8]XQOXTYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎOˎUˎˎVDVˎQKˎFPYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎQLPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNRODU
VP VPuVPuVP PPuPPuPP PP
VP PP
h VP
VP
PP
PP
)LTXUXQKˎFPLKˎUKDQVÖELUYDKLGOˎYHULOGLNGˎ )LTXUXQKˎFPLKˎUKDQVÖELUYDKLGOˎYHULOGLNGˎ
RQXQˎGˎGLTL\PˎWLQLYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎ RQXQˎGˎGLTL\PˎWLQLYDKLGLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎ
yi
YXUDUDTNLoLNYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU E|OˎUˎNE|\NYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
u
(\QLTD\GDLOˎGLJˎUKˎFPYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎQLEHOˎ\D]PDTRODU
La
GP VPuVPuVP VP
P GPuGPuGP GP
Yadda saxla!
+ˎU KDQVÖ ELU YDKLGOˎ YHULOPLû KˎFPL GDKD NLoLN YDKLGˎ u u u
oHYLUPˎNoQRQXX]XQOXTYDKLGLQLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQLQ
P GP VP PP
NXEXQDYXUPDTGDKDE|\NYDKLGˎoHYLUPˎNoQLVˎ²
E|OPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU
PLQQHoˎVPYˎVPLQQHoˎPROGXøXQXQHFˎWDSPDTRODU"
Çalışma
%Rû[DQDODUDX\øXQˎGˎGOˎULPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
1h081ˍP VP
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
P VP 9DKLGOˎUDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎPˎ\\ˎQROXQXU9HULOPLû
ˎGˎGKˎFPYDKLGLQLQX\øXQTL\PˎWLQˎYXUXOXU
P VPuVPuVP
VP u
ə
P VP P VP
P uVP VP
0TD\LVˎHGLQ
h
D VPPPYˎVP
E PP²VPYˎPP
F P²VPYˎVP
G VPPYˎPP
yi
7XWXPYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDˎODTˎ
+ˎFPYˎWXWXPELUELULLOˎˎODTˎOLDQOD\ÖûODUGÖU4DEÖQWXWXPXEXTDEÖGROGX
UDQPD\HQLQKˎFPLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU0D\HOˎULQKˎFPLoR[YD[WOLWUOˎ|OoOU7LOL
VPRODQNXEXQWXWXPXVPˎEˎUDEˎUGLU%HOˎNXElPD\HWXWXU
l VPuVPuVP VP \D[XG VP
l
La
l GPuGPuGP GP VP
VP
7LOLVPRODQNXEXQWXWXPXLVˎmlGLU
ml VPuVPuVP VP
l ml
8\øXQYDKLGOˎLIDGˎHGLQ
D PLOOLOLWUOˎVPVPPP E OLWUOˎGPVPPP
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D 7LOLVPRODQNXEIRUPDVÖQGDTDEQHoˎPLOOLOLWUPD\HWXWXU"
E 7LOOˎULGPGPYˎGPRODQG]EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGIRUPDOÖLoLERûTDEÖGROGXUPDT
oQlVX\HWˎUPL"
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
/LWUDQOD\ÖûÖLONGˎIˎFLOGˎ)UDQVDGD\HQL|OoYDKL
GLNLPLWˎTGLPHGLOLE/LWUGHGLNGˎELUNXEGHVLPHWUQˎ]ˎUGˎ
GP
WXWXOXE$GÖN|KQˎIUDQVÖ]|OoYDKLGLRODQ´OLWURQµV|]QGˎQ l GP
J|WUOPûGU FX LOGˎ %H\QˎO[DOT .WOˎ Yˎ gOo .R
GP
PLWˎVL &,30 OLWULQWˎULÀQLYˎLVLPYROXQX NLoLNlKˎUÀ TˎEXO
GP
HWGL
FLLOGˎ|OoYˎNWOˎ]UˎWˎûNLOROXQPXûFNRQIUDQVGD &*30 OLWU&WHPSHUDWXUX
RODQNTWˎPL]VX\XQKˎFPLNLPLTˎEXOROXQGX%XLVˎWˎ[PLQˎQGPˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
ə
0TD\LVˎHGLQ
D lml YˎGP F P²VPYˎl
E VP²PPYˎ ml G mllYˎGP
h
']EXFDTOÖSUL]PDIRUPDVÖQGDYHULOˎQTDEODUÖWXWXPXQDJ|UˎDUWDQVÖUDLOˎG]Q
VP
P
P
VP
P
VP
yi
VP
VP
P VP
VP
P
VP
$QDUYˎ6ˎELQˎTXWXQXQKˎFPLQLPPLOˎLIDGˎHWPˎNLVWˎGLOˎU8ûDTODUÖQÀNLUOˎULGRøUXGXU
PX"&DYDEÖQÖ]ÖˎVDVODQGÖUÖQYˎTXWXQXQKˎFPLQLWDSÖQ
La
ˍYYˎOFˎKˎUWLOLQ
ˍYYˎOFˎKˎFPL
X]XQOXøXQXPLOOLPHWUOˎ
VP
KHVDEOD\DUDPVRQUD
LIDGˎHGˎUˎPVRQUD
PPˎoHYLUˎUˎP
KˎFPLWDSDUDP
VP
VP
h]PˎKRYX]XRWXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]
SUL]PD IRUPDVÖQGDGÖU %X KRYX]XQ |OoOˎUL ûˎNLOGˎ P
YHULOPLûGLU+RYX]XGROGXUPDøD lVXoDWDUPÖ"
VP
1ˎTˎGˎUDUWÖTTDODU\D[XGQˎTˎGˎUoDWPD]"
P
;h/$6ˍ
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQVˎWKLQLQ ']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPL
VDKˎVL ']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQKˎFPLRQXQ
Kub Kuboid
c HQLX]XQOXøXYˎKQGUO\QQKDVLOLQˎ
a
a b EˎUDEˎUGLU
a a Kub Kuboid
S = a2 S = Ă a · b Ă b  c Ă a · c c
\D[XGS = à a  b b  c a  c a
a a b
a
2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQ V= 3 V = a · b · c,\D[XGV = SRW · h
G]SUL]PDQÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
2WXUDFDT 2WXUDFDøÖG]EXFDTOÖoEXFDTRODQ
)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖQÖQ
G]SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPL
VˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
ə
YˎKˎFPL ']SUL]PDQÖQKˎFPLRQXQ
Yan Yan h
]OˎU ]OˎU RWXUDFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLLOˎ
KQGUO\QQKDVLOLQˎ
2WXUDFDT EˎUDEˎUGLU Sot
2WXUDFDTODUÖ G]EXFDTOÖ oEXFDT RODQ G] V = Sot · h
SUL]PDQÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL\DQ]OˎULLOˎRWX
UDFDTODUÖQÖQVDKˎOˎULFˎPLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
h .XEYˎNXERLGGˎQWˎûNLOROXQPXûÀTXUODUÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLYˎKˎFPL
.XEYˎNXERLGGˎQWˎûNLOROXQPXûILTXUXQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVL
QLWDSPDToQKˎU]QQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖUYˎWRSODQÖU
.XE Yˎ NXERLGGˎQ WˎûNLO ROXQPXû ILTXUXQ KˎFPLQL WDSPDT
oQRQXWˎûNLOHGˎQILTXUODUÖQKˎFPLWDSÖOÖUYˎWRSODQÖU
yi
SDKˎYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDoHYULOPˎOˎU +ˎFPYDKLGOˎULDUDVÖQGDoHYULOPˎOˎU
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u
NP KD DU P GP VP PP P GP VP PP
La
<DQ]OˎULQVDKˎVLWDSÖOÖU P P P P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Ă P
P P
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
h080ù/ˍú'ù5ù&ù7$3ú,5,4/$5
9HULOˎQOˎULKDQVÖYDKLGOˎ|OoPˎNGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLUPPVPPVPPNPDUKDVPP"
%LQDQÖQKQGUO\ 2WDøÖQVDKˎVL +ˎ\ˎWLQVDKˎVL
0TD\LVˎHGLQ
D VP²PPYˎVP H PVPYˎVP
ə
1 4
E 4 VPPPYˎPP I VP² 5 VPYˎPP
F KD²DUYˎPDU J VPPYˎPPP
P
P
P
E
h
']SUL]PDODUÖQVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLYˎKˎFPLQLWDSÖQ
VP
VP
VP
F
V
P VP
VP
VP
P
G
P
P
P
yi
9HULOˎQÀTXUODUÖQKˎFPOˎULEˎUDEˎUGLU+ˎUÀTXUXQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
D VP E P P
V
P
"
P
P "
VP
VP P
VP VP P
La
úˎNLOGˎNXERLGIRUPDVÖQGDRODQELUVDEXQXQ|OoOˎULYHULOPLû
GLU 6DWÖû oQ VDEXQODUÖ KˎU ELULQGˎ ˎGˎG ROPDTOD SDNHWOˎUˎ
\ÖøGÖODU
VP
+ˎUSDNHWLQKˎFPLQˎTˎGˎURODU"
VP VP
+ˎU SDNHWL ENPˎN oQ ˎQ D]Ö QHoˎ NYDGUDWVDQWLPHWU NDøÖ]
LVWLIDGˎROXQDU"
P
P
1\X<RUNûˎKˎULQGˎ\HUOˎûˎQ´)ODWLURQµDGOÖELQDRWXUDFDøÖG]EX P
FDTOÖoEXFDTRODQG]SUL]PDIRUPDVÖQGDGÖU%LQDQÖQ\DQ]OˎULQGˎ
TR\XODQSˎQFˎUˎOˎULQPXPLVDKˎVLPˎEˎUDEˎUGLU<DQ]
P
OˎULQTDODQKLVVˎVLLVˎo|OER\DVÖLOˎUˎQJOˎQPLûGLU5ˎQJOˎQˎQVDKˎ
QˎTˎGˎUGLU"
$OPLQLXPGDQ G]ˎOGLOPLû GHWDO NXE Yˎ NXERLGGˎQ WˎûNLO
ROXQPXû ÀTXU IRUPDVÖQGDGÖU 2QXQ |OoOˎUL ûˎNLOGˎNL NLPL Yˎ
VP
DOPLQLXPXQ VPQLQ NWOˎVL TUDP RODUVD GHWDOÖQ NWOˎVL
QHoˎTUDPRODU"
VP VP
gOoOˎULûˎNLOGˎNLNLPLRODQNXERLGIRUPDOÖTD
SDOÖTDEGDlVXYDU
D 4DEGDNÖVX\XQVˎYL\\ˎVLKDQVÖKQGUONGˎGLU VP
E 4DEÖûˎNLOGˎNLNLPLNLoLN\DQ]VWˎTR\GXT "
GDVXKDQVÖKQGUONGˎRODU"
VP
ə
VP
STEAM ´48ú/$5%ù=ù0'267/$5,0,=',5µ
h
4XûODUFDQOÖWˎELˎWLQELUKLVVˎVLGLU2QODUHNRORMLVLVWHPLQPKPIXQNVL\DODUÖQÖ\HULQˎ\HWLULUOˎU4XûODU]L
\DQYHULFLOˎUˎTDUûÖPEDUL]ˎGˎVDQLWDUUROXQXR\QD\ÖUODU2QODUELWNLWR[XPODUÖQÖQ\D\ÖOPDVÖYˎWR]ODQPDVÖQ
GDGDPKPIˎDOL\\ˎWJ|VWˎULUOˎUùQVDQODUTXûODUoQP[WˎOLIJ|UQûO\XYDODUWLNLUOˎU4XûODU|]\X
YDODUÖQGD\XPXUWDODUÖVRQUDLVˎEDODODUÖQÖVD[OD\ÖUODUdR[YD[WP[WˎOLITXûODUoQIˎUTOL\XYDODUKD]ÖUODQÖU
yi
La
0ˎNWˎELQL]LQYˎHYLQL]LQ\DQÖQGDKDQVÖTXûODUÖQ\DûDGÖøÖQÖPˎ\\ˎQ
HGLQ
4XûODUoQQL\ˎ\XYDODUWLNGL\LPL]LYˎP[WˎOLITXûODUoQKDQVÖ\X
YDQÖQGDKDX\øXQROGXøXQXDUDûGÖUÖQ
1PXQˎGˎVDQWLPHWUOˎYHULOPLûWˎ[PLQL|OoOˎUˎˎVDVˎQTXû\XYDVÖQÖ
KD]ÖUODPDToQQHoˎNYDGUDWVDQWLPHWUIDQHUWD[WDOD]ÖPROGXøXQXKH
VDEOD\ÖQ
0ˎNWˎELQL]LQYˎ\DHYLQL]LQ\DQÖQGDTXûODUoQ\XYDKD]ÖUOD\ÖQ%X
QXQoQˎYYˎOFˎNRPSWHUGˎOD\LKˎQLoˎNLQ6RQUDOD]ÖPRODQPDWHULDO
ODUÖ IDQHUWD[WDPLVPDUYˎV KD]ÖUOD\ÖQYˎ\XYDQÖTXUDûGÖUÖQ
7H[QLNL LPNDQÖ RODQ VLQLÁˎUGˎ NRPSWHUGˎ KD]ÖUODQPÖû OD\LKˎQL '
SULQWHUGˎoDSHWPˎNRODU
FLE|OPˎ)ˎ]DILTXUODUÖ
ə
x ˎGˎGLRUWDDQOD\ÖûÖQÖYˎELUQHoˎˎGˎ
GLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖKHVDEODPDøÖ
x GDLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDYHULOˎQOˎULQIDL]Oˎ
OˎULQLKHVDEODPDøÖ
h
LIDGˎHGLOˎQKLVVˎOˎULQˎX\øXQTL\PˎW
x YHULOˎQPˎOXPDWÖWˎVYLUHWPˎNoQ
ˎOYHULûOLFˎGYˎOYˎ\DGLDTUDPÖVHoPˎ\L
yi
0|YVPˎU]LQGˎKRWHOGˎ\HUOˎûGLULOˎQ
TRQDTODUÖQ VD\Ö KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDW
FˎGYˎOYˎGLDTUDPODUGDYHULOLE
+RWHO 2WDTODUÖQVD\Ö 4RQDTODUÖQVD\Ö
La
$
%
&
$
6 &
15 5
0[WˎOLI Tˎ]HW MXUQDO Yˎ LQWHUQHW VD\WODUÖQGD
%
15
4
FˎGYˎOVWXQOXYˎGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPODUDKˎPoL
15
$ % & QLQ[ˎWWLGLDTUDPODUDYˎTUDÀNOˎUˎWH]WH]UDVW
0|YVPQ VRQXQGD % KRWHOLQLQ Q JˎOPˎN RODU 0ˎOXPDWODUÖQ EX VXOODUOD WˎVYLU
PD\ˎQGˎVL TRQDTODUÖQ G]JQ SD\ODQ HGLOPˎVLQGˎQP[WˎOLIKHVDEDWYˎWˎTGLPDWODU
PDGÖøÖQÖV|\OˎGL2QXQILNULQFˎTRQDT
GDGDJHQLûLVWLIDGˎROXQXU%WQEXQODUPˎOX
ODUKˎUKRWHOˎH\QLVD\GDSD\ODQPDOÖLGL
PDWODUÖGDKDDVDQYˎWH]EDûDGûPˎ\ˎ[LGPˎW
6L]Fˎ % KRWHOLQLQ QPD\ˎQGˎVL KDTOÖ
GÖUPÖ"(OˎROGXTGDP|YVPˎU]LQGˎKˎU HGLU
KRWHOˎQHoˎTRQDTSD\ODQPDOÖLGL" 0ˎOXPDWODUÖQ WRSODQPDVÖ WˎTGLP ROXQPDVÖ
+DQVÖ WˎVYLU KˎU KRWHOGˎ TRQDTOD WˎKOLOLYˎQˎWLFˎOˎULQoÖ[DUÖOPDVÖVXOODUÖLOˎUL\D
UÖQ KDQVÖ KLVVˎVLQLQ \HUOˎûGL\LQL J|UPˎN ]L\\DWÖQ[VXVLVDKˎVLRODQUL\D]LVWDWLVWLNDPˎû
oQGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLU" øXOROXU
İlkin yoxlama
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDELUELQDGDNÖPˎQ]LOOˎUKDTTÖQGDPˎOXPDWYH %LQDGDNÖPˎQ]LOOˎU
ULOPLûGLU%LQDGDFˎPLPˎQ]LOROGXøXQXELOˎUˎNVXDOODUDFDYDE
RWDTOÖ
YHULQ 1
D 1HoˎRWDTOÖPˎQ]LOOˎULQVD\ÖˎQoR[GXU"
10 RWDTOÖ
E RWDTOÖPˎQ]LOOˎULQVD\ÖRWDTOÖPˎQ]LOOˎULQVD\ÖQGDQQˎTˎGˎU RWDTOÖ 2
1 5
oR[GXU" 5
ə
1
F RWDTOÖPˎQ]LOOˎULQ 4 KLVVˎVLVDWÖOÖEVDVDWÖOPD\DQQHoˎRWDTOÖ RWDTOÖ
PˎQ]LOTDOÖE" 3
10
G 1HoˎPˎQ]LOGˎRWDTODUÖQVD\ÖGˎQoR[GXU"
h
;ˎWWL GLDTUDPGD LO ˎU]LQGˎ IDEULNGˎ QHoˎ
FWD\DTTDEÖLVWHKVDOROXQGXøXEDUˎGˎPˎ
OXPDWYHULOLE
D +DQVÖLOGˎˎQD]VD\GDD\DTTDEÖLVWHKVDO
$\DTTDEÖVD\Ö PLQFWLOˎ
$\DTTDEÖLVWHKVDOÖ
HGLOPLûGLU"
yi
E +DQVÖLOOˎUGˎH\QLVD\GDD\DTTDEÖLVWHKVDO
ROXQXE"
F FLLOGˎD\DTTDEÖLVWHKVDOÖFLLOOˎ
PTD\LVˎGˎDUWÖE\R[VDD]DOÖE"1ˎTˎGˎU"
G LOGˎ IDEULNGˎ FˎPL QHoˎ FW D\DTTDEÖ ùOOˎU
LVWHKVDOROXQGX"
La
6WXQOXGLDTUDPGDWˎVˎUUIDWGDELULOGˎWˎGDUNHGLOˎQ 7ˎVˎUUIDWGDQWˎGDUN
GˎQOL ELWNLOˎU KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDW YHULOLE 0ˎOXPDWD HGLOPLûGˎQOLELWNLOˎU
ˎVDVˎQVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
7ˎGDUNPLTGDUÖ WRQ
D +DQVÖGˎQOLELWNLˎQD]WˎGDUNHGLOLE"1HoˎWRQ"
E ˍQoR[KDQVÖGˎQOLELWNLWˎGDUNHGLOLE"1HoˎWRQ"
F 7ˎGDUN HGLOˎQ EXøGD TDUøÖGDOÖGDQ QHoˎ WRQ oR[
GXU"
G 7ˎTULEˎQQHoˎWRQDUSDWˎGDUNHGLOLE"
H 7ˎVˎUUIDWGDWˎTULEˎQ QHoˎWRQ GˎQOL ELWNL WˎGDUN
HGLOPLûGLU"
DUSD EXøGD GDUÖ TDUøÖGDOÖ
'ˎQOLELWNLOˎU
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
ν˗υ˗˜ˢ˥˧˔
Araşdırma-müzakir ˎGˎGLRUWD
0[WˎOLITXWXODUGDVDWÖODQûRNRODGODUÖQVD\ÖEXTXWXODUÖQ RUWDVUˎW
]ˎULQGˎ\D]ÖOÖE
4XWXODUGDNÖûRNRODGODUÖ/DOˎ(O[DQYˎ6DPLUDUDVÖQGD
EˎUDEˎUQHFˎE|OPˎNRODU"
ˍGˎGLRUWD
ə
%L] RUWD ˎPˎNKDTTÖ RUWD VUˎW RUWD WHPSHUDWXU LIDGˎOˎULQL WH]WH] HûLGLULN (\QL NˎPL\\ˎW
P[WˎOLITL\PˎWOˎUDODELOˎU0ˎVˎOˎQJQˎU]LQGˎKDYDQÖQWHPSHUDWXUXP[WˎOLITL\PˎWOˎUDOÖU+D
YDQÖQWHPSHUDWXUXQXELOPˎNJH\LPLG]JQVHoPˎ\ˎJ|UOˎFˎNLûOˎULSODQODûGÖUPDøDN|PˎNHGLU
6ˎKˎU
.ˎPL\\ˎW P[WˎOLI TL\PˎWOˎU DOÖUVD EX TL\PˎWOˎUL ELU ˎGˎGOˎ PXPLOˎûGLUPˎN RODU %XQXQ oQ
EXTL\PˎWOˎULQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQGDQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU%LUQHoˎˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖWDSPDToQEX
yi
ˎGˎGOˎULWRSOD\ÖEDOÖQDQFˎPLRQODUÖQVD\ÖQDE|OPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU
ˍGˎGLRUWD ˍGˎGOˎULQFˎPLˍGˎGOˎULQVD\Ö
Yˎ\D
ˍGˎGLRUWD ˍGˎGOˎULQFˎPL
ˍGˎGOˎULQVD\Ö
0ˎVˎOˎQVˎKˎUKDYDQÖQWHPSHUDWXUX&JQRUWD&D[ûDP&JHFˎ&RODUVDJQˎU
La
]LQGˎRUWDWHPSHUDWXUXEHOˎWDSPDTRODU
21 + 28 + 23 + 20
4 &
'HPˎOLJQˎU]LQGˎKDYDQÖQRUWDWHPSHUDWXUX&ROXE
Çalışma
9HULOPLûˎGˎGOˎULQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
3 + 5 + 10 = 18 9HULOPLûˎGˎGOˎUWRSODQÖUYˎFˎPˎGˎGOˎULQVD\ÖQDE|OQU
3 3
D F H J L
3 5 7 1
E G I K M 4 ; 6 ; 12 ; 2
.ˎPL\\ˎWOˎULQDOGÖTODUÖTL\PˎWOˎULQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖWDSÖQ
D VPVPVP F NTNTNT H llll
1 3 4 1 3 1
E NPNPNPNP G 2 t; 5 t; 5 t; 10 t I 4 VDDWVDDW 4 VDDW
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
ə
D $\QXUUL\D]L\\DWIˎQQL]UˎLOˎU]LQGˎGˎIˎNHoLULOˎQTL\PˎWOˎQGLUPˎGˎQYˎ
EDOWRSOD\ÖEVDRQXQEDOODUÖQÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E úLUQL\\DWPDøD]DVÖQGDELULQFLKˎIWˎLNLQFLKˎIWˎoQFKˎIWˎ
G|UGQFKˎIWˎLVˎWRUWVDWÖOGÖ%LUKˎIWˎGˎRUWDKHVDEODQHoˎWRUW
VDWÖOGÖ"
<DQ
)HY
h
&ˎGYˎOGˎXVWDˍOLQLQLOˎU]LQGˎD\ODU]UˎTD]DQGÖøÖSXOPDQDWODYHULOLE
0DUW
$SUHO
0D\
ù\XQ
ù\XO
8VWDˍOLQLQLOˎU]LQGˎPXPLTD]DQFÖQˎTˎGˎUROGX"
$YT
6HQ
2NW
1R\
'HN
yi
8VWDˍOLQLQLOˎU]LQGˎRUWDD\OÖTTD]DQFÖQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
ˍGˎGLRUWDYˎˎGˎGOˎULQVD\ÖQDJ|UˎFˎPLQWDSÖOPDVÖ
ˍGˎGOˎULQVD\ÖYˎRQODUÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖYHULOGLNGˎEXˎGˎGOˎULQFˎPLQL WDSPDTRODU%XQXQoQ
RQODUÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖLOˎVD\ÖQÖQKDVLOLQLWDSPDTOD]ÖPGÖU
ˍGˎGOˎULQFˎPL ˍGˎGLRUWDuˍGˎGOˎULQVD\Ö
La
0ˎVˎOˎQDOWÖˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖRODUVDKˎPLQˎGˎGOˎULQFˎPLQLEHOˎWDSPDTRODUÃ
+HVDEOD\ÖQ
D %HûˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖRODUVDRQODUÖQFˎPLQHoˎGLU"
E 'RTTX]ˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖRODUVDRQODUÖQFˎPLQHoˎGLU"
9HULOPˎ\ˎQˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
1h081ˍ'|UGˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖYˎˎGˎGOˎUGˎQoRODUVDG|UGQF
ˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
à ˍGˎGOˎULQ ˎGˎGL RUWDVÖ RQODUÖQ VD\ÖQD YXUXOXU Yˎ RQODUÖQ FˎPL
WDSÖOÖU
² $OÖQDQQˎWLFˎGˎQYHULOˎQoˎGˎGLQFˎPLoÖ[ÖOÖU
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
D hoˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖYˎˎGˎGOˎUGˎQLNLVLRODUVDoQFˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
E '|UGˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖYˎˎGˎGOˎUGˎQoRODUVDG|UGQFˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
2 1 4 1
F '|UGˎGˎGLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖ 5 YˎˎGˎGOˎUGˎQo 2 5 4 RODUVDG|UGQFˎGˎGLWDSÖQ
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D hoNLWDEÖQTDOÖQOÖTODUÖQÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖVPGLU2QODUGDQELULQLQTDOÖQOÖøÖ
VPGLJˎULQLQLVˎVPRODUVDoQFNLWDEÖQTDOÖQOÖøÖQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
E '|UGTˎOˎPLQRUWDTL\PˎWLTˎSLNGLU'|UGQFTˎOˎ
ə
PLQTL\PˎWLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
᎑ ᎑ ᎑ "
Yadda saxla!
$GˎWˎQPˎ\\ˎQPˎVDIˎQLTˎWHGˎUNˎQEWQ\ROXH\QLVUˎWOˎJHWPˎNROPXU%ˎ]L\HUOˎUGˎ
h
VUˎWLD]DOWPDTEˎ]L\HUOˎUGˎLVˎDUWÖUPDTOD]ÖPJˎOLU2QDJ|UˎGˎPˎ\\ˎQPˎVDIˎQLTˎW
HGˎUNˎQVUˎWGHGLNGˎRUWDVUˎWQˎ]ˎUGˎWXWXOXU2UWDVUˎWJHGLOˎQ\ROXEX\ROXTˎWHW
Pˎ\ˎVˎUIHGLOˎQ]DPDQDE|OPˎNOˎWDSÖOÖU
2UWDVUˎW *HGLOˎQ\RO
=DPDQ
0ˎVˎOˎQYHORVLSHGoLNPPˎVDIˎQLVDDWDTˎWHGˎUVˎRQXQRUWDVUˎWLQLEHOˎWDSPDTRODU
yi
70 km
2 saat NPVDDW
VDDW
NP
La
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D 6DPLULQEDEDVÖDUDGDGLQFˎOPˎNOˎVDDWˎU]LQGˎNP\ROXSL\DGDTˎWHWGL2QXQRUWD
VUˎWLQˎTˎGˎUROGX"
E $YWREXVDUDODUÖQGDNPPˎVDIˎRODQAûˎKˎULQGˎQBûˎKˎULQˎVDDWGD\RODGû
G2Eˎ]L\HUOˎUGˎGD\DQPDTOD BûˎKˎULQˎVDDWGDoDWGÖ$YWREXVXQRUWDVUˎWLQˎ
TˎGˎUROGX"
ùGPDQ\DUÖûÖQGDKˎULGPDQoÖQÖQQˎWLFˎVLQˎIˎUGˎQLEDUˎWPQVLÁˎUKH\ˎWLQLQYHUGL\LEDO
ODUÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖNLPLKHVDEODQÖU&ˎGYˎOGˎLNLLGPDQoÖ\DPQVLÁˎULQYHUGLNOˎULEDOODUWˎVYLU
ROXQXE+DQVÖLGPDQoÖQÖQQˎWLFˎVLGDKD\NVˎNGLU"1HoˎEDO"
.LWDE\DUPDUNDVÖQGD6DPLUNLWDE6ˎELQˎNLWDEDOGÖ6DPLULQDOGÖøÖNLWDEODUÖQRUWDTL\PˎWL
PDQDW6ˎELQˎQLQDOGÖøÖNLWDEODUÖQRUWDTL\PˎWLLVˎPDQDWROGX.LPNLWDEODUoQ
ə
GDKDoR[SXO|GˎGL"1ˎTˎGˎUoR["
6DPLUˎYYˎOFˎVDDWˎU]LQGˎNPVRQUDNÖVDDWˎU]LQGˎLVˎNP\ROTˎW
HWGL2QXQRUWDVUˎWLQˎTˎGˎUROGX"
h
;ˎWWLGLDTUDPGDELUDLOˎQLQLOLQLOND\ÖQ
GDNRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎULWˎVYLUHGLOPLûGLU%X
DLOˎQLQRUWDD\OLTNRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎULQHoˎ
PDQDWGÖU"
;ˎWWLGLDTUDPGDELUKˎIWˎˎU]LQGˎKˎUJQ
VDDW GD |OoOˎQ WHPSHUDWXU WˎVYLU
HGLOLE+ˎIWˎˎU]LQGˎRUWDWHPSHUDWXUQˎ
TˎGˎUROGX"
yi
ùOND\oQD\OÖT +DYDQÖQWHPSHUDWXUX
NRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎU
7HPSHUDWXU &
;ˎUFOˎU PDQ
La
<D
)H
$S
ù\X
D\
Q
YU
UH
Q
YD
W
DO
$\ODU
O
+ˎIWˎQLQJQOˎUL
U
6WXQOXGLDTUDPGDEDVNHWERONRPDQGDVÖQGDLûWL 8ûDTODUÖQER\ODUÖ
UDN HGˎQ EHû R\XQoXGDQ G|UGQQ ER\X YHULOLE
%HûLQFLR\XQoXLVˎ6ˎELQˎGLU.RPDQGDGDNÖR\XQ
%R\ODU VP
oXODUÖQRUWDER\XVPRODUVD6ˎELQˎQLQER\X
QˎTˎGˎUGLU"
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
ʷ˔˜˥υ˩˜˗˜˔ˤ˥˔ˠ
Araşdırma-müzakir
&ˎGYˎOGˎ JQ ˎU]LQGˎ PH\YˎWˎUˎYˎ] PDøD 6DWÖODQPH\YˎOˎU 6DWÖODQPH\YˎOˎU
]DVÖQGD VDWÖODQ PH\YˎOˎU KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDW 0H\YˎOˎU .WOˎ NT
YHULOPLûGLU $UPXG
6DWÖODQKˎUPH\YˎQLQNWOˎVLEWQPH\YˎOˎ $OPD
ULQNWOˎVLQLQQHoˎIDL]LQLWˎûNLOHGLU"
1DU
%XPˎOXPDWGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPDN|oUOVˎKˎU
KLVVˎ\ˎKDQVÖPH\YˎX\øXQJˎOˎU" +H\YD
ə
&ˎPL
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDP
úNDIGDNÖNLWDEODU
7DP Yˎ RQXQ KLVVˎOˎUL KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDWÖ WˎVYLU HWPˎN oQ
(QVLNORSHGL\D
GDLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPÖQKLVVˎOˎ
h
ULQL NˎVUOˎ ROGXøX NLPL IDL]Oˎ Gˎ LIDGˎ HWPˎN RODU %X ]DPDQ
EWQKLVVˎOˎUˎX\øXQIDL]OˎULQFˎPLˎEˎUDEˎUROPDOÖGÖU
0ˎVˎOˎQûNDIGDNÖKˎUQ|YNLWDEÖQEWQNLWDEODUÖQQHoˎIDL]LQL
WˎûNLO HWGL\L KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDW GDLUˎYL GLDTUDPGD YHULOPLûGLU
.LWDEODUÖQPXPXVD\ÖRODUVDEˎGLLˎGˎEL\\DWÖQVD\ÖQÖWDS
PDToQLQQLKHVDEODPDTOD]ÖPGÖU
7DUL[L
NLWDEODU
'ˎUVOLNOˎU
%ˎGLL
ˎGˎEL\\DW
(OPL
ˎGˎEL\\DW
yi 35
à \D[XGà 100
'HPˎOLûNDIGDEˎGLLNLWDEYDU'LDTUDPGDNÖYHULOˎQOˎULFˎGYˎOGˎEHOˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU
%ˎGLLˎGˎEL\\DW (OPLˎGˎEL\\DW 'ˎUVOLNOˎU 7DUL[LNLWDEODU (QVLNORSHGL\D &ˎPL
)DL]
6D\Ö
La
Çalışma
'DLUˎYL GLDTUDPGD GD\DQDFDTGDNÖ QˎTOL\\DW YDVLWˎOˎULQLQ VD\Ö KDTTÖQGD PˎOXPDW IDL]OˎUOˎ
YHULOPLûGLU'D\DQDFDTGDFˎPLQˎTOL\\DWYDVLWˎVLRODUVDX\øXQFˎGYˎOTXUXQYˎGLDTUDP
GDNÖPˎOXPDWÖFˎGYˎOGˎWˎVYLUHGLQ
'D\DQDFDTGDNÖQˎTOL\\DWYDVLWˎOˎUL
1h081ˍ0RWRVLNOHWOˎULQVD\Ö $YWREXV
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDELUIHUPDGDNÖKH\YDQODUÖQVD\ÖKDTTÖQGDPˎOX )HUPDGDNÖKH\YDQODU
PDWIDL]OˎUOˎYHULOPLûGLU)HUPDGDPXPLEDûKH\YDQYDUVDX\ ùQˎN
øXQFˎGYˎOTXUXQYˎGLDTUDPGDNÖPˎOXPDWÖFˎGYˎOGˎWˎVYLUHGLQ .HoL
D .HoLOˎUEWQKH\YDQODUÖQQHoˎIDL]LQLWˎûNLOHGLU"
E ˍQD]YˎˎQoR[VD\GDRODQKH\YDQODUKDQVÖODUGÖU" &DPÖû
F +DQVÖQ|YKH\YDQODUÖQVD\ÖH\QLGLU" 4R\XQ
G )HUPDGDQHoˎFDPÖûYDU"
H 4R\XQODUÖQVD\ÖNHoLOˎULQVD\ÖQGDQQˎTˎGˎUoR[GXU"
úDJLUGOˎULQTL\PˎWL
0ˎNWˎEGˎFLVLQLIUL\D]L\\DWIˎQQL]UˎTL\PˎWOˎQGLUPˎGˎûD
ə
JLUGLûWLUDNHWGL'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDEXûDJLUGOˎULQDOGÖTODUÖTL\PˎW
OˎUKDTTÖQGDPˎOXPDWIDL]OˎYHULOLE
D 1HoˎûDJLUG´µTL\PˎWLDOGÖ"
E ´µTL\PˎWLDODQODU´µDODQODUGDQQˎTˎGˎUoR[GXU"
F 1HoˎûDJLUG´µTL\PˎWLDOGÖ"
h
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDELUDLOˎQLQD\OÖTNRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎULWˎVYLUROXQ
PXûGXU $LOˎQLQ D\OÖT HOHNWULN VˎUÀQˎ PDQDW |GˎGL\QL Qˎ]ˎUˎ
DODUDTVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
$\OÖTNRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎU
yi
D $LOˎQLQD\OÖTNRPPXQDO[ˎUFOˎULPXPLQˎTˎGˎUROGX"
(OHNWULN
4D]
E $\ˎU]LQGˎTD]VˎUÀ\\DWÖoQQˎTˎGˎU|GˎQLOGL"
F 7HOHIRQoQ|GˎQLOˎQSXOVXVˎUÀ\\DWÖoQ|GˎQLOˎQSXOGDQQˎ 7HOHIRQ
TˎGˎUoR[GXU" ùQWHUQHW6X
úDJLUGOˎU DUDVÖQGD ˎQ oR[ VHYGLNOˎUL GRQGXUPD KDTTÖQGD DSDUÖODQ VRUøXGD $ VLQÀQGˎQ
La
ûDJLUG%VLQÀQGˎQLVˎûDJLUGLûWLUDNHWGL6RUøXQXQQˎWLFˎVLGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPODUGD
YHULOPLûGLU $VLQÀ %VLQÀ
.DUDPHOOL
.DUDPHOOL
dL\ˎOˎNOL
úRNRODGOÖ
9DQLOOL
úRNRODGOÖ
9DQLOOL dL\ˎOˎNOL
D ´$µVLQÀQGˎQHoˎûDJLUGNDUDPHOOLGRQGXUPDVHYLU"
E ´%µVLQÀQGˎQHoˎûDJLUGNDUDPHOOLGRQGXUPDVHYLU"
F +DQVÖVLQLIGˎoL\ˎOˎNOLGRQGXUPD[RûOD\DQûDJLUGOˎULQVD\ÖGDKDoR[GXU"
G ùNLVLQLIGˎFˎPLQHoˎûDJLUGYDQLOOLGRQGXUPDVHYLU"
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
ˀυ˟˨ˠ˔˧˟˔˥ͻˡ˧υ˦˩˜˥˜
Araşdırma-müzakir
úLUQL\\DWPDøD]DVÖQGDVDWÖûGDRODQˎGˎGWRUW 6DWÖûGDRODQWRUWODU 6DWÖûGDRODQWRUWODU
KDTTÖQGDPˎOXPDWGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDYˎFˎGYˎO 7RUWODU 6D\
GˎWˎVYLUHGLOPLûGLU úRNRODGOÖ %DOOÖ
$ûDøÖGDNÖVXDOODUDFDYDEYHUˎUNˎQKDQVÖWˎVYLUVX 0H\YˎOL
úRNRODGOÖ
OXQGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLUGDLUˎYLGL
%DOOÖ
DTUDPGDQ\R[VDFˎGYˎOGˎQ")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ 0H\YˎOL
0H\YˎOLWRUWODUÖQVD\ÖEDOOÖWRUWODUÖQVD\ÖQGDQQˎ .DUDPHOOL
ə
TˎGˎUoR[GXU"
%WQWRUWODUÖQˎQoR[KLVVˎVLQLKDQVÖWRUWWˎûNLO
.DUDPHOOL
HGLU"
0ˎOXPDWODUÖQP[WˎOLIIRUPDODUGDWˎVYLUL
0ˎOXPDWODUÖD\GÖQEDûDGûPˎNYˎG]JQQˎWLFˎOˎUoÖ[DUPDToQRQODUÖGDKDˎOYHULûOLIRUPDODU
&ˎGYˎO
h
GDWˎVYLUHWPˎNOD]ÖPGÖU0ˎOXPDWODUÖP[WˎOLIIRUPDODUGDWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU
6WXQOXGLDTUDP 'DLUˎYLGLDTUDP ;ˎWWLGLDTUDP
$
%
3LNWRTUDP
yi &
'
%
& 6 d
%H
7 41 4
41 41
&D
&D
ú 6
41 &
8 dD
41 d 5
%H dD d &D & ú % %H dD d &D & ú % ú
5 41
41
+ˎIWˎQLQJQOˎUL +ˎIWˎQLQJQOˎUL %
1h081ˍD +DQVÖWˎVYLUGˎTˎWHGLOˎQPˎVDIˎQLQJQOˎU]UˎGˎ\LûPˎVLQLGDKD\D[ûÖ
J|UPˎNPPNQGU"
+ˎOOL $oÖTODPD
D ;ˎWWLGLDTUDP 4ˎWHGLOˎQPˎVDIˎQLQJQOˎU]UˎGˎ\LûPˎVL[ˎWWLGLDTUDPGDGDKD
DûNDUJ|UQU
E +DQVÖWˎVYLUKˎIWˎˎU]LQGˎTˎWHGLOˎQPˎVDIˎQLKHVDEODPDToQGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLU"
F +DQVÖWˎVYLUGˎKˎUJQTˎWHGLOˎQPˎVDIˎQLQPXPLPˎVDIˎQLQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLWˎûNLOHWGL
\LQLPˎ\\ˎQHWPˎNGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLU"
G +DQVÖWˎVYLUGˎJQOˎU]UˎTˎWHGLOˎQPˎVDIˎOˎULPTD\LVˎHWPˎNGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLU"
ə
6XDOODUÖFDYDEODQGÖUÖQ0ˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUIRUPDVÖˎOYHULûOLGLUPL")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
D 8ûDTODUÖR[XGXTODUÖVˎKLIˎVD\ÖQDJ|Uˎ E <D]Yˎ\D\IˎVOLQLVHYˎQOˎUELUOLNGˎVRUøXGD
D]GDQoR[DROPDTODQHFˎVÖUDODPDTRODU" LûWLUDNHGˎQOˎULQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLWˎûNLOHGLU"
+ˎIWˎVRQXR[XQDQVˎKLIˎOˎU 6HYLPOLIˎVLOOˎU
h <D]
1
<D\
6ˎKLIˎVD\Ö
5 2
4Öû 5
1
4 3D\Ö]
3
yi 20
F +ˎUûˎKˎULQˎKDOLVLQHoˎQˎIˎUGLU" úˎKˎUOˎU]UˎˎKDOLVD\Ö
$
%
La
&
+ˎU QˎIˎU
(\QLPˎOXPDWLNLVXOODWˎVYLUHGLOPLûGLU+DQVÖWˎVYLUIRUPDVÖVXDODFDYDEYHUPˎNoQGDKD
ˎOYHULûOLGLU")LNULQL]LˎVDVODQGÖUÖQ
D úˎKˎUGˎQˎTOL\\DWQ|YOˎULPXPLQˎTOL\\DWÖQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLWˎûNLOHGLU"
7DNVL
1ˎTOL\\DWYDVLWˎOˎUL 6ˎUQLûLQ
VD\Ö
$YWREXV úˎ[VLDYWR
0HWUR $YWREXV
úˎ[VLDYWRPRELO
7DNVL 0HWUR
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
E =RRSDUNDJˎOˎQ]L\DUˎWoLOˎULQVD\ÖQÖKˎIWˎQLQJQOˎULQˎJ|UˎoR[GDQD]DVÖUDOD\ÖQ6ÖUDOD
PDGDFPˎJQQHoˎQFLRODU" =RRSDUNÖ]L\DUˎWHGˎQOˎULQVD\Ö
=L\DUˎWoLVD\Ö
JQOˎUL
=L\DUˎWoL
VD\Ö
%H dD d &D & ú %
+ˎIWˎQLQJQOˎUL
F 8VWDˍOLQLQTD]DQFÖKDQVÖD\GDˎYYˎONLD\ODPTD\LVˎGˎˎQoR[DUWPÖûGÖU"
ə
8VWDˍOLQLQTD]DQFÖ
8VWDˍOLQLQTD]DQFÖ
0DUW )HY
4D]DQF PDQ
$SU
<DQ
h
<DQ )HY 0DUW $SU 0D\ ù\XQ ù\XO
$\ODU
0D\
ù\XQ
ù\XO
yi
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDPLONGˎIˎûRWODQGL\DOÖPKˎQGLVYˎLTWLVDGoÖ8LO\DP3OH\IHU
William Playfair WˎUˎÀQGˎQLVWLIDGˎHGLOLE2FLLOGˎ/RQGRQGDQˎûU
HWGL\LVWDWLVWLND]UˎVRUDTNLWDEoDVÖQGDG|YOˎWOˎULQˎUD]LOˎULQLˎKDOLYˎPD
OL\\ˎLPNDQODUÖQÖWˎVYLUHWPˎNoQELUQHoˎ\HQLVXOGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPLûGLU
3OH\IHU2VPDQOÖLPSHUL\DVÖQÖQFXLOˎTˎGˎU$VL\D$YURSDYˎ$IULND
TLWˎOˎULQGˎNLˎUD]LOˎULQLGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPYDVLWˎVLOˎWˎVYLUHWPLûGLU
La
6XDODFDYDEYHUPˎNoQPˎOXPDWÖQWˎVYLUIRUPDVÖˎOYHULûOLGLUPL"6RUXûXODQPˎOXPDWÖGDKD
ˎOYHULûOLVXOODQHFˎWˎVYLUHWPˎNRODU"
E +ˎUXûDøÖQWRSODGÖøÖPH\Yˎ\ÖøÖODQPXPL
D 'ˎUQˎNOˎUˎFˎPLûDJLUG\D]ÖOÖEVD PH\YˎQLQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLWˎûNLOHGLU"
KˎUGˎUQˎ\ˎQHoˎûDJLUG\D]ÖOÖE"
%DøGDQ\ÖøÖODQPH\Yˎ
'ˎUQˎ\ˎ\D]ÖODQûDJLUGOˎU
0H\Yˎ NT
0XVLTL
5ˎVP
5ˎTV
67($0
6DPLU /DOˎ (O[DQ 6ˎELQˎ
8ûDTODU
;h/$6ˍ
&ˎGYˎO
ˍGˎGLRUWD
6WDWLVWLNDYˎ
ˍGˎGLRUWD ˍGˎGOˎULQFˎPL PˎOXPDWODUÖQ
ˍGˎGOˎULQVD\Ö
YˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQ WˎVYLUL
ˎGˎGLRUWDVÖEHOˎWDSÖOÖU
5+3+7+5 =
4 5
Piktoqram
q
$
%
&
ə
'
2UWDVUˎW 6WXQOXGLDTUDP
2UWDVUˎW *HGLOˎQ\RO
=DPDQ
80 km
VDDW
NP
h
2 saat = 40 km/saat ;ˎWWLGLDTUDP
yi
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDP
La
4RQDTODUÖQPXPLVD\Ö oKRWHOGˎRODQRWDTODUÖQPXPLVD\ÖQD E|OQU0|YVPˎU
]LQGˎKˎURWDøDRUWDKHVDEODTRQDT\HUOˎûGLULOLE
%KRWHOLQLQQPD\ˎQGˎVLQLQWˎNOLÀLOˎYˎˎGˎGOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖWDSÖOPDOÖLGL%XQD
J|UˎKˎUKRWHOˎ TRQDT\HUOˎûGLULOPˎOLLGL+ˎUKRWHOGˎRWDTODUÖQVD\Ö
H\QLROPDGÖøÖoQEHOˎSD\ODûPDˎGDOˎWOLROPD]GÖ%KRWHOLQLQQPD\ˎQGˎVLKDTOÖGH\LO
+RWHO 2WDTODUÖQVD\Ö 4RQDTODUÖQVD\Ö $
$ 6 &
15 5
% %
15
& 4
15
&ˎPL $ % &
+ˎUKRWHOGˎTRQDTODUÖQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLQ\HUOˎûGL\LQLJ|UPˎNoQGDLUˎYLGLDTUDPGDKDˎOYHULûOLGLU
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
h080ù/ˍú'ù5ù&ù7$3ú,5,4/$5
9HULOˎQˎGˎGOˎULQYˎNˎPL\\ˎWOˎULQTL\PˎWOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖWDSÖQ
D F H 3 5 3
J 4 8 2
E ll G PPP I WWWNT 3
K NPNP 5 NP
&ˎGYˎOGˎYHULOˎQˎGˎGOˎULQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQÖWDSÖQYˎPˎQDVÖQÖL]DKHGLQ
D 0DøD]DGDVDWÖODQ E 5ˎIGˎNLNLWDEODU F .RPDQGDGDNÖXûDTODU
D\DTTDEÖODU
$\DTTDEÖ 4L\PˎW ፈ .LWDEODU 6ˎKLIˎVD\Ö 8ûDTODU <Dû
ə
$ $ $
% % %
& & &
' ' '
( (
6XDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
h
D aˎGˎGOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖGLUVˎaQHoˎGLU"
E bˎGˎGOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖ\DEˎUDEˎURODUVDbQHoˎGLU"
1 1
F 2 4 kˎGˎGOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖˎEˎUDEˎURODUVDkQHoˎGLU"
yi
6DPLUR\XQGDEHûFˎKGGˎRUWDKHVDEOD[DOWRSODPDTLVWˎGL2LONG|UGFˎKGGˎYˎ
[DOWRSODGÖ6DPLUVRQXQFXFˎKGGˎQHoˎ[DOWRSODVDKˎGˎÀQˎoDWDU"
.LQRWHDWUGD JQ ˎU]LQGˎ ELOHW VDWÖOGÖ 'DLUˎYL GLDTUDPGD ÀOPOˎUˎ VDWÖODQ ELOHWOˎULQ VD\Ö
KDTTÖQGDPˎOXPDWYHULOPLûGLU0ˎOXPDWDˎVDVˎQVXDOODUDFDYDEYHULQ
D ˍQD]VDWGDELOHWKDQVÖÀOPˎVDWÖOGÖ" .LQRWHDWUGDVDWÖODQELOHWOˎU
E 7DUL[LÀOPˎQHoˎELOHWVDWÖOGÖ" $QLPDVL\D
La
F )DQWDVWLNÀOPˎVDWÖODQELOHWOˎULQVD\ÖQÖQLTDEDTFD
GDQRQOD\QVDWÖOPÖûGÖ)DQWDVWLNÀOPOˎUˎQHoˎELOHWRQOD\Q )DQWDVWLN .RPHGL\D
VDWÖOPÖûGÖ"
G %LUÀOPˎRUWDKHVDEODQHoˎELOHWVDWÖOGÖ"
7DUL[L
'LDTUDPODUGDWXULVWLQJQTˎWHWGL\LPˎVDIˎKDTTÖQGDPˎOXPDWYHULOLEùONLNLJQGˎJHGLOˎQ
\ROXQEWQ\ROXQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLQLWˎûNLOHWGL\LQLPˎ\\ˎQOˎûGLUPˎNoQKDQVÖWˎVYLUGDKDˎOYHULû
OLGLU"
7XULVWLQJHWGL\L\RO 7XULVWLQJHWGL\L\RO
FLJQ
*HGLOˎQ\RO NP
3
8
FLJQ
1
4
FJQ
1
4
ə
FJQ
FL FL F F 1
8
*QOˎU
STEAM &29ù'ù1)(.6ù<$6,1,1<$<,/0$67$7ù67ù.$6,
h
FXLOGHNDEUÖQRUWDODUÖQGDdLQLQ8KDQûˎKˎULQLQˎKDOLVLDUDVÖQGDQDPˎOXPPˎQûˎOLSQHYPRQL\D[ˎVWˎ
OL\L DûNDUODQGÖ dR[ E|\N VUˎWOˎ \D\ÖOPDøD EDûOD\DQ
EXLQIHNVL\D[ˎVWˎOL\LQGˎQ|OˎQOˎULQVD\ÖNˎVNLQDUWPDøD
EDûODGÖ Yˎ FL LO PDUWÖQ Gˎ hPXPGQ\D 6ˎKL\
$]ˎUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÖQGD&29ù'
LQIHNVL\DVÖQD\ROX[PDKDOODUÖ
úˎNL=DTDWDOD
yi
\ˎ 7ˎûNLODWÖ h67 NRURQDYLUXV SDQGHPL\DVÖQÖ HODQ HWGL *ˎQFˎ4D]D[
h67Q UˎVPL VD\WÖQGD https://covid19.who.int/ EWQ
$UDQ
|ONˎOˎU ]Uˎ VWDWLVWLND YHULOLE gONˎPL]Gˎ EX [ˎVWˎOLNOˎ
PEDUL]ˎWˎGELUOˎULQL7ˍ%ù%WˎûNLODWÖKˎ\DWDNHoLULU
%DNÖ
$EûHURQ
ùQWHUQHWGˎ 7ˍ%ù% WˎûNLODWÖQÖQ UˎVPL VD\WÖQÖ WDSÖQ NR
URQDYLUXVVˎKLIˎVLQˎNHoLQYˎRUDGDNÖVWDWLVWLNPˎOXPDWODU 'LJˎUE|OJˎOˎU
ODWDQÖûROXQ7ˎûNLODWÖQWˎTGLPHWGL\LGLDTUDPÖL]DKHGLQ
La
ˍQD]ÖWDQÖûÖQÖ]DUDVÖQGDVRUøXNHoLULQYˎDûDøÖGDNÖFˎGYˎOLGROGXUXQ
&29ù'D\ROX[PD
ȶ $GÖ <DûÖ &LQVL
<ROX[PD\ÖE GˎIˎ\ROX[XE %LUQHoˎGˎIˎ\ROX[XE
6RUXûXODQODUÖQQHoˎVLQLQTDGÖQQHoˎVLQLQNLûLROGXøXQXSLNWRTUDPGDWˎVYLUHGLQ
6WXQOXGLDTUDPGDVRUXûXODQODUÖQVD\ÖQÖ\DûODUÖQDJ|UˎWˎVYLUHGLQ
6WXQOX GLDTUDPGD \ROX[PD\DQ GˎIˎ \ROX[DQ ELU QHoˎ GˎIˎ \ROX[DQ LQVDQODUÖQ VD\ÖQÖ WˎVYLU HGLQ
0TD\LVˎHWPˎNOˎKDQVÖTUXSGDˎQoR[YˎˎQD]DGDPROGXøXQXPˎ\\ˎQHGLQ
h67QVD\WÖQGDQ https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/az LVWLIDGˎHGˎUˎN$]ˎUED\FDQ]UˎVRQ
D\GD\ROX[PDVD\ODUÖQÖQGˎ\LûPˎVLQLWˎVYLUHGˎQ[ˎWWLGLDTUDPTXUXQ
ùQWHUQHWGˎQ&29ù'LQIHNVL\DVÖKDTTÖQGDˎODYˎPˎOXPDWODUˎOGˎHGLQYˎWˎTGLPDWKD]ÖUOD\ÖQ
FLE|OPˎ6WDWLVWLNDYˎPˎOXPDWODUÖQWˎVYLUL
FL6ù1ù)h=5ˍh080ù/ˍú'ù5ù&ù7$3ú,5,4/$5
dˎWLQOLNGˎUˎFˎVLQLVEˎWˎQ\NVˎNRODQPˎVˎOˎOˎU“*”LûDUˎVLLOˎTH\GHGLOPLûGLU
5ˎTˎPOˎULP[WˎOLIRODQˎQE|\NYˎˎQNL LIDGˎVLQLQTL\PˎWLQLKHVDEOD\ÖQYˎ
oLN \HGGLUˎTˎPOL ˎGˎGOˎULQ FˎPLQL PLQOLN EXˎGˎGLQE|OˎQOˎULQLWDSÖQ
OˎUˎTˎGˎU\XYDUODTODûGÖUGÖTGDKDQVÖˎGˎG
DOÖQDU"
òLIDGˎVLQGˎP|Wˎ
ùNLQDWXUDOˎGˎGLQKDVLOL\ˎEˎUDEˎU UL]ˎOˎUL HOˎ TR\XQ NL LIDGˎQLQ TL\PˎWL
GLU9XUXTODUGDQELULQLGˎIˎDUWÖUÖEGLJˎUL D E DOÖQVÖQ
ə
QLGˎIˎD]DOWVDTKDVLOQHoˎRODU"
h
\DûDTˎGˎUFˎPLQHoˎGˎIˎYXUDU"
0ûDKLGˎoL J|\ JXUXOWXVXQX LOGÖUÖP oD[
GÖTGDQVDQL\ˎVRQUDHûLWGL6ˎVLQVUˎWL
PVDQ RODUVD LOGÖUÖP PûDKLGˎoLGˎQ
KDQVÖPˎVDIˎGˎoD[PÖûGÖU"
E
Ă ²
%Rû[DQD\DX\øXQˎGˎGLûLIDKLWDSÖQ
yi
.RPDQGDGDR\XQoXQXQ\DûODUÖQÖQˎGˎGL 1 1 1
RUWDVÖGLU%XR\XQoXODUÖQPˎûToLLOˎELU D 3$4 = 3 -d
OLNGˎ\DûODUÖQÖQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖRODUVD 1 1 1
E 5$6 = d - 6
PˎûToLQLQQHoˎ\DûÖYDU"
1 1 1 1
ˍGˎGOˎULDUWDQVÖUDLOˎ\D]ÖQ F 3 $ 5 = a3 - 5 k$ d
2 5 6 24 25 22 21
La
D 0, 8; 0, 75; 3 ; 6 ; 7 E 25 ; 24 ; 1; 23 ; 22 'ˎ\LûˎQLQ YHULOPLû TL\PˎWLQGˎ LIDGˎQLQ
TL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQˍOYHULûOLVXOVHoLQ
7DSûÖUÖTODUÖ\HULQˎ\HWLULQ
D a Yˎb² D Ãb²Ã
RODUVDab²c EˎUDEˎUOL\LQGˎQ b
cQLWDSÖQ E ÃÃc
2 5 3 5 c
E a 3 = 6 Yˎ 4 ²b 12 RODUVD
F Ãm²ÃÃ
ba b²a LIDGˎVLQLQTL\PˎWLQLWDSÖQ m
ˍOYHULûOLVXOODKHVDEOD\ÖQ
+ˎU KD VDKˎ\ˎ NT QR[XG ˎNLOGL
D òÃà 8]XQOXøXPHQLPRODQG]EX
FDTOÖ VDKˎ\ˎ ˎNPˎN oQ W QR[XG NL
E ÃòÃ
ID\ˎWHGˎUPL"
0ˎWEˎ[LQX]XQOXøXP EDUGDT VWˎNDQ
KQGUO\PRODQELU VGWXWXUVWˎNDQYˎ
GLYDUÖQD NDIHO YXUPDT EDUGDT OLWU VG
oQ WˎUˎÀ VP RODQ WXWXUVD EDUGDøÖQ WX
NYDGUDWûˎNLOOL NDIHO WXPXQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
oDWDUPÖ"1ˎTˎGˎUDUWÖTTDODUYˎ\DoDWPD]"
BOC N
']EXFDTOÖQÖQX]XQOXøXVPHQLLVˎX]XQ C
AON
OXøXQXQQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
BON A
D ']EXFDTOÖQÖQSHULPHWULQLYˎVDKˎVLQL AOCQLQGˎUˎFˎ
WDSÖQ
ə
|OoVQˎTˎGˎUGLU" O
B
E %XG]EXFDTOÖQÖQHQLQLDUWÖUÖE
X]XQOXøXQXD]DOWVDTSHULPHWULYˎ B C
VDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎURODU" úˎNLOGˎ A D
AOB #DOE
0DøD]DGDELULQFLJQEWQNDUWRIXQL BOC #COD
h
LNLQFLJQTDODQNTVDWÖOGÖùNLJQˎU]LQ
GˎFˎPLQˎTˎGˎUNDUWRIVDWÖOGÖ"
0DøD]DGD ELULQFL JQ NT LNLQFL JQ
NToQFJQNTG\VDWÖOGÖ0D
øD]DGDELUJQˎRUWDKHVDEODQHoˎNLORTUDP
%X ûˎNLOGˎ GDKD O
KDQVÖEXFDTODUNRQTUX\HQWGLU"
OLEXFDøDTRQûXRODQEXFDøÖQGˎUˎFˎ
|OoVQWDSÖQ%XEXFDTODUÖQWˎQE|OˎQ
E
yi
G\VDWÖOGÖ"
OˎUL DUDVÖQGDNÖ EXFDøÖQ GˎUˎFˎ |OoV
QHoˎGLU"
7ˎQOLNOˎULKˎOOHGLQ
D Ã x F Ã x² ']EXFDTOÖODUGDQ G]ˎOGLOPLû ILTXUXQ
SHULPHWULQLYˎVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ
E x² G x
VP
aQÖQ\HULQˎKDQVÖˎGˎG\D]ÖOVDxa VP
La
WˎQOL\LQLQN|NˎEˎUDEˎURODU" VP
'|UGNRQTUX\HQWG]EXFDTOÖGDQG]ˎOGLO
PLûÀTXUXQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU" VP
3HULPHWULVPRODQG]EXFDTOÖQÖLNLNRQT M
UX\HQWNYDGUDWDD\ÖUPDTPPNQGUVˎEX
A D
G]EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU"
ùNLQFL\DUÖPLOoQPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU
7DSûÖUÖTODUÖ\HULQˎ\HWLULQ 7ˎUˎIOˎULQLQ X]XQOXTODUÖ QDWXUDO ˎGˎGOˎU
D .RRUGLQDW ûˎEˎNˎVLQGˎ A B Oˎ YHULOPLû G]EXFDTOÖQÖQ VDKˎVL YDKLG
C Q|TWˎOˎULQLTH\GHGLQ NYDGUDWGÖU
E 7ˎSˎOˎULEXQ|TWˎOˎUGˎRODQABCoEX D ']EXFDTOÖQÖQ SHULPHWUL Qˎ TˎGˎU ROD
FDøÖQÖTXUXQ ELOˎU"%WQKDOODUÖ\D]ÖQ
F ABCoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLYDKLGNYDGUDW E %XG]EXFDTOÖODUGDQKDQVÖQÖQSHULPHWUL
ODUODWDSÖQ ˎQNLoLNGLU"
úˎNLOGˎNLTDSDOÖTDEÖ\DQ]VWˎTR\
GXTGDVXKDQVÖVˎYL\\ˎGˎRODU" ABC EˎUDEˎUWˎUˎIOL oEXFD B
øÖQÖQ SHULPHWUL VP ADC
ə
EˎUDEˎU\DQOÖ oEXFDøÖQÖQ
A C
SHULPHWUL VDQWLPHWUGLU
VP VP ABCDG|UGEXFDTOÖVÖQÖQSHUL
PHWULQLWDSÖQ D
VP
h
VP
úˎNLOGˎNLUˎQJOˎQPLû
8]XQOXøX VP HQL VP KQGUO\ ILTXUXQVDKˎVLYD
VPRODQNXERLGLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQL KLGNYDGUDWRODUVDxLQ
YˎKˎFPLQLWDSÖQ.XERLGLQEWQWLOOˎULQLQ TL\PˎWLQHoˎGLU" x
X]XQOXøXVPDUWÖUÖOVDVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLYˎ
yi
KˎFPLQˎTˎGˎUDUWDU"
%DøGDQNTDOPDYˎDUPXG\ÖøÖOGÖ$O
%LULQFL ˎGˎG \ˎ LNLQFL ˎGˎG EXQXQ
PDODU KˎU ELULQGˎ NT ROPDTOD \H
QˎoQFLVˎELULQFLYˎLNLQFLˎGˎGOˎ
ûL\ˎDUPXGODULVˎKˎUELULQGˎH\QLPLTGDU
ULQIˎUTLQLQQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU%XˎGˎGOˎ
ROPDTODVˎEˎWˎ\ÖøÖOGÖ+ˎUVˎEˎWGˎQˎ
ULQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖQHoˎGLU"
TˎGˎUDUPXGROGX"
La
<HQL VDOÖQDFDT SDUNÖQ B C 7XULVWOˎU ELULQFL
SODQÖQGDABCDNYDG JQ x NP LNLQFL
UDWÖQÖQ Yˎ ABM oEX M JQEXQXQPLV
FDøÖQÖQ WˎUˎÁˎUL ER OLQGˎQNPD]\RO
A D
\XQFDTDoÖû\ROODUÖQÖQ JHWGLOˎU
VDOÖQPDVÖ Qˎ]ˎUGˎ WXWXOPXûGXU .YDGUDWÖQ
D ùNLJQGˎJHGLOˎQ\ROXQX]XQOXøXQDX\
WˎUˎÀQLQX]XQOXøXPGLU
øXQUL\D]LLIDGˎ\D]ÖQ
D AMBCD EHûEXFDTOÖVÖQÖQ SHULPHWUL ER E ùNLQFL JQ NP \RO JHGLOLEVˎ ELULQFL
\XQFD\ROXQX]XQOXøXPRODUVDABM JQJHGLOˎQ\ROQˎTˎGˎUROXE"
oEXFDøÖQÖQSHULPHWUL]Uˎ\ROXQX]XQOX F %LULQFLJQJHGLOˎQ\RONPROVD\GÖLNL
øXQˎTˎGˎURODU" JQGˎFˎPLQˎTˎGˎU\ROJHGLOˎUGL"
E AMBCD EHûEXFDTOÖQÖQ VDKˎVL P G ùNLJQGˎJHGLOˎQ\ROFˎPLNPROXE
RODUVDABMoEXFDøÖQÖQVDKˎVLQˎTˎGˎUGLU" VDKˎUJQQˎTˎGˎU\ROJHGLOLE"
3 ABC oEXFDøÖQÖQ SHULPHWUL VPGLU
.|\Qˎ\LQTL\PˎWLoDQWDQÖQTL\PˎWLQLQ 4
AB BC VPAC BC VPRODU
KLVVˎVLQˎ NˎPˎULQ TL\PˎWL LVˎ N|\Qˎ\LQ
VDoEXFDøÖQWˎUˎIOˎULQLWDSÖQ
1
TL\PˎWLQLQ 3 KLVVˎVLQˎ EˎUDEˎUGLU .|\
A Yˎ B PDUûUXWODUÖ ]Uˎ KˎUˎNˎW HGˎQ LNL
Qˎ\LQ TL\PˎWL PDQDW RODUVD oDQWD Yˎ DYWREXVGDQELULKˎUGˎTLTˎGˎQELUGL
JˎUL LVˎ KˎU GˎTLTˎGˎQ ELU GLVSHWoHU
NˎPˎULQKˎUELULQHoˎ\ˎGLU"
PˎQWˎTˎVLQGˎQ \ROD GûU 6DDW GD
KˎUˎNˎWˎ EDûOD\DQ EX DYWREXVODU Q|YEˎWL
'ˎPLU O|YKˎOˎUGˎQ KD]ÖUODQDQ VX oˎQL GˎIˎ VDDW QHoˎGˎ GLVSHWoHU PˎQWˎTˎVLQ
X]XQOXøXVPHQLVPKQGUO\ GˎQH\QLYD[WGD\RODGûˎFˎNOˎU"
ə
VPRODQNXERLGIRUPDVÖQGDGÖU
7XWXPX ml RODQ TDEGD ml VX YDU
D dˎQLQWDPVˎWKLQLQVDKˎVLQLWDSÖQ 4DEDmlVXˎODYˎHGLOGL
E 0DWHULDOÖQ L LWNL\ˎ JHGˎUVˎ EX VX
oˎQLQLKD]ÖUODPDToQQHoˎNYDGUDWPHWU D 4DEÖQKDQVÖKLVVˎVLGROGX"
GˎPLUO|YKˎOD]ÖPGÖU" E 'DKD Qˎ TˎGˎU VX ˎODYˎ HGLOVˎ TDEÖQ
LGRODU"
h
+RYX]NXERLGIRUPDVÖQGDROXEX]XQOXøX
PHQLPGˎULQOL\LPGLU
D +RYX]QHoˎOLWUVXWXWXU"
E +RYX]XQGLELYˎGLYDUODUÖQDNYDGUDW
A PˎQWˎTˎVLQGˎQ B PˎQWˎTˎVLQˎ TˎGˎU
\ROXQ X]XQOXøX NPGLU %XQXQ NPL
\R[XûNPLHQLûGLU3L\DGDQÖQ\R[XûGDNÖ
VUˎWLNPVDDWHQLûGˎNLVUˎWLNPVDDW
yi
PHWULQLQTL\PˎWLPDQDWRODQNDIHOYX RODUVD A PˎQWˎTˎVLQGˎQ B PˎQWˎTˎVLQˎ
UXOXE.DIHOˎQˎTˎGˎUSXO[ˎUFOˎQLE" JHGLETD\ÖWPDøDQˎTˎGˎUYD[WVˎUIHGˎU"
4
6DPLULQ SXOXQXQ 5 KLVVˎVL /DOˎQLQ SX
%LUEDøGDQ\HûLNRELULEDøGDQLVˎ 2
\HûLN]P\ÖøÖOGÖ%WQ\HûLNOˎUGˎNL] OXQXQ 3 KLVVˎVLQˎ EˎUDEˎUGLU 6DPLULQ
PQ NWOˎVL H\QLGLU ùNLQFL EDøGDQ \ÖøÖODQ PDQDWÖYDUVD/DOˎQLQQHoˎPDQDWSXOX
]PELULQFLEDøGDQ\ÖøÖODQGDQNToR[ YDU"
La
ROGX+ˎUEDøGDQQHoˎNLORTUDP]P\Ö
ABCD G]EXFDTOÖVÖ ]ˎULQGˎ YHULOˎQ |O
øÖOGÖ"
oOˎUˎ J|Uˎ MND oEXFDøÖQÖQ VDKˎVL Qˎ
TˎGˎUGLU"
.YDGUDWÖQ VDKˎVL VPGLU 3HULPHWUL EX
VP N VP
NYDGUDWÖQ SHULPHWULQGˎQ VP oR[ RODQ B C
G]EXFDTOÖQÖQ HQL VP RODUVD VDKˎVL Qˎ VP
M
TˎGˎUGLU"
VP
A D
hoGRVWIXWEROWRSXDOGÖ%LULQFLPDQDW
1
YHUGLYˎEXWRSXQTL\PˎWLQLQ 3 KLVVˎVLQL
1 dˎQLQ 8 KLVVˎVLVXLOˎGROXGXU'DKDl
3
WˎûNLO HWGL hoQFQQ YHUGL\L SXO LNLQFL VXˎODYˎHGLOVˎoˎQLQ 4 KLVVˎVLGRODU
QLQYHUGL\LSXOXQPLVOLQGˎQPDQDWD] D dˎQQHoˎOLWUVXWXWXU"
ROGX'RVWODUÖQKˎUELULQˎTˎGˎUSXOYHUGL" E dˎQGˎˎYYˎOFˎQˎTˎGˎUVXYDUGÖ"
ùNLQFL\DUÖPLOoQPXPLOˎûGLULFLWDSûÖUÖTODU
GˎIWˎULYˎTˎOˎPLVLQLIGˎûDJLUGOˎU ho \HûL\ˎ KˎU ELULQGˎ RUWD KHVDEOD NT
DUDVÖQGDEˎUDEˎUSD\ODGÖODU ROPDTODDOPD\ÖøÖOÖE%LULQFL\HûLNGˎNT
LNLQFL\HûLNGˎNTDOPDRODUVDoQFGˎ
D 6LQLIGˎQHoˎûDJLUGYDU" QˎTˎGˎUDOPDYDU"
E +ˎU ûDJLUGˎ QHoˎ TˎOˎP QHoˎ GˎIWˎU
GûG"
ə
'DLUˎYL GLDTUDPGD o GRVWXQ \ÖøGÖøÖ
oL\ˎOˎNOˎULQ PLTGDUÖ WˎVYLU HGLOLE hoQF
GRVW NT oL\ˎOˎN \ÖøÖEVD o GRVW FˎPL
QHoˎNLORTUDPoL\ˎOˎN\ÖøGÖ"
h
6DPLU/DOˎYˎ6ˎELQˎVWLNHUOˎUL|]DUDODUÖQ
GD EˎUDEˎU E|OPˎOL LGLOˎU ˍYYˎOFˎ 6DPLU
1
JˎOGL VWLNHUOˎUL VD\ÖE 3 KLVVˎVLQL J|WUE
JHWGL 6RQUD /DOˎ JˎOGL Yˎ ELULQFL JˎOGL\LQL
1
]ˎQQ HGˎUˎN TDODQ VWLNHUOˎULQ 3 KLVVˎVLQL
J|WUE JHWGL ˍQ VRQGD 6ˎELQˎ JˎOGL Yˎ
GRVWXQ\ÖøGÖøÖoL\ˎOˎNOˎU
,GRVW
,,GRVW
yi 1
TDODQVWLNHUOˎULQ 3 KLVVˎVLQLJ|WUG%XQ ,,,GRVW
NT
GDQ VRQUD VWLNHU TDOGÖ ˍYYˎO FˎPL QHoˎ
VWLNHUYDUGÖ"
SÖZLÜK
$U² DU NYDGUDWPHWUˎEˎUDEˎURODQVDKˎ %XFDøÖQWˎQE|OˎQL²EXFDøÖQWˎSˎQ|TWˎ
YDKLGLDU P VLQGˎQoÖ[ÖEYˎRQXLNLNRQTUX\HQWEXFDøD
E|OˎQûD
.RQTUX\HQW A
EXFDTODU 7ˎQE|OˎQ
P
C
O
P
PuP P ÃP DU
B
ə
'DLUˎYLGLDTUDP²NˎPL\\ˎWLQP[WˎOLI
$VÖOÖYˎDVÖOÖROPD\DQGˎ\LûˎQOˎU²Eˎ]LNˎ
TL\PˎWOˎULQLQPXPLGˎNLSD\ODUÖQÖQGDLUˎ
PL\\ˎWOˎULQTL\PˎWLEDûTDNˎPL\\ˎWOˎUGˎQDVÖOÖ
KLVVˎOˎULLOˎWˎVYLUL
ROXUNPVDDWVUˎWOˎKˎUˎNˎWHGˎQPDûÖQÖQ
6HYLPOLGRQGXUPDODU
JHWGL\L\RO s ]DPDQGDQ t DVÖOÖGÖU
$VÖOÖ $VÖOÖROPD\DQ VGO
PRUXTOX
Gˎ\LûˎQ
h
s Ãt
Gˎ\LûˎQ
%ˎUDEˎUOLN²´EUDEˎUGLUµLûDUˎVLQLQ VROYˎ
VDøWˎUˎÁˎULQGˎNLLIDGˎOˎUHNYLYDOHQWGLU
EDQDQOÖ
ûRNRODGOÖ
'ˎ\LûˎQLRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN²VROYˎ\DVDø
yi
%ˎUDEˎUOL\LQ[DVVˎOˎUL²EX[DVVˎOˎUGˎQLVWL WˎUˎÀQGˎNLLIDGˎOˎUGˎQKHoROPDVDELULQGˎ
IDGˎHWPˎNOˎLIDGˎOˎULVDGˎOˎûGLUPˎNROXU Gˎ\LûˎQRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
a bRODUVDRQGD a b RODUVDRQGD ad !b
b a a Ãc bÃccz 'VWXU²NˎPL\\ˎWOˎULQDVÖOÖOÖøÖQÖQUL\D]L
a b RODUVDRQGD a b RODUVDRQGD LûDUˎOˎUOˎLIDGˎHGLOPˎVL8]XQOXøXaHQLb
arc brc ac bccz RODQG]EXFDTOÖQÖQVDKˎVLQLQGVWXUXS = ab
']SUL]PD²EWQ\DQ]OˎULG]EXFDTOÖ
La
%ˎUDEˎUVL]OLN²LNLUL\D]LLIDGˎDUDVÖQGDNÖP RODQSUL]PD
QDVLEˎWLQ! E|\NGU NLoLNGLU E|\N
Yˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU NLoLNYˎ\DEˎUDEˎUGLU <DQ]OˎUL
G]EXFDTOÖODUGÖU
EˎUDEˎUGH\LO LûDUˎOˎULLOˎ\D]ÖOÖûÖ
.XE
! Ã .XERLG
b
a Sot = a · b
6|]ON
']EXFDTOÖSDUDOHOHSLSHGLQWDPVˎWKLQLQ +HNWDU² KD WRUSDTVDKˎOˎULQL|OoPˎNoQ
VDKˎVL²RQXQ]OˎULQLWˎûNLOHGˎQG]EX LVWLIDGˎROXQDQVDKˎYDKLGLKD P
FDTOÖODUÖQVDKˎOˎULFˎPLQˎEˎUDEˎUGLU
aÃb
c
aÃc bÃc aÃc bÃc
b
a
aÃb P
SWDP Ă aĂb Ă bĂc Ă aĂc \D[XG
SWDP Ă aĂbbĂcaĂc
P
']EXFDTOÖoEXFDT²EXFDTODUÖQGDQELULG] PuP P ÃP KD
EXFDTRODQoEXFDT
G]EXFDT .ˎPL\\ˎW²ˎUˎEV|]ROXEPLTGDUVD\
ə
+৻ TDUûÖVÖQGDNÖWˎUˎI
SR GHPˎNGLU8]XQOXTNWOˎ]DPDQVUˎWNˎ
WHQ
.DWHW
X] PL\\ˎWOˎUGLU+ˎUNˎPL\\ˎWLQ|OoYDKLGLYDU
+HVDEODPD]DPDQÖH\QLNˎPL\\ˎWH\QLYDKLGOˎ
G]EXFDT .DWHW LIDGˎROXQPDOÖGÖU.ˎPL\\ˎWLH\QLYDKLGOˎLIDGˎ
ˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQ HWPˎNoQoHYLUPˎOˎUGˎQLVWLIDGˎROXQXU
WˎUˎÁˎU
h
(NYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎU²Gˎ\LûˎQOˎULQEWQ
PPNQTL\PˎWOˎULQGˎˎGˎGLTL\PˎWOˎUL
EˎUDEˎURODQLIDGˎOˎUùIDGˎQLVDGˎOˎûGLUGLNGˎ
HNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎDOÖQÖU
à c YˎcHNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎOˎUGLU
.RQTUX\HQWEXFDTODU²GˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎUL
EˎUDEˎURODQEXFDTODU
M
N
K
yi L
Ă c c O P
MON #KPL
c c
.RQTUX\HQWÀTXUODU²ELUELULQLQ]ˎULQˎTR
c c \XOGXTGDWDPDPLOˎVWVWˎGûˎQÀTXUODU
ˍGˎGLEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN²KˎULNLWˎUˎÀQGˎˎGˎGL
LIDGˎRODQEˎUDEˎUVL]OLN
La
!² Ã F F T F T
.RRUGLQDWûˎEˎNˎVL²EDûODQøÖFQ|TWˎOˎUL
ˍGˎGLRUWD²ELUQHoˎˎGˎGLQFˎPLQLWRSODQDQ RUWDTRODQYˎTDUûÖOÖTOÖLNLˎGˎGR[XQXQˎPˎOˎ
ODUÖQVD\ÖQDE|OPˎNOˎDOÖQDQTLVPˎW JˎWLUGL\LVLVWHP.RRUGLQDWûˎEˎNˎVLQGˎ
ˎGˎGOˎULQLQˎGˎGLRUWDVÖEHOˎWDSÖOÖU KˎUQ|TWˎNRRUGLQDWFWOˎULLOˎYHULOLU
+ +
3 5 6 8 =+ y
4 5, 5
A
*Q\ˎ²SHUSHQGLNXO\DU
HQGLUPˎNYˎTDOGÖUPDT
K
G]EXFDTTXUPDToQ
LûOˎGLOˎQDOˎW
C F D O x
4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU²WˎSˎQ|TWˎOˎULH\QLROXE 2UWDTYXUXøXQP|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUÖO
ELULQLQWˎUˎÁˎULGLJˎULQLQWˎUˎÁˎULQLQGDYDPÖ PDVÖ²WRSODPDYˎoÖ[PD]DPDQÖH\QLYXUXøX
X]DQWÖVÖ RODQEXFDTODU4DUûÖOÖTOÖEXFDTODU P|WˎUL]ˎ[DULFLQˎoÖ[DUGÖTGDHNYLYDOHQWLIDGˎ
NRQTUX\HQWGLU DOÖQÖUaĂ cbĂc ab Ăc
D 0ˎVˎOˎQÃÃ Ã
A AOD#BOC 3DUDOHOG][ˎWOˎU²ELUPVWˎYL\ˎDLGROXEKHo
B BOD#AOC
O ELURUWDTQ|TWˎVLROPD\DQG][ˎWOˎU__LOˎLûDUˎ
C ROXQXUAD__KL
A D
4RQûXEXFDTODU²ELUWˎUˎÁˎULRUWDTROXE K L
GLJˎUWˎUˎÁˎULG][ˎWWˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQEXFDTODU
ə
4RQûXEXFDTODUÖQGˎUˎFˎ|OoOˎULQLQFˎPL 3HUSHQGLNXO\DU²YHULOˎQQ|TWˎGˎQG][ˎWWˎ
\ˎEˎUDEˎUGLU SHUSHQGLNXO\DUoˎNLOPLûSDUoD
2UWDTWˎUˎI
K C 3HUSHQGLNXO\DU
4RQûXEXFDTODU
h O
MOKKON
N A
h
3HUSHQGLNXO\DUG][ˎWOˎU²NˎVLûGLNGˎG]
EXFDTˎPˎOˎJˎWLUˎQLNLG][ˎWWALOˎLûDUˎ
4UDÀNoˎNPˎN²NˎPL\\ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖDVÖOÖOÖøÖ ROXQXU
yi
NRRUGLQDWûˎEˎNˎVLQGˎWˎVYLUHWPˎN M
y y x
y x
x y
A B
N ABAMN
7ˎQOLNTXUPDT²PˎVˎOˎGˎYHULOˎQ PˎOXP
La
YˎD[WDUÖODQ PˎFKXO NˎPL\\ˎWOˎUDUDVÖQGDNÖ
ˎODTˎQLUL\D]LûˎNLOGˎLIDGˎHWPˎN
O x
7ˎQOL\LQN|N²Gˎ\LûˎQLQ x
/LWU²PD\HOˎULQKˎFPYˎTDEODUÖQWXWXPYDKLGL WˎQOL\LGRøUXˎGˎGLEˎUDEˎUOL\ˎ
l GP oHYLUˎQTL\PˎWL
ˎGˎGLx WˎQOL\LQLQ
N|NGU
GP
l GP 7ˎQOL\L KˎOO HWPˎN ² RQXQ N|NQ N|NOˎULQL
GP WDSPDT Yˎ \D RQXQ N|NQQ ROPDGÖøÖQÖ LVEDW
GP HWPˎNGHPˎNGLU7ˎQOL\LKˎOOHWPˎNoQEˎUD
EˎUOL\LQ [DVVˎOˎULQGˎQ Yˎ WRSODPD LOˎ oÖ[PDQÖQ
0LOOLOLWU²OLWULQPLQGˎELUKLVVˎVL YXUPDLOˎE|OPˎQLQTDUûÖOÖTOÖWˎUVˎPˎOOˎUROPD
ml lml VP VÖQGDQLVWLIDGˎHWPˎNRODU
6|]ON
CAVABLAR
FLE|OPˎ FÖE|OPˎ
V D E F Q V D E F
Qm V
D E
V D E F
V b
x Yˎ
aNP D YˎE Yˎ
²QPDQ
b ²b b V D E F
V a P aS a
VPYˎVP V
ə
V D E F G D F G H
V F x G x V x y
\Dû D YˎE Yˎ
V Yˎ ;H\U
Yˎ V D VPE VP
OLWU D VPE VPF VP
V
NP
TXWDE
VP
h
VPVPVP
Yˎ
NPVDDWNPVDDW
NTSRUWDøDONTQDULQJL
V
V
D
D
VPG VP
VPE VPF PP
D PE P
D VPE VPF VP
P
P
D YNYE YNYF YNY
D YNYE YNY
NT
yi D VPE VPF VP
V D E F V D VPE VPF VP
D E F D VPE VP
QYˎ\DQ P
%DQDQNTDUPXGNTQDUNT EDQND
DQDQDVNT VP
V y xPDQVDDW V VP
y ²t V oDWPD]
V D P c;F VP
La
V D VPE VPF VP
k QD D ABAACYNY
S QD PDQE P E ABAAD, ABABC, BC__ADYNY
y xD PDQE D VPE VP
V y ²slllNP VP
D VPE s t;F VP V D VPE VP
h QE PF JQ VP
D FLDWOHWE VDQYˎVDQ
PVDQYˎPVDQ FLE|OPˎ
F VDQYˎVDQ
G FLDWOHWP V E VP F VPG P
V D VPE VP V F GDLUˎYLGLDTUDPG VWXQOXGLDTUDP
VP
V F [ˎWWLGLDTUDP
TXWX
VPoDWDU V
V D P E VP
E F F
D PE P
VP FL\DUÖPLO]UˎWDSûÖUÖTODU
OLWUER\D V
V PoDWPD]
POLWUoDWPD] NP
P
PPDQDW V D VPVPE VPVP
P NT
NT
ə
V D VPE VP
D PE VPF PP a ROGXTGD
D PE VPF P VP
VP
V D PE PF VP OLWU
6DPLULQÀNULGRøUXGXU
V D VPE VPF P
D PE P VPVP
YNYYNY
V
V
V
VP
VP
D mlE [H\U
h
D VPE VP
ˎGˎG
VPVP
[H\UOLWUoDWPD]
V YNY
VP
VPVP
VDKˎVPKˎFPVPDUWDU
NT
D PE P
VP
yi
V E VPVPF VPVP x
D x²E NPF NP
D VPVPVP
VPVP G NPYˎNP
P V D PE P
V TUDP D OLWUE PDQ
D VPE VP NTNT
VP
FLE|OPˎ PDQPDQPDQ
VPVPVP
V D RWDTOÖE F VÖG
La
VDDWGD
V D G
D E D
1
KLVVˎE ml
PDQ 3
1
V D VPE PDQ 2 VDDW
4
D NPVDDWE NPVDDW
OLWU PDQ
V 6ˎELQˎEDO VP
6DPLUPDQoR[ D OLWUE OLWU
NPVDDW V D E GˎIWˎUTˎOˎP
& *|VWˎULûTUXSDE|OQ
VP VWLNHU
V D G H D VPE VP
D QˎIˎUE QˎIˎU NT
D PDQE PDQ NT
D E G D QˎIˎU
E VGOûRNRODGOÖ
&DYDEODU
%85$;,/,ù0Ψ/80$7,
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
hPXPLWΩKVLOPΩVVLVΩOΩULQLQFLVLQLIOΩULoQ
UL\D]L\\DWIΩQQL]UΩ
'ΩUVOLN
FLKLVVΩ
7ԥUWLEoLKH\ԥW
hə
0ԥQVXU0ԥKԥUUԥPRY
'g9/Ԥ7+ø01ø 0ԥKԥPPԥG.ԥULPRY
*QD\+VH\Q]DGԥ
$TúLQ$EGXOOD\HY
.RRUGLQDWRU *OQDU$úXURYD
5HGDNWRU $\KDQ.UúDW(UEDú
ø[WLVDVUHGDNWRUX øVPD\ÕO6DGÕTRY
'LOUHGDNWRUX ԤVJԥU4XOL\HY
%ԥGLLUHGDNWRU (OGԥQL];RFD]DGԥ
$]ԥUED\FDQ$]ԥUED\FDQ 7H[QLNLUHGDNWRU =H\QDOøVD\HY
'L]D\QHU (OGԥQL];RFD]DGԥ
(\TԥKUԥPDQ|YODGÕQúDQOÕ9ԥWԥQL 5ԥVVDP (OPLU0ԥPPԥGRY
6ԥQGԥQ|WUFDQYHUPԥ\ԥFPOԥKD]ÕUÕ] .RUUHNWRU $TúLQ0ԥVLPRY
yi
/H\OD+DFÕ\HYD
hoUԥQJOLED\UD÷ÕQODPԥVXG\DúD
0ԥVOԥKԥWoLTXUXP ³&DYHQGLú´1ԥúUL\\DW(YL
0LQOԥUOԥFDQTXUEDQROGX $]ԥUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÕ(OPYԥ7ԥKVLO1D]LUOL\L
6LQԥQKԥUEԥPH\GDQROGX
0ԥOOLIOLNKTXTODUÕTRUXQXU;VXVLLFD]ԥROPDGDQEXQԥúUL
+TXTXQGDQNHoԥQԥVJԥU Yԥ\D[XGRQXQKԥUKDQVÕKLVVԥVLQL\HQLGԥQoDSHWGLUPԥNVXUԥWLQLoÕ[DUPDT
HOHNWURQLQIRUPDVL\DYDVLWԥOԥULLOԥ\D\PDTTDQXQD]LGGLU
+ԥUԥELUTԥKUԥPDQROGX
La
,6%1
6ԥQRODVDQJOVWDQ +HVDEQԥúUL\\DWKԥFPL)L]LNLoDSYԥUԥTL
6ԥKLIԥVD\Õ.ԥVLPGԥQVRQUDî.D÷Õ]IRUPDWÕî
6ԥQԥKԥUDQFDQTXUEDQ ùULIWLQDGÕYԥ|OoV6HJRH8,SW2IVHWND÷Õ]Õ2IVHWoDSÕ
6LIDULú7LUDM3XOVX]%DNÕ±
6ԥQԥPLQELUPԥKԥEEԥW
ԤO\D]PDQÕQ\Õ÷ÕPDYHULOGL\LYԥoDSDLP]DODQGÕ÷ÕWDUL[
6LQԥPGԥWXWPXúPԥNDQ
dDSPԥKVXOXQXQԥúUHGԥQ
1DPXVXQXKLI]HWPԥ\ԥ $]ԥUED\FDQ5HVSXEOLNDVÕQÕQ7ԥKVLOøQVWLWXWX %DNÕú$&ԥOLORYNo
%D\UD÷ÕQÕ\NVԥOWPԥ\ԥ dDSPԥKVXOXQXLVWHKVDOHGԥQ
³&13ROLTUDI´00& %DNÕúùԥULI]DGԥNç
&POԥJԥQFOԥUPúWDTGÕU
ùDQOÕ9ԥWԥQùDQOÕ9ԥWԥQ
$]ԥUED\FDQ$]ԥUED\FDQ
:fA BfAA <
WƵůƐƵnj
'ˍ56/ù.
ə
לnjŝnjŵŬƚďůŝ͊
ih
ƵĚƌƐůŝŬƐŝnjnjƌďĂLJĐĂŶĚƂǀůƚŝƚƌĨŝŶĚŶďŝƌĚƌƐŝůŝŶĚŝƐƚŝĨĂĚ
ƺĕƺŶǀĞƌŝůŝƌ͘K͕ĚƌƐŝůŝŵƺĚĚƚŝŶĚŶnjƌĚƚƵƚƵůŵƵƔďŝůŝŬůƌŝƋĂnjĂŶŵĂƋƺĕƺŶ
ƐŝnjĞƚŝďĂƌůŦĚŽƐƚǀLJĂƌĚŦŵĕŦŽůĂĐĂƋ͘
7ŶĂŶŦƌŦƋ Ŭŝ͕ Ɛŝnj Ě ďƵ ĚƌƐůŝLJ ŵŚďďƚů LJĂŶĂƔĂĐĂƋ͕ ŽŶƵ
njĚůŶŵůƌĚŶƋŽƌƵLJĂĐĂƋ͕ƚŵŝnjǀƐůŝƋůŝƐĂdžůĂLJĂĐĂƋƐŦŶŦnjŬŝ͕ŶƂǀďƚŝĚƌƐ
ó¢ó¢
ŝůŝŶĚĚŝŐƌŵŬƚďůŝLJŽůĚĂƔŦŶŦnjŽŶĚĂŶƐŝnjŝŶŬŝŵŝƌĂŚĂƚŝƐƚŝĨĂĚĞĚďŝůƐŝŶ͘
y
^ŝnjƚŚƐŝůĚƵŒƵƌůĂƌĂƌnjƵůĂLJŦƌŦƋ͊
La
G
Ǭó
DW)/./>>ǭ
ôD