Leonid Kulikov
This book is the irst comprehensive study of the Vedic present
formations with the sufix
presents’ for short), including both
present passives with the accented sufix
and non-passive
presents with the accent on the root (class IV in the Indian tradition). It
offers a complete survey of all
presents attested in the Vedic corpus.
The main issue in the spotlight of this monograph is the relationship
between form (accent placement, diathesis) and function (passive/nonpassive) in the system of the
presents – one of the most solidly
attested present classes in Sanskrit. One of the aims of the present study
is to corroborate the systematic correlation between accent placement
and the passive/non-passive distinction: passives bear the accent on the
sufix, while non-passives have the accent on the root. The book also
focuses on the position of the passive within the system of voices and
valency-changing categories in Old Indo-Aryan.
Leonid Kulikov (PhD, Leiden University) is an Assistant Professor at Ghent
University. He has published widely on synchronic and diachronic typology
(in particular, on the diachronic typology of labile verbs and valency-changing
categories), on the Vedic verb system and syntax, and on Vedic philology,
and has edited numerous volumes in the ields of linguistic typology and
Indology. He is an Associate Editor of the
.
His current research focuses on the grammar of early Vedic, a translation
of the Atharvaveda, and the diachronic typology of transitivity and voice.
The Vedic -ya-presents
Passives and intransitivity
in Old Indo-Aryan
s
e
i
d
u
t
S
n
e
d
i
e
L
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
o
d
n
I
in
The Vedic -ya-presents
Passives and intransitivity in Old Indo-Aryan
LEIDEN STUDIES IN INDO-EUROPEAN
Series edited by
R.S.P. Beekes
A. Lubotsky
J.J.S. Weitenberg†
19
The Vedic -ya-presents
Passives and intransitivity
in Old Indo-Aryan
Leonid Kulikov
Amsterdam - New York, NY 2012
The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO
9706: 1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence”.
ISBN: 978-90-420-3522-5
E-Book ISBN: 978-94-012-0797-3
©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2012
Printed in The Netherlands
To my mother
PREFACE
This book is partly based on my 2001 PhD thesis from Leiden
University, but it has been considerably extended and, in several parts,
rewritten, incorporating the results of my further research on the system of
voice and valence-changing categories in Indo-Aryan in a diachronic
typological perspective conducted during my VENI-scholarship.
Part A delineates the scope of this book – the Vedic present formations
with the suffix -ya- (or “-ya-presents” for short), including both present
passives with the accented suffix -yá- and non-passive -ya-presents with the
accent on the root (class IV in the Indian tradition), as well as other passive
formations attested in Vedic. It further introduces basic theoretical concepts
and definitions.
The largest part of the book, Part B, is a comprehensive survey of the
present formations with the suffix -ya-. It consists of individual lexical
entries (lemmata) that discuss the relevant features of all -ya-presents attested
in the Vedic corpus.
The concluding part, Part C, summarizes the results of this overview,
offering a morphological, syntactic and semantic analysis of the -yaformations and delimiting the linguistically relevant classes and groups
within this category.
Appendix A is a brief survey of some post-Vedic -ya-presents which is
relevant to the analysis of the Vedic data. Appendix B offers a discussion of
the Vedic quasi-denominatives – a category of verbs hitherto unnoticed in
Vedic grammar, which appears to be of crucial importance for an adequate
analysis of several Middle and Late Vedic -yá-passives. Appendix C presents
a brief overview of the passive formations attested in Vedic.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my cordial thanks to my late teacher of Sanskrit
at the Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow), Tat’jana Jakovlevna
viii
ELIZARENKOVA. Her lessons, her explanations and comments on Classical
and Vedic texts have laid the basis for my further study of the Vedic
grammar. Needless to emphasize how much I owe to my first guru of
Sanskrit.
Next, my sincerest gratitude goes to Alexander LUBOTSKY, who assisted
me at all stages of my project. Without his careful reading, patience,
thousands of comments, criticisms and suggestions this book might not have
seen the light of day.
Werner KNOBL has also greatly contributed to the improvement of this
book. His countless remarks, patient discussions, numerous explanations and
suggestions have helped me to avoid many mistakes, inaccuracies and
infelicitous formulations.
Earlier drafts were also read by Stanley INSLER. His sharp criticisms and
invaluable remarks have helped to essentially improve parts of this book.
I am also heartily thankful to Robert BEEKES, Frederik KORTLANDT, Jos
WEITENBERG, Willem ADELAAR, Arie VERHAGEN, and other Professors at
Leiden University for their friendly help and advice.
Large parts of the earlier drafts of this book were also read by Henk
BODEWITZ, Thomas ZEHNDER, Paul Kent ANDERSEN, Marcos ALBINO and
Arlo GRIFFITHS. I am much indebted to all of them for their criticism and
comments as well as for stylistic improvements. I have also greatly benefitted
from the discussions of several text passages with Harry FALK, François
HEENEN, Heinrich HETTRICH, Jan HOUBEN, Martin KÜMMEL, Thomas
OBERLIES, Marianne OORT, Chlodwig WERBA, and Michael WITZEL.
My sincere gratitude goes out to my colleagues and friends from the
Department of Comparative and Indo-European Linguistics (VIET) at Leiden
University, in particular, to Slava CHIRIKBA, Helma VAN DEN BERG, Theo
VAN LINT, George VAN DRIEM, Uwe BLÄSING, Michiel DE VAAN, Johnny
CHEUNG, Karel JONGELING, Henry VAN DE LAAR, Michiel DRIESSEN and
others. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to the
members of the Research School CNWS, Leiden University Centre for
Linguistics (LUCL) and Instituut Kern (particularly, to the library staff) for
their friendly assistance at all stages of my research.
I am grateful for valuable comments on several text passages made by
Yasuke IKARI (on VƗdhnjla-ĝrauta-Snjtra), Gerhard EHLERS (on JaiminƯyaBrƗhmaӝa), Chlodwig WERBA (on KƗԃhaka), Michiel DE VAAN (on Avestan
quotations), Mislav JEŽIû (on KauӹƯtaki-Upaniӹad), Alexei VIGASIN (on the
Smޝti literature), Natasha KORNEEVA (on Viӹӝu-Smޝti). I particularly thank
Yasuke IKARI for providing me with information on the relevant forms from
ix
his unpublished edition of the VƗdhnjla-ĝrauta-Snjtra, Gerhard EHLERS for
sending me parts of his unpublished Habilitationsschrift with translation and
discussion of books II-III of the JaiminƯya-BrƗhmaӝa and Asko PARPOLA for
sending me his unpublished edition of the JaiminƯya-ĝrauta-Snjtra.
Last but not least, my special thanks go to all who helped me to prepare
the manuscript of this book and to solve computer problems: Ilona
MANEVSKAYA, Natasha RODINA, Haye VAN DEN OEVER, Liza BELORUSOVA,
Maarten FRAANJE, John PETERSON, Robert RYAN, Mark TURIN, Maxim
MARCHEVSKY, Dmitri FILIPPOV, and many others.
Special thanks are due to my mother and my wife, who have helped me
immensely and encouraged me at all stages of my research, helping to bring
this work to completion.
I acknowledge the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
(NWO), grant 275-70-009 (VENI-project) for financial support.
Needless to say, I take full responsibility for possible mistakes,
misinterpretations and misprints.
CONTENTS
Preface .................................................................................................. vii
Contents ................................................................................................. xi
Abbreviations .................................................................................... xxiv
PART A. INTRODUCTION
I. Vedic -ya-formations: preliminaries ...............................................
I.0. Introductory remarks ..............................................................
I.1. -yá-passives made from primary roots and ´-ya-presents
(class IV) .................................................................................
I.2. -yá-passives made from secondary stems ............................
I.3. -ya-presents and SIEVERS’ law .............................................
I.4. Accentuation and semantics of -ya-presents ........................
I.5. -ya-formations and related present types .............................
I.5.1. The type Cáya- ............................................................
I.5.2. The type Cyáti .............................................................
I.5.3. The type Cޫya- ............................................................
II. Syntactic and semantic preliminaries ..........................................
II.1. Voice and syntactic patterns: a theoretical framework .......
II.2. The main syntactic patterns ................................................
II.2.1. Transitive, absolute transitive and transitive-affective
II.2.2. Passive ........................................................................
II.2.2.1. Canonical passive ..............................................
II.2.2.2. Agentless passive ...............................................
II.2.3. Anticausative ..............................................................
II.2.4. Reflexive ....................................................................
II.2.5. Passive vs. anticausative (reflexive) ...........................
II.2.6. Reciprocal and sociative ............................................
II.3. Transitivity, objecthood and passivization test ...................
II.4. ‘Two pattern’ transitive verbs (ditransitives) ......................
II.5. Other relevant syntactic notions .........................................
3
3
4
10
11
11
14
14
15
15
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
22
24
24
26
27
xii
II.6. Some relevant semantic types and oppositions ...................
II.7. Simple Present and Present Continuous in English translations
of -yá-passives ....................................................................
III. Corpus of texts and evaluation of evidence .............................
III.1. The Vedic corpus ...............................................................
III.2. Forms under discussion and their sources .........................
III.3. Statistic evaluation: hapaxes, nonce formations and
‘passive-rich’ mantras ...........................................................
IV. The structure of the survey of -ya-presents .............................
IV.1. The formal classes of -ya-presents ....................................
IV.2. The structure of the individual lemmata ............................
28
29
30
30
31
32
34
34
35
PART B. A SURVEY OF VEDIC -YA-PRESENTS
I. Middle -ya-presents with suffix accentuation ............................
(aj ‘drive’: ajyá-te) ................................................................
2
añc ‘bail [water]’: -acyá-te ...................................................
(1/2)
añj ‘anoint; manifest’: ajyá-te ..........................................
ad ‘eat’: adyá-te .....................................................................
aĞi ‘eat’: aĞyá-te (asyá-te) .......................................................
Ɨp ‘obtain, gain, complete’: Ɨpyá-te ......................................
idh ‘kindle’: idhyá-te .............................................................
ޛc ‘recite, praise’: ޛcyá-te ......................................................
k‘ ޛmake, prepare, accomplish’: kriyá-te ...............................
kޛt ‘cut’: kޛtyá-te ...................................................................
kޛӻ ‘drag, plough’: kޛӻyá-te ...................................................
kࠝ ‘scatter, spill (semen)’: -kƯryá-te .......................................
kram ‘stride, advance’: kramyá-te .........................................
krƯ ‘buy, purchase’: krƯyá-te ..................................................
khani ‘dig’: khƗyá-te (khanya-te) ...........................................
khyƗ (kĞƗ) ‘see, consider, know’: khyƗyá-te, -kĞƗpyá-te ........
gam ‘go’: -gamyá-te ..............................................................
gƗ ‘sing, chant’: gƯyá-te .........................................................
gup ‘protect, guard’: gupyá-te ...............................................
gh ‘hide’: guhyámƗna- .......................................................
gra(b)hi ‘seize, take, draw’: gޛhyá-te ....................................
gh‘ ޛdrip’: ghriya-te, -ghƗryá-te .............................................
car i ‘move; perform’: caryá-te (-cƗrya-te) .............................
ci ‘pile, build, gather’: cƯyá-te ................................................
39
39
39
41
50
51
53
55
58
62
64
65
67
69
71
72
73
79
81
83
83
84
86
88
91
xiii
cޛt ‘bind, tie, snare’: -cޛtyá-te ................................................
jƯv ‘live’: -jƯvyá-te ..................................................................
jñƗ ‘know, recognize, distinguish’: jñƗyá-te, -jñapyá-te ........
jyut ‘shine’: -jyotyá-te ............................................................
1
tan(i) ‘stretch’: tƗyá-te (-tƗyyá-, tanya-te) ..............................
tuj ‘set in (vehement) motion, put to panic (flight)’: tujyá-te
tޛh ‘crush, shatter, kill’: tޛhyá-te .........................................
dad ‘hold, keep, offer’: -dadyá-te ........................................
1
dƗ ‘give’: dƯyá-te, -ditsya-te, dƗpya-te .................................
2
dƗ ‘bind, tie, connect’: -dƯyá-te ..........................................
3/4
dƗ (dƯ ?) ‘destroy, cut (in pieces); divide’: -dƯyá-te ..........
duh ‘milk’: duhyá-te, dohyámƗna- ......................................
d‘ ޛheed, care’: -driyá-te ......................................................
dޛĞ ‘see’: dޛĞyá-te ................................................................
dhami (dhmƗ) ‘blow, inflate’: dhamya-te, dhmƗyá-te ..........
dhƗ ‘put, place; create’: dhƯyá-te, -dhƗpyamƗna- ................
dhnj ‘shake’: -dhnjyá-te .........................................................
dhnjp ‘smoke, fumigate’: dhnjpyá-te .....................................
dh‘ ޛstay’; ‘decide’: dhriyá-te, dhƗryá-te .............................
nah ‘tie, bind’: -nahyá-te .....................................................
nid ‘revile, blame, mock’: nidyámƗna- (nindya-te) .............
nƯ ‘lead, conduct, pour’: nƯyá-te ...........................................
paӟ ‘bargain (for)’: paӟyámƗna- ........................................
pani ‘admire, glorify’: -panyá-te .........................................
2
pƗ ‘drink’: pƯyá-te, -pƗyya-te ...............................................
piĞ ‘adorn, dress’: piĞyámƗnƗ- ............................................
piӻ ‘crush, grind’: piӻyá-te ...................................................
1
pnj ‘purify, cleanse’: pnjyá-te, pƗvya-te ................................
pޛc ‘fill; unite, mix’: pޛcyá-te .............................................
pޛch/prach (praĞ) ‘ask’: pޛchyá-te ......................................
pyƗ ‘swell’: -pyƗyyámƗna- ..................................................
bandh ‘bind’: badhyá-te ......................................................
bhakӻ ‘consume, drink’: bhakӻyámƗna- .............................
bhaj ‘share, distribute, divide’: -bhޥjyá-te ...........................
bhuj ‘consume, enjoy, use’: bhujyá-te .................................
bh‘ ޛcarry, bring’: bhriyá-te ................................................
mad ‘rejoice’: -madyámƗna- ..............................................
man ‘think’: mƯmƗӛsyámƗna- ............................................
mantr ‘pronounce a mantra; address’: -mantryámƗna- ......
91
92
92
95
96
101
104
106
107
109
110
112
121
123
125
130
134
135
138
140
140
141
143
143
146
147
149
150
152
157
157
158
159
160
167
168
170
171
171
xiv
manth ‘stir, whip; churn, produce [fire]’: mathyá-te ...........
(2mƗ ‘measure’: mƯyá-te) .....................................................
mi ‘fix, set up’: mƯyá-te .......................................................
m‘ ޛdie’ : mriyá-te, mƗryá-te ................................................
mޛj ‘wipe, cleanse, adorn’: mޛjyá-te ....................................
mޛd ‘rub, crush, tread’: mޛdyá-te ........................................
mޛĞ ‘touch’: -mޛĞyá-te .........................................................
mࠝ ‘crush, destroy’: -mnjryá-te .............................................
yaj ‘perform [sacrifice], worship’: ijyá-te, yƗjya-te ..............
yam ‘hold, submit, yield’: yamyá-te ....................................
yuj ‘yoke, join; employ’: yujyá-te ........................................
rabh/labh ‘take, seize’: -rabhyá-te / labhyá-te .....................
(1)
rudh ‘obstruct, keep (back)’: rudhyá-te/(-ti), -rurutsyámƗnaruh/(rup) ‘rise, ascend’: -ropyámƗӟa-, -rohyamƗӟalip ‘stick, smear; stain’: lipyá-te ..........................................
vac ‘speak; pronounce; call’: ucyá-te, vƗcya-te ....................
vañc ‘move (waveringly), jump’: vacyá-te ..........................
vad ‘(re)sound, speak, pronounce, declare’: udyá-te, vƗdyá-te
vap ‘sow, scatter’: upyá-te ...................................................
3
vas ‘dwell, stay’: -vƗsyá-te .................................................
vah ‘carry, convey; marry’: uhyá-te (/ njhyá-te)
njh ‘shift, transpose’: -hyá-te ..............................................
vic ‘sift, separate’: -vicyá-te .................................................
vich ‘impel [by (brutal) whacks]’: -vich[y]á-te ....................
1
vid ‘find’: vidyá-te ..............................................................
viӻԅ ‘wrap, cover’: veӻԅyámƗna- .........................................
vƯ ‘pursue, strive after, approach’: vƯyá-te ...........................
vޛj ‘prepare, do; lay’: vޛjyá-te ..............................................
vޛt ‘turn’: -vartyá-te .............................................................
vࠝ (1v‘ )ޛchoose’: -varyámƗӟa-, -vriyamƗӟa- .....................
vyƗ (vƯ) ‘envelop, cover’: vƯyá-te .........................................
vraĞc/vޛĞc ‘cut off’: vޛĞcya-te (vޛĞcá-te) ..............................
Ğaӛs ‘recite, praise’: Ğasyá-te ..............................................
Ğas ‘cut’: Ğasyá-te ................................................................
ĞrƗ ‘cook’: Ğrapyá-te ............................................................
Ğri ‘lay on, fix on’: -ĞrƯyá-te (-Ğriya-te) ................................
Ğru ‘hear’: Ğrnjyá-te, -ĞrƗvya-te .............................................
sa(ñ)j ‘hang, attach, consign’: sajyá-te (sajja-ti/te) ...............
sad ‘sit’: -sadyá-te, sƗdyá-te .................................................
172
173
175
179
182
185
186
187
187
189
192
195
198
207
208
211
218
224
225
231
231
239
240
241
245
246
247
249
250
252
255
261
264
265
265
271
273
275
xv
sic ‘pour (out)’: sicyá-te .......................................................
su ‘press out’: snjyá-te ..........................................................
1
snj ‘impel, urge; consecrate’: snjyá-te ‘be consecrated’ .......
sޛj ‘set free [for running etc.]; emit; create’: sޛjyá-te ..........
sku ‘poke’: sknjyámƗna- ......................................................
stu ‘praise’: stnjyá-te ............................................................
stࠝ ‘strew, spread; cover’: stƯryá-te ......................................
han ‘kill, smite, hit’: hanyá-te .............................................
hu ‘offer, pour [oblation]’: hnjyá-te .....................................
hnj (hvƗ) ‘call, invoke’: hnjyá-te ...........................................
h‘ ޛbring, take’: hriyá-te (hrƯya-te) .......................................
279
282
284
286
291
292
297
299
303
306
310
II. Middle -ya-presents with root accentuation ............................
iӝg (aӝg) ‘move, stir’: -iӝgya-te (-áӝgya-te) ........................
Ưr ‘move’: rya-te .................................................................
ޛj ‘direct, stretch’: ޛjya-te (߁jiyant-) .....................................
kƗ ‘long (for), yearn, desire’: kޫyamƗna- ...........................
jani ‘be born, arise’: jޫya-te (janya-te) .................................
trƗ ‘protect, rescue’: trޫya-te ...............................................
dƯp ‘shine, blaze’: dpya-te/(ti) ...............................................
2
pat ‘rule; possess’: pátya-te ................................................
pad ‘fall, move’: pádya-te/(ti), -pƗdya-te ...............................
pyƗ ‘fill, swell’: (-)pyޫya-te .................................................
budh ‘(a)wake; perceive, notice’: búdhya-te .......................
man ‘think; respect’: mánya-te/(ti), (+)mƯmƗӛsyámƗna- ........
1
yƗ ‘drive (fast), speed’: ya-te
(i ‘go’: -Ưyate) ......................................................................
rƗdh ‘succeed, be successful’: rޫdhya-te .............................
rƯ ‘whirl, swirl’: rya-te ........................................................
lƯ ‘dissolve, disappear’; ‘adhere, cling’: lya-te ..................
vƗĞ ‘bellow’: vޫĞya-te (vޫsya-te) ..........................................
313
313
315
316
319
320
322
323
324
326
330
332
336
III. Middle -ya-presents with fluctuating accentuation ...............
ޛdh ‘succeed, be successful, go well’: ߁dhyá-te ...................
3
kӻi (kӻƯ) ‘perish, disappear’: kӻyá-te ..................................
chid ‘break, cut off’ : chídyá-te ...........................................
jyƗ (jƯ) ‘deprive of, suffer loss, suffer violence’: jyá-te ......
tap ‘become hot; suffer; perform austerity’: tápyá-te, tƗpya-te
dah ‘burn’: dáhyá-te/(ti) (-dƗhya-te) ......................................
dࠝ (/d‘ )ޛcrack, split, break, burst’: dryá-te ........................
362
362
370
373
376
380
390
397
347
350
353
354
359
xvi
pac ‘cook’; ‘ripen’: pácyá-te ...............................................
pࠝ (pr) ‘fill, become/grow full’: pryá-te ..........................
bhid ‘split’: bhídyá-te ..........................................................
1
mƯ ‘damage, diminish, violate, perish’: myá-te .................
muc ‘release, become free, escape’: múcyá-te .....................
ric ‘empty; surpass; leave (over)’: rícyá-te ..........................
lup ‘damage, rip (off), tear, omit’: lúpyá-te .........................
Ğiӻ ‘leave (over)’: Ğíӻyá-te ....................................................
ĞƯ ‘fall’: Ğyá-te .....................................................................
Ğࠝ ‘break (off), split, collapse’: Ğryá-te ...............................
hƗ ‘leave (behind), omit, exclude’: hyá-te ..........................
400
406
412
415
420
425
428
431
434
443
448
IV. Unaccented middle -ya-presents ...........................................
1
añc ‘bend’: -acya-te ...........................................................
ami ‘grasp; swear, make alliance’: -amya-te ........................
i ‘go’: -Ưya-te ........................................................................
1
iӻ ‘seek, wish, desire’: iӻya-te .............................................
2
iӻ ‘send’: -iӻya-te ................................................................
u (3vƗ) ‘weave’: njya-te ........................................................
ukӻ ‘(be)sprinkle’: -ukӻya-te ................................................
ud ‘moisten, wet’: udya-te ...................................................
uӻ ‘scorch, burn’: -uӻya-te ...................................................
kݻp ‘arrange, fit’: kalpya-te (-kݻpya-te) .................................
krnjҥ ‘burn’ (?) (of milk): krnjҥya-te ....................................
cƗy ‘observe, respect’: -cƗyya-te .........................................
chad ‘cover, veil’: chƗdya-te ...............................................
jval ‘burn, flame’: -jvƗlya-te ................................................
tࠝ (tޭr) ‘pass; overcome; save’: -tƯrya-te, -tƗrya-te ...............
dabh ‘deceive’: dabhya-te ...................................................
diĞ ‘point (out), prescribe, teach’: diĞya-te ..........................
dih ‘smear’: dihya-te ............................................................
du (dnj) ‘burn’: dnjya-te ........................................................
dhƗv ‘rub’: -dhƗvya-te .........................................................
nam ‘bend, bow’: namyá-te .................................................
nud ‘push’: nudya-te ............................................................
pƯҥ ‘press, squeeze’: pƯҥya-te ..............................................
prƯ ‘please’: prƯya-te (priya-te) .............................................
(pluӻ ‘burn’: ploӻya-te) ........................................................
(psƗ ‘chew’: -psƯya-te) .........................................................
452
452
457
458
458
460
460
460
462
463
464
465
467
467
468
469
472
472
474
474
475
476
477
478
479
481
481
xvii
bha(ñ)j ‘defeat, break’: bhajya-te ........................................
bhƗӻ ‘speak’: bhƗӻya-te .......................................................
bhޛj(j) ‘roast, parch’: bhޛj(j)ya-te ........................................
bhra߉Ğ ‘fall, miss’: bhra(߉)Ğya-te ......................................
mƯv ‘move, impel’: -mƯvya-te ...............................................
muӻ ‘steal, rob’: muӻya-te ...................................................
mޛt ‘destroy’: -mޛtya-te .......................................................
mޛӻ ‘forget’: mޛӻya-te .........................................................
yat ‘be/put in place’: -yƗtya-te .............................................
yabh ‘fuck, copulate’: yabhya-te, yƯyapsya-te ......................
2
yƗ (Ư) ‘implore, request’: Ưya-te ...........................................
raj ‘colour, become red’: rajya-te, lajja-te ...........................
ribh ‘creak, rasp (?); sing’: ribhya-te ...................................
ruc ‘shine, glow’: rocya-te ..................................................
(vip ‘tremble’: vepya-te) ......................................................
viӻ ‘be active’: viӻya-te ........................................................
vޛh (bޛh) ‘tear (off)’: -vޛhya-te (-bޛhya-te) ..........................
vlƯ (plƯ, blƯ) ‘oppress; collapse’: vlƯya-te (-plƯya-te) ..............
ĞlƗgh ‘laud, brag’: ĞlƗghya-te ..............................................
2
sidh ‘repel’: -sidhya-te .......................................................
2
snj ‘generate, bear, beget’: snjya-te ......................................
2
s‘ ޛstretch’: -sriya-te, -sƗrya-te ...........................................
styƗ ‘become coagulated, stiff’: -styƗya-te ..........................
sthƗ ‘stand’: sthƯya-te, sthƗpya-te .........................................
sphƗ ‘fatten, swell; prosper’: -sphƗya-te (sphƯya-te) ............
sm‘ ޛremember’: smarya-te .................................................
hi(ӛ)s ‘injure, harm’: -hiӛsyamƗna- ..................................
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
487
488
488
494
497
498
499
499
500
501
503
507
507
508
510
511
512
514
515
516
V. Active -ya-presents .................................................................
as ‘throw, shoot’: ás(i)ya-ti/te ................................................
Ɨr ‘recognize, treat as an Ɨrya’: (-)Ɨrya-ti ...........................
2
iӻ ‘send, dispatch, impel’: íӻya-ti/(te) ...................................
Ưrӻ ‘be/become angry’: rӻya-ti ............................................
uc ‘be/become accustomed to, take pleasure’: -ucya-ti .......
kup ‘be/become angry, quake’: kupya-ti .............................
kޛĞ ‘be/become lean’: k߁Ğya-ti .............................................
krudh ‘be/become angry’: krúdhya-ti/(te) .............................
kӻƗ ‘burn’: kӻޫya-ti .............................................................
kӻudh ‘be/become hungry’: kӻúdhya-ti ...............................
517
517
522
523
527
528
530
531
531
532
534
xviii
(gƗ ‘sing’: gޫya-ti/te) ............................................................
gޛdh ‘be/become greedy, eager, hanker’: g߁dhya-ti ............
glƗ ‘be/become weary, relax’: glޫya-ti ................................
jas ‘disappear, get lost’: -jasya-ti ........................................
jࠝ ‘grow old, decay, age, wear (out)’: jrya-ti, jrya-ti/(te) ....
2
tan(i) (stan(i)) ‘thunder’: tanya-ti .........................................
tami ‘be/become exhausted, out of breath’: tƗmya-ti/(te) ......
tuӻ ‘be satisfied, be pleased’: tuӻya-ti ..................................
tޛp ‘be/become satisfied, pleased, satiated’: t߁pya-ti/(te) .......
tޛӻ ‘be/become thirsty, thirst’: t߁ӻya-ti .................................
tࠝ (tr) ‘surpass, overcome’: tnjrya-ti ...................................
dami ‘control, restrain (oneself)’: dޫmya-ti .........................
das ‘waste, become exhausted’: dásya-ti .............................
1
dƯ ‘fly’: dya-ti/(te) ................................................................
dƯv ‘play’: dvya-ti/te .............................................................
duӻ ‘spoil’: duӻya-ti, dnjӻya-te ..............................................
dޛp ‘be/become bewildered, mad, ignorant’: d߁pya-ti .........
dޛh ‘be/become firm’: d߁hya-ti/(te) .......................................
druh ‘deceive, be/become deceitful’: drúhya-ti ..................
dhyƗ ‘think of, meditate, contemplate’: dhyޫya-ti/(te) ..........
dhvaӛs ‘become ruined, corrupted’: -dhvasya-ti ................
1
naĞ ‘perish, disappear’: náĞya-ti/(te) ....................................
2
naĞ (aĞ) ‘reach’: -áĞyant- (/-aĞ[nu]vant-) ..........................
nah (nadh) ‘tie, bind’: náhya-ti/te ........................................
nޛt ‘dance’: n߁tya-ti/(te) .........................................................
paĞ ‘see’: páĞya-ti/te .............................................................
1
pƗ ‘protect’: *pޫya-ti (?) ....................................................
pis ‘prosper’: písya-ti ...........................................................
2
pƯ (pƯy) ‘blame, revile, scorn, speak evil’: pya-ti ...............
puӻ ‘prosper; (make prosper)’: púӻya-ti/(te) ..........................
2
pnj ‘stink, rot, be/become putrid’: pya-ti ...........................
(praj(j) ‘end, stop’ (of web warp): -pޛj(y)a-ti/(te)) ................
pruӻ ‘sprinkle, spurt’: -pruӻya-ti .........................................
(bhޛj(j) ‘roast’: bhޛj(j)yéyuҽ) .............................................
mƗd ‘be/become drunk, intoxicated; inebriate’: mޫdya-ti ...
muh ‘be/become confused, err’: múhya-ti ...........................
mޛc ‘be/become hurt, damaged’: -mޛcya-ti .........................
(mޛt (mrit, mlit) ‘damage, destroy’: -mrityét, -mrityeyuҽ)
med ‘be/become fat’: médya-ti ............................................
535
535
536
536
538
541
543
544
545
548
549
550
551
554
556
560
562
563
564
565
568
569
570
572
578
580
583
584
584
586
590
592
594
594
595
596
597
598
599
xix
mlƗ ‘wither, relax’: mlޫya-ti ................................................
yas ‘be/become heated, boil’: -yásya-ti ...............................
yudh ‘fight’: yúdhya-ti/te ......................................................
ran(i) (raӟ(i)) ‘rejoice’: ráӟya-ti ............................................
randh ‘be/become subject’: rádhya-ti/(te) .............................
(ras: -rasya-) .......................................................................
2
rƗ ‘bark’: rޫya-ti ................................................................
riӻ ‘be hurt, injured; injure’: ríӻya-ti/(te) ...............................
rup ‘suffer (stomach) pain’: rúpya-ti ...................................
lubh ‘be/become disturbed, confused’: lúbhya-ti ................
2
vƗ ‘wane, fade, vanish’: vޫya-ti/(te) .....................................
1
vƗ ‘blow’: vƗya-ti/te (/ vޫti etc.) ..........................................
vyadh ‘pierce, shoot’: vídhya-ti/(te) .......................................
Ğami ‘be/become extinguished, appeased’: Ğޫmya-ti/(te) .......
ĞVmya-ti ‘prepare for sacrifice’ .....................................
Ğuc ‘(flame up); suffer, pain’: Ğúcya-ti ................................
Ğu(n)dh ‘become pure, clean’: Ğudhya-ti/te, Ğodhya-te ..........
Ğuӻ ‘be/become dry, dry (up)’: Ğúӻya-ti/(te) ...........................
ĞyƗ ‘congeal, coagulate, freeze’: Ğyޫya-ti ............................
Ğrami ‘become weary; toil’: Ğrޫmya-ti .................................
ĞrƗ ‘become ready’: Ğrޫya-ti ...............................................
Ğliӻ (Ğriӻ) ‘adhere, stick, clasp, embrace’: Ğlíӻya-ti/(te) ..........
ĞvƗ (Ğnj) ‘swell’: -Ğnjya-ti ......................................................
sƗdh / 1sidh ‘succeed, be successful’: sídhya-ti ...................
sƯv ‘sew, stitch’: svya-ti/(te) ..................................................
stƗ (tƗ) ‘steal, act secretly’: *(s)tޫya-ti ................................
srƯv (ĞrƯv) ‘be aborted’: srƯvya-ti ..........................................
svid ‘sweat’: svidya-ti ..........................................................
hari (2h‘ )ޛenjoy; wish’: hárya-ti/(te) ....................................
hޛӻ ‘be/become excited’: hޛӻya-ti .......................................
599
600
601
604
606
608
608
609
612
612
613
615
616
618
624
629
630
634
636
638
641
642
645
646
648
649
650
652
652
659
VI. Cyáti presents ........................................................................
chƗ ‘cut [skin], flay’: -ch(i)yá-ti ...........................................
2
dƗ ‘bind, tie’: -d(i)yá-ti
3/4
dƗ (/ 1/2day) ‘destroy, cut (in pieces)’: -dyá-ti/(te) ..............
ĞƗ ‘sharpen, hone’: (-)Ğ(i)yá-ti/(te) (-s(i)ya-ti) ...........................
sƗ (si) ‘bind’: -s(i)yá-ti/(te) .....................................................
661
661
663
675
677
xx
PART C. A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF -YA-PRESENTS
I. Morphophonological classes of -ya-stems ...............................
I.1. Roots from which middle -ya-presents are derived ............
I.2. Roots from which active -ya-presents are derived .............
I.3. Remarks on phonological types of the root structures
in -ya-presents .....................................................................
II. Semantics of -ya-presents .......................................................
II.1. Passive -yá-presents ..........................................................
II.1.1. A synopsis ................................................................
II.1.2. Semantics of -yá-passives ........................................
II.1.2.1. Passives derived from primary verbs ...............
II.1.2.2. Passives derived from causatives .....................
II.1.2.3. Passives derived from desideratives ................
II.1.2.4. Passives derived from denominatives and
quasi-denominatives ..........................................
II.1.3. Syntax of passive constructions, objecthood and
transitivity .........................................................
II.1.3.1. Passives of ‘two pattern’ verbs ........................
II.1.3.2. Passivization test and transitivity of compounds
II.1.3.3. Other non-direct accusative objects .................
II.2. Non-passive middle -ya-presents with stable
(root) accentuation ........................................................
II.2.1. A synopsis ................................................................
II.2.2. Semantics of middle ҽ-ya-presents ...........................
II.2.3. Non-passive -ya-presents with suffix accentuation:
the type mriyáte .............................................................
II.3. Middle -ya-presents with fluctuating accentuation ...........
II.3.1. A synopsis ................................................................
II.3.2. Accentual patterning of ҽ-yá-presents ......................
II.3.2.1. General rule .....................................................
II.3.2.2. Exceptions .......................................................
II.3.2.3. Semantically motivated accent shifts ...............
II.3.2.4. History of the problem .....................................
II.3.3. Semantics of ҽ-yá-presents .......................................
II.3.4. Remarks on the syntax of ҽ-yá-presents ...................
II.3.5. Paradigmatic features ...............................................
II.3.6. Phonological similarity ............................................
II.3.7. Accent fluctuation in a diachronic perspective ........
683
683
687
688
691
691
691
695
695
696
699
701
701
701
703
704
705
705
706
707
709
709
710
710
713
715
715
716
718
719
719
720
xxi
II.4. Unaccented middle -ya-presents: reconstructing accentuation 721
II.5. Active -ya-presents ........................................................... 723
II.6. The type syáti .................................................................... 725
III. Transitivity alternations and paradigmatic oppositions
within the system of -ya-presents ....................................... 726
III.1. Transitive counterparts of -ya-passives ........................... 726
III.2. Transitive-causative counterparts of middle non-passive
-ya-presents ........................................................................ 727
III.3. Transitive-causative counterparts of active intransitive
-ya-presents ........................................................................ 729
III.4. -yá-passives corresponding to transitive ҽ-ya-presents .... 730
IV. Remarks on paradigmatic properties of -ya-presents ............ 732
IV.1. The defective paradigm of -yá-passives in early Vedic
732
IV.2. Non-passive -ya-presents: paradigm and nominal
derivatives ........................................................................... 735
V. -ya-passives and other passive formations ............................. 738
V.1. -yá-passives and other presents in the passive usage ........ 738
V.2. -ya-presents and associated aorists ................................... 740
V.2.1. Middle -ya-presents, -i-aorists and sigmatic aorists
740
V.2.2. Active -ya-presents and thematic aorists .................. 744
V.3. Perfects and statives in the passive usage ......................... 744
V.4. Middle futures in the passive usage .................................. 745
VI. Diathesis fluctuations in -ya-presents ................................... 746
VI.1. Active forms in the paradigm of middle -ya-presents ..... 746
(1) Forms with unmotivated diathesis change .................... 747
(2) Secondary transitives .................................................... 748
VI.2. Middle forms in the paradigm of active -ya-presents ...... 748
VI.2.1. Functional opposition ............................................. 748
VI.2.2. Semantic analogy .................................................... 749
VII. Vedic -ya-presents in a diachronic perspective .................... 751
VII.1. Vedic -ya-presents: main developments within the historical
period .................................................................................. 751
VII.2. Remarks on the origin and genesis of -ya-presents ........ 758
VII.2.1. Possible sources of the present suffix -ya- ............ 758
VII.2.2. The original accentuation of (middle) -ya-presents
759
VII.2.3. Evidence for heterogeneous origin of -ya-presents
761
VII.2.4. Remarks on possible sources of the Vedic -ya-presents 763
xxii
APPENDICES
I. Post-Vedic -ya-presents: a selection ........................................
Ưkӻ ‘perceive, look’: Ưkӻya-te ................................................
kal ‘drive’: -kƗlya-te ............................................................
kӻal ‘wash’: -kӻƗlyamƗna- ..................................................
kӻip ‘throw’: kӻipya-te .........................................................
cint ‘think, consider’: cintya-te ............................................
cud ‘impel’: codya-te ‘be prescribed, enjoined’ ..................
ji ‘defeat, win, overpower’: -jƯya-te .....................................
dhޛӻ ‘dare’: -dhޛӻyamƗӟa- .................................................
(bhƯ ‘fear’: bhƯya-te) ............................................................
bhnj ‘become’: -bhnjya-te, -bhnjya-ti ......................................
bhram ‘wander, move (chaotically), err’: bhrƗmya-te/(ti) ....
mnƗ ‘mention’: -mnƗya-te ...................................................
rakӻ ‘protect’: rakӻya-te ......................................................
ram ‘come to peace, stop; be satisfied’: ramya-te ...............
riph ‘snarl’: riphya-te ..........................................................
ruj ‘hurt’: -rujya-te ..............................................................
lakӻ ‘mark, indicate, designate’: lakӻya-te ...........................
likh ‘scratch, scrape’: -likhya-te ..........................................
vadh (badh) ‘slay, kill’: vadhya-te ......................................
viĞ ‘enter’: -veĞya-te .............................................................
vޛӻ ‘rain’: -vޛӻya-te ..............................................................
Ğak ‘be able to (do)’: Ğakya-te ..............................................
Ğap ‘curse’: Ğapya-te ............................................................
ĞƗs ‘order’: ĞƗsya-te, Ğiӻya-te ................................................
snƗ ‘bathe’: snƗya-te ............................................................
snih ‘stick, be sticky’: snihya-ti/(te) ......................................
sraӛs ‘fall asunder, break down’: -srasya-te .......................
II. Vedic quasi-denominatives and their passives .......................
III. -yá-passives and other formations attested in the passive usage:
a synopsis ..............................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Texts ........................................................................................
II. Secondary literature ................................................................
Abbreviations ..............................................................................
767
767
768
768
769
770
770
770
771
771
772
773
775
775
777
777
778
778
779
779
780
780
780
781
781
782
782
783
785
797
801
825
923
xxiii
INDICES
Index verborum ...........................................................................
Index locorum .............................................................................
Index rerum .................................................................................
929
951
990