Appearance
Upperside opaque black. Fore and hind wings crossed from above the tornal area on tho hind to near the apex of the fore wing by a semi-hyaline broad pale blue medial band which is broadest in the middle, more or less greenish and macular anteriorly; the portion of the band that crosses interspaces 6, 7 and 8 on the hind wing white; beyond the band on the hind wing there is a sub-terminal line of blue slender lunules. Underside similar, ground-colour dark brown. Hind wing: a short comparatively broad sub-basal band from costa to sub-costal vein, and the postdiscal area between the medial blue band and the sub-terminal lunules velvety black traversed by the pale veins and transversely, except in interspaces 6 and 7, by narrow crimson lines; lastly, a crimson spot near the tornal angle with an admarginal yellowish-white spot below it. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen brown, the head and thorax suffused with greenish grey; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with two whitish lateral lines.Male has abdominal fold within grey, furnished with a tuft of long, somewhat stiff white hairs.
Race "teredon", Felder. is distinguishable in both sexes by the narrower medial band that crosses both fore and hind wing. Colour brighter, the contrast between the green of the upper and the blue of the lower portion of the medial band more vivid. Hind wing more produced posteriorly at apex of vein 3, where it forms an elongate tooth or short tail.
Variously reported with wingspans between 55 and 75 mm, the Common Bluebottle has black upper wings and brown lower wings. Both fore and hind wings are marked by a central spot in the form of a blue or blue-green triangle, with apex pointing toward the body.
Distribution
The known distributions of some of the sixteen recognized subspecies, are as follows:⤷ "G. s. sarpedon" - India, Sri Lanka
⤷ "G. s. teredon" - India, Sri Lanka
⤷ "G. s. semifasciatus" - China
⤷ "G. s. connectens" - China, Taiwan
⤷ "G. s. nipponum" - Japan
⤷ "G. s. messogis" - Indonesia, Solomon Islands, New Guinea
⤷ "G. s. islander" Monastyrskii, 2012 - Vietnam
⤷ "G. s. wetterensis" Okano, 1993 - Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Wetter Island
⤷ "G. s. choredon" - eastern Australia
⤷ "G. s. luctatius" - Malaysia
⤷ "G. s. isander" - Bougainville Island, Shortland Islands, Santa Isabel Island, Guadalcanal, Florida Islands, Choiseul Island.
Subspecies found in India occur in Southern India in the Western Ghats and in the Himalayas from Kashmir in the west to Myanmar.
"G. s. milon" and "G. s. monticolum", however, are not listed here as they are regarded as separate species in a number of works.
Behavior
The males are known for their habit of feeding by the edges of puddles, often at the roadside. Occasionally, as many as eight will be seen at the same puddle. They have also been known to be attracted to animal droppings, carcasses and rotting insects.It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to mud-puddle during migration. The butterfly has been seen as comprising as much as 5% of the population of migrating butterflies during a 72-hour period in the Nilgiri hills.
The Common Bluebottle is known for quick flight and rapid reactions. Consequently, it is difficult to catch.
Habitat
"Graphium sarpedon" is primarily an inhabitant of moist, low-level rain forests. In these elevations it is usually seen flying just above the tree canopy. The larvae of the Common Bluebottle feed on trees of the laurel family, which includes the cinnamon tree, and have expanded their range to include cinnamon tree plantations. In eastern Australia, they have adapted to a drier subtropical environment, and are commonly seen in suburban gardens in Queensland and New South Wales.
Reproduction
When young, is black or dark green, with numerous spines; when full grown, it is green with a short spines on each thoracic segment and anal segment. There is a transverse yellow band on the 4th segment and a lateral band on the body. The caterpillar usually lies on the centre of a leaf on an upper surface. It is very sluggish and pupates near its feeding spot." Smooth, thickened from the second to the 5th segment and thence decreasing to the end; with two short subdorsal fleshy spines on the 4th segment, between which is a transverse pale yellow line, two shorter spines also on the 2nd and 3rd and two on the anal segment; colour green, with a longitudinal posterior lateral and lower pale yellowish line."
Food
The adult Common Bluebottle feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering herbs. The larvae feed primarily on the leaves of trees in the families "Lauraceae", "Myrtaceae", "Sapotaceae", and "Rutaceae". In particular, "G.s. sarpedon" and "G.s. teredon" often feed on leaves of the cinnamon bark tree, "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", or of the Indian laurel, "Litsea sebifera".The list of larval food plants also include "Alseodaphne semecarpifolia", "Cinnamomum camphora", "Cinnamomum macrocarpum", "Cinnamomum malabathrum", "Litsea chinensis", "Polyalthia longifolia", "Miliusa tomentosa", "Persea macrantha" and "Michelia doltospa".
The larvae of "G. s. choredon", native to Australia, feed on many native Australian species of genera "Cryptocarya" and "Litsea"; and virtually all subspecies feed on leaves of the camphor tree, "Cinnamomum camphora", which is native to China but has been naturalized throughout southeast Asia.
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