Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı Esengü Bitig    Yayına Hazırlayanlar: 7PHU.DUD\DN8÷XU8]XQND\D  Esengü Bitig: Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı İmtiyaz Sahibi Sadettin Bayrak  Yayın Koordinatörü Rekin Ertem  Yayın Editörleri Tümer Karaayak – Uğur Uzunkaya  Kapak Görseli Kutadgu Bilig¶LQ)HUJDQDQVKDVÕQÕQVD\IDVÕQGDQDOÕQPÕúWÕU  Kapak Tasarımı Hüseyin Özkan  İç Tasarım Özlem Özkan  Baskı ve Cilt Çalış Ofset 'DYXWSDúD&DGGHVL<ÕODQOÕ$\D]PD6RNDN 1RgUPHøúKDQÕ7RSNDSÕøVWDQEXO 7HO  Birinci Baskı Ocak 2021  ,6%1 7&.OWU%DNDQOÕ÷Õ<D\ÕQFÕOÕN6HUWLILND1R   $QNDUD&DGGHVL1R.RQDN+DQ.DW +RE\DU0DKDOOHVL&D÷DOR÷OXøVWDQEXO 7HO  )DNV  ZHE ZZZNHVLW\D\LQODULFRP HPDLO NHVLW#NHVLW\D\LQODULFRP ‹.(6ø7<$<,1/$5,  7P+DNODUÕ6DNOÕGÕU<D\ÕQHYLQLQL]QLROPDGDQNRS\DODQDPD]YHoR÷DOWÕODPD] KESİT YAYINLARI, .DUEH\<D\ÕQFÕOÕN(÷LWLPYH'DQ+L]6DQ7LF/WGùWLNXUXOXúXGXU Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı Esengü Bitig  Yayına Hazırlayanlar: 7PHU.DUDD\DN8÷XU8]XQND\D øVWDQEXO  İÇİNDEKİLER Sunuş ● 9 Prof. Dr. Zühal ÖLMEZ’in Öz Geçmişi ● 11 Sevim ERDEM YILDIZ – Tümer KARAAYAK – Uğur UZUNKAYA Prof. Dr. Zühal ÖLMEZ’in Yayınları ● 13 Makaleler A. Deniz ABİK Ali Şir Nevâyî’nin Eserlerinde Semerkant ● 23 Gönül ARİS 2019 Yılında Eski Uygurca Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalar ● 33 Faysal Okan ATASOY Türkçede Büyük Harflerin Kullanıldığı Yerler Üzerine ● 49 Özlem AYAZLI Türkçe Sözlüğe Bir Katkı: İpipullah ve Yeni Bir Etimoloji Önerisi ● 65 Hakan AYDEMİR Orhon Yazıtlarındaki “altı çuv/çub Sogdak” Adı Üzerine ● 75 Gyülcan BAYRAMİ Kutadgu Bilig’de Geçen Bütmek Fiili Üzerine ● 103 Uwe BLÄSING Hani Peynir! Kuzey-Doğu Anadolu’daki Geleneksel Sütçülük-Peynircilik İle İlgili Terminolojiden Birkaç Örnek ● 119 Zeynep Pınar CAN Çin’de Muhafaza Edilen Eski Uygurca Abhidharma Metinleri Üzerine ● 129 Ganjidmaa CHIMEDDORJ Moğollarda Yazı Kültürü ve Moğolcanın Yazımında Kullanılan Alfabeler ● 141 5 Engin ÇETİN – İpek ÖLMEZ Altun Yaruk’tan Hareketle Uygur Türkçesinde “Zaman” Anlamı Veren Sözcüklerin Kullanım Özellikleri Üzerine ● 159 Tülay ÇULHA Karayca Tevratın Sözlüğü ve Söz Varlığına Katkısı ● 181 B. Erdem DAĞISTANLIOĞLU Tarihî Türk Yazı Dillerinde er- Fiilinin Kullanımı Üzerine ● 209 Nermin DEĞER 14. Yüzyılda Kirdeci Ali’nin “Hikāyet-i Ken‘ān ve Şem‘ūn Mu‘cizāt-ı Resūl” Adlı Mesnevisi ve Dil Özellikleri ● 235 Mihály DOBROVITS Çin Kaynaklarında Ogur Kabileleri ● 263 Murat ELMALI Göstergebilim Açısından Tonyukuk Yazıtı ● 267 Sevim ERDEM YILDIZ Nehcüˊl-Ferâdîsˊte Geçen Büken “Bağırsak” Kelimesi için Yeni Bir Okuma Önerisi ve Farklı Anlamları ● 295 Oğuz ERGENE Eski Türkçeden Çağatay Türkçesine İdi/İḏi “Sahip, Efendi; Tanrı” ve Değişkelerinin Kullanımı ● 311 Ayşe Şeyma FINDIK Köle Pintuŋ Hakkında Düzenlenen Uygur Hukuk Belgeleri ● 355 Zemire GULCALI Çağatay Türkçesinde Zıt Anlamlı İki Söz: basruq bol- ve basruq qıl- ● 371 Henryk JANKOWSKI Pronunciation of vowels in Arabo-Persian loanwords in Karakhanid, Khwarezmian Turkic and Chaghatay ● 385 6 Mustafa S. KAÇALİN Kadı Burhaneddin [1345-1398] Divan’ında Tekrarlanan Metinler ● 405 Irmak KAÇAR Dîvânu Lugâti’t-Türk’teki “Umayḳa Tapınsa Oġul Bulur” Atasözündeki Umay’ın Anlamlandırılışı Üzerine ● 459 Mücahit KAÇAR Molla Câmî’nin Manzûme-i Muammâ’sına Salâhaddîn-i Uşşâkî Tarafından Yapılan Şerh ● 473 Tümer KARAAYAK Doğu Türkçesi Kur’an Tercümelerinde Moğolca Unsurlar I ● 485 Hamdi Lateef KHAİRULLAH Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde Eskicil İsimler ● 535 Yong-Sŏng LI On a Damaged Part in the 25th Line of the East Side of the Bilgä Kagan Inscription ● 547 Mamura MAMATKULOVA Özbekçenin Karluk Grubu Ağızlarından Taşkent İli Ağızları Üzerine ● 555 Aziz MERHAN Özbekçe Sözlükler ● 589 Aysima MİRSULTAN The TWELVE zodiac terms in Uyghur legal documents from the 19th and 20th century ● 603 Mehmet ÖLMEZ En Eski Türkçedeki biti-, bitig ve bitigüçi Sözleri Hakkında ● 619 Ceyda ÖZCAN-DEVREZ 11-17. Yüzyıl Orta Asya Türkçesinin Söz Varlığı İçerisinde Yer Alan Bitki Adları ● 631 7 Habibe Özge ÖZVEREN Bazı Kazakça Anlatılardaki Bazı Moğolca Unsurlar Üzerine Bir Deneme ● 655 A. Melek ÖZYETGİN Eski Uygurlardaki Hizmet Sınıfına Bir Örnek: “İşçi” ● 663 Elisabetta RAGAGNIN Riding stags, naked birds and more in Marco Polo’s Siberia ● 675 Ablet SEMET Neue Studien zu Fragmenten der Maitrisimit nom bitig in St. Petersburg, Helsinki und Berlin ● 693 Marek STACHOWSKI Chronology of lenition of *-g(-) in Turkish ● 703 Mutsumi SUGAHARA Two Middle Turkic Translations of ‘Aṭṭār’s ‘Memorial of the Saints’ ● 719 İbrahim TAŞ Ar. Ṭūl al-Amal ‘Dünyevi Hırs’ Tabirinin Tarihî Metinlerdeki Yansımaları ● 733 Emel TEKİN Çağataycada /-GAnDA/ Zarf-Fiilinin Zaman Anlamı Dışındaki Kullanımları Üzerine ● 743 Hacer TOKYÜREK Eski Türkçede Kölelik ● 755 Uğur UZUNKAYA Tibet Budizmi’ne Ait Eski Uygurca Ārya-rājāvavādaka-sūtra ● 773 Alexander VOVIN On the Origin of the Middle Mongolian Title Ča’ut Qurı ~ Ja’ut Qurı ● 795 8 Esengü Bitig Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı T. Karaayak – U. Uzunkaya 2021: 795-800 ALEXANDER VOVIN* (Paris) On the Origin of the Middle Mongolian Title Ča’ut Quri ~ Ja’ut Quri There is a word or two words that are usually assumed to be the variants of the same word: MM title(s) ča’ut quri ~ ǰa’ut quri attested only once each (in MNT §179 and MNT §134 respectively) and both found in the same EMM text: Monggol Niuča Tobča’an (The Secret History of Mongols). The only other attestation known is Möngke ǰa’ut quri (Mūnkā ǰāūūt qūrī) ‘ǰa’ut quri Möngke’ found in the Persian text of Rašid-ad-din’s work (SL 1.2: 23).1 No other MM or later Mongolic attestations present themselves to the best of my knowledge. Let me start with a general phonological observation. MM /č/ and /ǰ/ are different phonemes, so we would not expect a free variation between them. Needless to say, in certain environments an alternation would be possible, but as we will see shortly below, this is not the case here. Thus, if it is the same title, which is, of course, highly likely, one needs to explain the reason for such a variation. De Rachewiltz interpreted this title as ‘commander of hundreds’, briefly mentioned that some scholars are of the opinion that ča’ut ~ ǰa’ut may be of Khitan origin, without going to the details, and then provided a detailed explanation that quri is of Jurchen origin (de Rachewiltz 2004.1: 492-493). I will * 1 Prof. Dr., Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, sashavovin@gmail.com Cited according to the transcription in the Russian translation. ALEXANDER VOVIN come to these two points later, but let us look first in the respective contexts of the Monggol Niuča Tobča’an, where ča’ut quri ~ ǰa’ut quri occur. ǰa’ut quri (MNT §134) ㈮ਔⵏ࣭㯋‫ंݰ‬െᇌ䱯ࡼ㖧ᇒᔦᡀਹᙍѝਸ㖅㝛ᯑ㠼䝠ंѝ㖅ѝ䉱⢉ ‫⦻ނ‬Ӝ࣭ю⴨㈮ਔⵏ࣭㯋‫ंݰ‬െᇌ䱯ࡼѫ⛪ᇒᔦ㭁䘝乽ᜅ俜⸣ᐤ⢉ᙍ ѝ ᵝ‫ݰ‬ᜅѝᘭ㠼䟼᥿㠼ࡇᯑ‫ݻ‬㖧Ṭ㠼ࡇӖᮖ㝛ᯑ㠼䝠ࡼ⦻ ᣭᡀਹᙍ ਸ㖅㌽ᵝ ᥿㠼ࡇ⭠䘝ᯑ>‫@ݻ‬㖧 Megüǰin Se’ültu-yi ala-ba ke’e-n Činggis qaɣan To’oril qan qoyar Ongging Čingsang Megüǰin Se’ültu-yi ala-ǰu’ui ke’e-n mede-’ed maši bayas-ču Činggis qaɣan-a ǰa’ut quri nere ög-be Kereyit2-ün To’oril-a ong nere ten-de ö[g]-be Megüǰin Se’ültu-ACC kill-PAST say-CM Činggis qaɣan To’oril qan two Ongging Čingsang Megüǰin Se’ültu-ACC kill-PRET say-CM learn-CS very rejoice-CI Činggis qaɣan-DAT ǰa’ut quri title give-PAST Kereyit-GEN To’orilDAT ong title that-DAT give-PAST Činggis qaɣan and To’oril qan [went to meet Ongging Čingsang and] told him that they killed Megüǰin Se’ültu. Ongging Čingsang was very glad when he learned that they killed Megüǰin Se’ültu. He gave Činggis qaɣan the title ǰa’ut quri ‘Commander of hundreds (?)’ and, at the same time he gave the title of ong ‘Prince’ to To’oril of the Kereyit3 (MNT §134) Megüǰin Se’ültu was a minor Tatar chief, so bestowing a title ‘Commander of hundreds’ for his elimination might have been an appropriate award, and the etymology MM ǰa’u(n) ‘hundred’ + -d, plural might be appropriate. However, there is a slight philological problem: while twelve-book versions of Monggol Niuča Tobča’an has ᵝ ‫ ݰ‬ᜅ  ǰa’ut ‘hundreds’ that is compatible with this etymology, a fifteen-book version of the same text has ᢟ‫ݰ‬ᜅče’üt in the same passage in MNT §134. While the fifteen-book version is later than the twelvebook versions, and it would be tempting to claim that the fifteen-book version has a simple graphic mistake, it is difficult to see how ᵝ would be confused with ‫ڈ‬ just on the simple graphic basis without some internal motivation leading to this 2 3 The original text has Gereyit. This is a slightly modified translation of de Rachewiltz (2004: 57) 796 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE MIDDLE MONGOLIAN TITLE ČA’UT QURI ~ JA’UT QURI confusion. In any case, let us look now at the passage containing ča’ut quri in MNT §179: ຄሏ ሏ‫ݰ‬ᜅѝᘭ㠼䟼ഐ⿯㠼冟唁乽ࡇ䱯ѫ⛪нᇒ乽‫ݰ‬冟ᜅඔ ta ča’ut quri-yin turuq ele a-ǰu’ui bu ke’e-’ül-ütkün You ča’ut quri-GEN support EP exist-PRET PP say-CAUS-BEN Do not make one say: “It was only the support of ča’ut quri”4 (MNT §179) De Rachewiltz believed that ča’ut quri is an incorrect variant of ǰa’ut quri (2004.2: 647). The motivation for his opinion is not clear: we can now see that there are no phonetic conditions for voicing č > ǰ in MNT §134 or for devoicing ǰ > č in MNT §179. And why Wan-yen Hsiang of Jin (i.e. Ongging Čingsang mentioned in MNT §134) would use a title that includes a Middle Mongolian word ǰa’ut ‘hundreds’? Most likely, he would use a Jurchen title. The variation ča’ut ~ če’üt ~ ǰa’ut most likely reflects some foreign word, with the last variant ǰa’ut being an attempt at producing a Mongolian etymology. Pelliot was the first scholar to note that quri should have been a Jurchen title of Khitan provenance (1951: 205), (1959: 291-295). However, the suggested Jurchen *quru ‘leader of several tribes’ (de Rachewiltz 2004.1: 493), to the best of my knowledge, is not attested in Jurchen (Jin 1984). This might be not so surprising, because Jurchen extant corpus is extremely limited, and after all, the lack of attestation is not the attestation of lack. On the other hand, Jurchen has ) ‘military commander’, alongside with Jurchen čaoxa ( ) ‘army’ čaoši ( (Jin 1984: 248). Unfortunately, it teaches us nothing except the fact that Manchu čooxa ‘army’ < Jurchen čaoxa ‘id.’, and therefore the Manchu form must be historically segmentable. The picture becomes quite different if we take into consideration Khitan
) ‘military commissioner’ (Langjun 1). 5 Shimunek čau.ǰ qur.u ( analyzes this as čau ‘battle’ + -ǰ, occupational (?)6 suffix + quru ‘commander’ 4 5 6 The translation of de Rachewiltz (2004.2: 647). may not be so reliable (personal Wu Ying-zhe informed me that the reading ru for Khitan communication, July 2018). OCCUP is absent from the list of abbreviations in the book. 797 ALEXANDER VOVIN (2017: 275). Either Khitan čauǰ or Khitan čaur ( ) ‘army’ (Kane 2009: 84)7 would fit the bill here, because while final -ǰ and -r are permitted in the Khitan phonotactics, the final -ǰ is not possible either in Jurchen or Mongolic at all (and we have to assume an otherwise unattested Jurchen intermediary, because the direct loan from Khitan to Mongolic is unlikely), and final -r presents itself only in comparatively late loanwords or in onomatopoeia. Thus, Khitan čauǰ or čaur > Jurchen *čaot > MM ča’ut is absolutely unproblematic. The story will not be complete without the analysis of MM quri and Khitan quru. Already de Rachewiltz noted that the alternation of quri ~ quru is certainly possible (with a reference to Pelliot 1951: 205-206), but he also stated that this word is not attested in the Turkic languages (2004.1: 493). While he is certainly right in the terms of an immediate attestation, I believe that ultimately the etymology is Turkic. There is LOT qur- ‘to organize, to build, to put troops into a battle formation, to collect’: χan sü-si-n qur-dï khan troops-3pp-ACC put.into.a.battle.formation-PAST Khan put his troops into a battle formation (MK 267)8 Therefore, LOT qurï be an otherwise unattested Old Turkic nominalized form in -I of the Old Turkic verb qur- ‘to collect, to put troops into a battle formation’. Consequently, ča’ut quri should be understood literally as ča’ut ‘military commander’ + quri ‘the one who leads troops into a battle’. Alternatively, it could be a third person possessive form -I of the Old Turkic qur ‘rank, status, dignity’, attested considerably earlier in Runic OT: IVuB:RoK:AhM:EdryuB bo yär-dä maŋa qur bol-tï this land-LOC I.DAT dignity become-PAST 7 8 Unfortunately, no textual references are given. Cited according to Dankoff and Kelly’s edition (1982). 798 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE MIDDLE MONGOLIAN TITLE ČA’UT QURI ~ JA’UT QURI I received dignity in this land (BQ East 36)9 Abbreviations Languages EMM Eastern Middle Mongolian LOT Late Old Turkic MM Middle Mongolian OT Old Turkic Grammatical terms 3pp third person possessive ACC Accusative BEN Benedictive CAUS Causative CI Converbum imperfecti CM Converbum modale CS Converbum subordinativum DAT Dative EP Emphatic particle GEN Genitive PAST Past tense PP Prohibitive particle PRET Preterite Primary sources BQ 9 Old Turkic inscription in honor of Bilge Qaγan, 735 AD. This reading follows Malov (1959: 13). However, more recently Tekin and Ölmez proposed to read qul ‘slave’ instead of qur ‘dignity’ (Tekin 2010: 62), (Ölmez 2012: 130). It appears that they are right, so there is no attestation of qur ‘dignity’ in Runic Old Turkic. 799 ALEXANDER VOVIN Langjun Dajin huang di dutong jinglüe langjun xing ji (བྷ䠁ⲷᕏ䜭㔏㓿⮕䛾 ੋ㹼䇠), 1134 A.D. MK Maḥmud al Kāšɣari. Dīwān Luɣāt at-Turk, 1072-1074 AD MNT Monggol Niuča Tobča’an, ca. 1240 AD SL Sbornik letopisei, by Rašid-ad-din (13th c.) vol 1.2 translated by O. I. Smirnova, Moscow-Leningrad 1952. Secondary sources Dankoff, Robert & James Kelly 1982. Maḥmud al Kāšɣari. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luɣāt at-Turk). Cambridge: Harvard University Printing Office. de Rachewiltz, Igor 2004. The Secret History of Mongols. A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Translated with a Historical and Philological Commentary. Jin, Qicong ( 䠁 ஃ ᆞ ) 1984. Nüzhen wen cidian ( ྣ ⵏ ᮷ 䗝 ި ). Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe. Malov, Sergei 1959. Памятники древнетюркской письменности Монголии и Киргизии. Moscow & Lenigrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR. Ölmez, Mehmet 2012. Moğolistan’daki Eski Türk Yazıtları. Ankara: BilgeSu. Pelliot, Paul 1951. Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, vol. 1, ed. By Louis Hambis. Leiden. Pelliot, Paul 1959-1973. Notes on Marco Polo, vol. 1-3. Paris. Shimunek, Andrew 2017. Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and Northern China. Wieasbaden: Harrassowitz. Tekin, Talât. 2010. Orhon Yazıtları. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. Key words: ča’ut quri ~ ǰa’ut quri, Chinese titles, Central Asian titles, Middle Mongolian, Khitan, Jurchen, Old Turkic 800