Leonid Kulikov This book is the irst comprehensive study of the Vedic present formations with the sufix presents’ for short), including both present passives with the accented sufix and non-passive presents with the accent on the root (class IV in the Indian tradition). It offers a complete survey of all presents attested in the Vedic corpus. The main issue in the spotlight of this monograph is the relationship between form (accent placement, diathesis) and function (passive/nonpassive) in the system of the presents – one of the most solidly attested present classes in Sanskrit. One of the aims of the present study is to corroborate the systematic correlation between accent placement and the passive/non-passive distinction: passives bear the accent on the sufix, while non-passives have the accent on the root. The book also focuses on the position of the passive within the system of voices and valency-changing categories in Old Indo-Aryan. Leonid Kulikov (PhD, Leiden University) is an Assistant Professor at Ghent University. He has published widely on synchronic and diachronic typology (in particular, on the diachronic typology of labile verbs and valency-changing categories), on the Vedic verb system and syntax, and on Vedic philology, and has edited numerous volumes in the ields of linguistic typology and Indology. He is an Associate Editor of the . His current research focuses on the grammar of early Vedic, a translation of the Atharvaveda, and the diachronic typology of transitivity and voice. The Vedic -ya-presents Passives and intransitivity in Old Indo-Aryan s e i d u t S n e d i e L n a e p o r u E o d n I in The Vedic -ya-presents Passives and intransitivity in Old Indo-Aryan LEIDEN STUDIES IN INDO-EUROPEAN Series edited by R.S.P. Beekes A. Lubotsky J.J.S. Weitenberg† 19 The Vedic -ya-presents Passives and intransitivity in Old Indo-Aryan Leonid Kulikov Amsterdam - New York, NY 2012 The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence”. ISBN: 978-90-420-3522-5 E-Book ISBN: 978-94-012-0797-3 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2012 Printed in The Netherlands To my mother PREFACE This book is partly based on my 2001 PhD thesis from Leiden University, but it has been considerably extended and, in several parts, rewritten, incorporating the results of my further research on the system of voice and valence-changing categories in Indo-Aryan in a diachronic typological perspective conducted during my VENI-scholarship. Part A delineates the scope of this book – the Vedic present formations with the suffix -ya- (or “-ya-presents” for short), including both present passives with the accented suffix -yá- and non-passive -ya-presents with the accent on the root (class IV in the Indian tradition), as well as other passive formations attested in Vedic. It further introduces basic theoretical concepts and definitions. The largest part of the book, Part B, is a comprehensive survey of the present formations with the suffix -ya-. It consists of individual lexical entries (lemmata) that discuss the relevant features of all -ya-presents attested in the Vedic corpus. The concluding part, Part C, summarizes the results of this overview, offering a morphological, syntactic and semantic analysis of the -yaformations and delimiting the linguistically relevant classes and groups within this category. Appendix A is a brief survey of some post-Vedic -ya-presents which is relevant to the analysis of the Vedic data. Appendix B offers a discussion of the Vedic quasi-denominatives – a category of verbs hitherto unnoticed in Vedic grammar, which appears to be of crucial importance for an adequate analysis of several Middle and Late Vedic -yá-passives. Appendix C presents a brief overview of the passive formations attested in Vedic. Acknowledgements I would like to express my cordial thanks to my late teacher of Sanskrit at the Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow), Tat’jana Jakovlevna viii ELIZARENKOVA. Her lessons, her explanations and comments on Classical and Vedic texts have laid the basis for my further study of the Vedic grammar. Needless to emphasize how much I owe to my first guru of Sanskrit. Next, my sincerest gratitude goes to Alexander LUBOTSKY, who assisted me at all stages of my project. Without his careful reading, patience, thousands of comments, criticisms and suggestions this book might not have seen the light of day. Werner KNOBL has also greatly contributed to the improvement of this book. His countless remarks, patient discussions, numerous explanations and suggestions have helped me to avoid many mistakes, inaccuracies and infelicitous formulations. Earlier drafts were also read by Stanley INSLER. His sharp criticisms and invaluable remarks have helped to essentially improve parts of this book. I am also heartily thankful to Robert BEEKES, Frederik KORTLANDT, Jos WEITENBERG, Willem ADELAAR, Arie VERHAGEN, and other Professors at Leiden University for their friendly help and advice. Large parts of the earlier drafts of this book were also read by Henk BODEWITZ, Thomas ZEHNDER, Paul Kent ANDERSEN, Marcos ALBINO and Arlo GRIFFITHS. I am much indebted to all of them for their criticism and comments as well as for stylistic improvements. I have also greatly benefitted from the discussions of several text passages with Harry FALK, François HEENEN, Heinrich HETTRICH, Jan HOUBEN, Martin KÜMMEL, Thomas OBERLIES, Marianne OORT, Chlodwig WERBA, and Michael WITZEL. My sincere gratitude goes out to my colleagues and friends from the Department of Comparative and Indo-European Linguistics (VIET) at Leiden University, in particular, to Slava CHIRIKBA, Helma VAN DEN BERG, Theo VAN LINT, George VAN DRIEM, Uwe BLÄSING, Michiel DE VAAN, Johnny CHEUNG, Karel JONGELING, Henry VAN DE LAAR, Michiel DRIESSEN and others. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to the members of the Research School CNWS, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL) and Instituut Kern (particularly, to the library staff) for their friendly assistance at all stages of my research. I am grateful for valuable comments on several text passages made by Yasuke IKARI (on VƗdhnjla-ĝrauta-Snjtra), Gerhard EHLERS (on JaiminƯyaBrƗhmaӝa), Chlodwig WERBA (on KƗԃhaka), Michiel DE VAAN (on Avestan quotations), Mislav JEŽIû (on KauӹƯtaki-Upaniӹad), Alexei VIGASIN (on the Sm‫ޝ‬ti literature), Natasha KORNEEVA (on Viӹӝu-Sm‫ޝ‬ti). I particularly thank Yasuke IKARI for providing me with information on the relevant forms from ix his unpublished edition of the VƗdhnjla-ĝrauta-Snjtra, Gerhard EHLERS for sending me parts of his unpublished Habilitationsschrift with translation and discussion of books II-III of the JaiminƯya-BrƗhmaӝa and Asko PARPOLA for sending me his unpublished edition of the JaiminƯya-ĝrauta-Snjtra. Last but not least, my special thanks go to all who helped me to prepare the manuscript of this book and to solve computer problems: Ilona MANEVSKAYA, Natasha RODINA, Haye VAN DEN OEVER, Liza BELORUSOVA, Maarten FRAANJE, John PETERSON, Robert RYAN, Mark TURIN, Maxim MARCHEVSKY, Dmitri FILIPPOV, and many others. Special thanks are due to my mother and my wife, who have helped me immensely and encouraged me at all stages of my research, helping to bring this work to completion. I acknowledge the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), grant 275-70-009 (VENI-project) for financial support. Needless to say, I take full responsibility for possible mistakes, misinterpretations and misprints. CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................. vii Contents ................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations .................................................................................... xxiv PART A. INTRODUCTION I. Vedic -ya-formations: preliminaries ............................................... I.0. Introductory remarks .............................................................. I.1. -yá-passives made from primary roots and ´-ya-presents (class IV) ................................................................................. I.2. -yá-passives made from secondary stems ............................ I.3. -ya-presents and SIEVERS’ law ............................................. I.4. Accentuation and semantics of -ya-presents ........................ I.5. -ya-formations and related present types ............................. I.5.1. The type Cáya- ............................................................ I.5.2. The type Cyáti ............................................................. I.5.3. The type Cޫya- ............................................................ II. Syntactic and semantic preliminaries .......................................... II.1. Voice and syntactic patterns: a theoretical framework ....... II.2. The main syntactic patterns ................................................ II.2.1. Transitive, absolute transitive and transitive-affective II.2.2. Passive ........................................................................ II.2.2.1. Canonical passive .............................................. II.2.2.2. Agentless passive ............................................... II.2.3. Anticausative .............................................................. II.2.4. Reflexive .................................................................... II.2.5. Passive vs. anticausative (reflexive) ........................... II.2.6. Reciprocal and sociative ............................................ II.3. Transitivity, objecthood and passivization test ................... II.4. ‘Two pattern’ transitive verbs (ditransitives) ...................... II.5. Other relevant syntactic notions ......................................... 3 3 4 10 11 11 14 14 15 15 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 24 24 26 27 xii II.6. Some relevant semantic types and oppositions ................... II.7. Simple Present and Present Continuous in English translations of -yá-passives .................................................................... III. Corpus of texts and evaluation of evidence ............................. III.1. The Vedic corpus ............................................................... III.2. Forms under discussion and their sources ......................... III.3. Statistic evaluation: hapaxes, nonce formations and ‘passive-rich’ mantras ........................................................... IV. The structure of the survey of -ya-presents ............................. IV.1. The formal classes of -ya-presents .................................... IV.2. The structure of the individual lemmata ............................ 28 29 30 30 31 32 34 34 35 PART B. A SURVEY OF VEDIC -YA-PRESENTS I. Middle -ya-presents with suffix accentuation ............................ (aj ‘drive’: ajyá-te) ................................................................ 2 añc ‘bail [water]’: -acyá-te ................................................... (1/2) añj ‘anoint; manifest’: ajyá-te .......................................... ad ‘eat’: adyá-te ..................................................................... aĞi ‘eat’: aĞyá-te (asyá-te) ....................................................... Ɨp ‘obtain, gain, complete’: Ɨpyá-te ...................................... idh ‘kindle’: idhyá-te ............................................................. ‫ޛ‬c ‘recite, praise’: ‫ޛ‬cyá-te ...................................................... k‫‘ ޛ‬make, prepare, accomplish’: kriyá-te ............................... k‫ޛ‬t ‘cut’: k‫ޛ‬tyá-te ................................................................... k‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘drag, plough’: k‫ޛ‬ӻyá-te ................................................... kࠝ ‘scatter, spill (semen)’: -kƯryá-te ....................................... kram ‘stride, advance’: kramyá-te ......................................... krƯ ‘buy, purchase’: krƯyá-te .................................................. khani ‘dig’: khƗyá-te (khanya-te) ........................................... khyƗ (kĞƗ) ‘see, consider, know’: khyƗyá-te, -kĞƗpyá-te ........ gam ‘go’: -gamyá-te .............................................................. gƗ ‘sing, chant’: gƯyá-te ......................................................... gup ‘protect, guard’: gupyá-te ............................................... g޷h ‘hide’: guhyámƗna- ....................................................... gra(b)hi ‘seize, take, draw’: g‫ޛ‬hyá-te .................................... gh‫‘ ޛ‬drip’: ghriya-te, -ghƗryá-te ............................................. car i ‘move; perform’: caryá-te (-cƗrya-te) ............................. ci ‘pile, build, gather’: cƯyá-te ................................................ 39 39 39 41 50 51 53 55 58 62 64 65 67 69 71 72 73 79 81 83 83 84 86 88 91 xiii c‫ޛ‬t ‘bind, tie, snare’: -c‫ޛ‬tyá-te ................................................ jƯv ‘live’: -jƯvyá-te .................................................................. jñƗ ‘know, recognize, distinguish’: jñƗyá-te, -jñapyá-te ........ jyut ‘shine’: -jyotyá-te ............................................................ 1 tan(i) ‘stretch’: tƗyá-te (-tƗyyá-, tanya-te) .............................. tuj ‘set in (vehement) motion, put to panic (flight)’: tujyá-te t‫ޛ‬h ‘crush, shatter, kill’: t‫ޛ‬hyá-te ......................................... dad ‘hold, keep, offer’: -dadyá-te ........................................ 1 dƗ ‘give’: dƯyá-te, -ditsya-te, dƗpya-te ................................. 2 dƗ ‘bind, tie, connect’: -dƯyá-te .......................................... 3/4 dƗ (dƯ ?) ‘destroy, cut (in pieces); divide’: -dƯyá-te .......... duh ‘milk’: duhyá-te, dohyámƗna- ...................................... d‫‘ ޛ‬heed, care’: -driyá-te ...................................................... d‫ޛ‬Ğ ‘see’: d‫ޛ‬Ğyá-te ................................................................ dhami (dhmƗ) ‘blow, inflate’: dhamya-te, dhmƗyá-te .......... dhƗ ‘put, place; create’: dhƯyá-te, -dhƗpyamƗna- ................ dhnj ‘shake’: -dhnjyá-te ......................................................... dhnjp ‘smoke, fumigate’: dhnjpyá-te ..................................... dh‫‘ ޛ‬stay’; ‘decide’: dhriyá-te, dhƗryá-te ............................. nah ‘tie, bind’: -nahyá-te ..................................................... nid ‘revile, blame, mock’: nidyámƗna- (nindya-te) ............. nƯ ‘lead, conduct, pour’: nƯyá-te ........................................... paӟ ‘bargain (for)’: paӟyámƗna- ........................................ pani ‘admire, glorify’: -panyá-te ......................................... 2 pƗ ‘drink’: pƯyá-te, -pƗyya-te ............................................... piĞ ‘adorn, dress’: piĞyámƗnƗ- ............................................ piӻ ‘crush, grind’: piӻyá-te ................................................... 1 pnj ‘purify, cleanse’: pnjyá-te, pƗvya-te ................................ p‫ޛ‬c ‘fill; unite, mix’: p‫ޛ‬cyá-te ............................................. p‫ޛ‬ch/prach (praĞ) ‘ask’: p‫ޛ‬chyá-te ...................................... pyƗ ‘swell’: -pyƗyyámƗna- .................................................. bandh ‘bind’: badhyá-te ...................................................... bhakӻ ‘consume, drink’: bhakӻyámƗna- ............................. bhaj ‘share, distribute, divide’: -bh‫ޥ‬jyá-te ........................... bhuj ‘consume, enjoy, use’: bhujyá-te ................................. bh‫‘ ޛ‬carry, bring’: bhriyá-te ................................................ mad ‘rejoice’: -madyámƗna- .............................................. man ‘think’: mƯmƗӛsyámƗna- ............................................ mantr ‘pronounce a mantra; address’: -mantryámƗna- ...... 91 92 92 95 96 101 104 106 107 109 110 112 121 123 125 130 134 135 138 140 140 141 143 143 146 147 149 150 152 157 157 158 159 160 167 168 170 171 171 xiv manth ‘stir, whip; churn, produce [fire]’: mathyá-te ........... (2mƗ ‘measure’: mƯyá-te) ..................................................... mi ‘fix, set up’: mƯyá-te ....................................................... m‫‘ ޛ‬die’ : mriyá-te, mƗryá-te ................................................ m‫ޛ‬j ‘wipe, cleanse, adorn’: m‫ޛ‬jyá-te .................................... m‫ޛ‬d ‘rub, crush, tread’: m‫ޛ‬dyá-te ........................................ m‫ޛ‬Ğ ‘touch’: -m‫ޛ‬Ğyá-te ......................................................... mࠝ ‘crush, destroy’: -mnjryá-te ............................................. yaj ‘perform [sacrifice], worship’: ijyá-te, yƗjya-te .............. yam ‘hold, submit, yield’: yamyá-te .................................... yuj ‘yoke, join; employ’: yujyá-te ........................................ rabh/labh ‘take, seize’: -rabhyá-te / labhyá-te ..................... (1) rudh ‘obstruct, keep (back)’: rudhyá-te/(-ti), -rurutsyámƗnaruh/(rup) ‘rise, ascend’: -ropyámƗӟa-, -rohyamƗӟalip ‘stick, smear; stain’: lipyá-te .......................................... vac ‘speak; pronounce; call’: ucyá-te, vƗcya-te .................... vañc ‘move (waveringly), jump’: vacyá-te .......................... vad ‘(re)sound, speak, pronounce, declare’: udyá-te, vƗdyá-te vap ‘sow, scatter’: upyá-te ................................................... 3 vas ‘dwell, stay’: -vƗsyá-te ................................................. vah ‘carry, convey; marry’: uhyá-te (/ njhyá-te) njh ‘shift, transpose’: -޷hyá-te .............................................. vic ‘sift, separate’: -vicyá-te ................................................. vich ‘impel [by (brutal) whacks]’: -vich[y]á-te .................... 1 vid ‘find’: vidyá-te .............................................................. viӻԅ ‘wrap, cover’: veӻԅyámƗna- ......................................... vƯ ‘pursue, strive after, approach’: vƯyá-te ........................... v‫ޛ‬j ‘prepare, do; lay’: v‫ޛ‬jyá-te .............................................. v‫ޛ‬t ‘turn’: -vartyá-te ............................................................. vࠝ (1v‫‘ )ޛ‬choose’: -varyámƗӟa-, -vriyamƗӟa- ..................... vyƗ (vƯ) ‘envelop, cover’: vƯyá-te ......................................... vraĞc/v‫ޛ‬Ğc ‘cut off’: v‫ޛ‬Ğcya-te (v‫ޛ‬Ğcá-te) .............................. Ğaӛs ‘recite, praise’: Ğasyá-te .............................................. Ğas ‘cut’: Ğasyá-te ................................................................ ĞrƗ ‘cook’: Ğrapyá-te ............................................................ Ğri ‘lay on, fix on’: -ĞrƯyá-te (-Ğriya-te) ................................ Ğru ‘hear’: Ğrnjyá-te, -ĞrƗvya-te ............................................. sa(ñ)j ‘hang, attach, consign’: sajyá-te (sajja-ti/te) ............... sad ‘sit’: -sadyá-te, sƗdyá-te ................................................. 172 173 175 179 182 185 186 187 187 189 192 195 198 207 208 211 218 224 225 231 231 239 240 241 245 246 247 249 250 252 255 261 264 265 265 271 273 275 xv sic ‘pour (out)’: sicyá-te ....................................................... su ‘press out’: snjyá-te .......................................................... 1 snj ‘impel, urge; consecrate’: snjyá-te ‘be consecrated’ ....... s‫ޛ‬j ‘set free [for running etc.]; emit; create’: s‫ޛ‬jyá-te .......... sku ‘poke’: sknjyámƗna- ...................................................... stu ‘praise’: stnjyá-te ............................................................ stࠝ ‘strew, spread; cover’: stƯryá-te ...................................... han ‘kill, smite, hit’: hanyá-te ............................................. hu ‘offer, pour [oblation]’: hnjyá-te ..................................... hnj (hvƗ) ‘call, invoke’: hnjyá-te ........................................... h‫‘ ޛ‬bring, take’: hriyá-te (hrƯya-te) ....................................... 279 282 284 286 291 292 297 299 303 306 310 II. Middle -ya-presents with root accentuation ............................ iӝg (aӝg) ‘move, stir’: -iӝgya-te (-áӝgya-te) ........................ Ưr ‘move’: ޳rya-te ................................................................. ‫ޛ‬j ‘direct, stretch’: ‫ޛ‬jya-te (߁jiyant-) ..................................... kƗ ‘long (for), yearn, desire’: kޫyamƗna- ........................... jani ‘be born, arise’: jޫya-te (janya-te) ................................. trƗ ‘protect, rescue’: trޫya-te ............................................... dƯp ‘shine, blaze’: d޳pya-te/(ti) ............................................... 2 pat ‘rule; possess’: pátya-te ................................................ pad ‘fall, move’: pádya-te/(ti), -pƗdya-te ............................... pyƗ ‘fill, swell’: (-)pyޫya-te ................................................. budh ‘(a)wake; perceive, notice’: búdhya-te ....................... man ‘think; respect’: mánya-te/(ti), (+)mƯmƗӛsyámƗna- ........ 1 yƗ ‘drive (fast), speed’: ޳ya-te (i ‘go’: -Ưyate) ...................................................................... rƗdh ‘succeed, be successful’: rޫdhya-te ............................. rƯ ‘whirl, swirl’: r޳ya-te ........................................................ lƯ ‘dissolve, disappear’; ‘adhere, cling’: l޳ya-te .................. vƗĞ ‘bellow’: vޫĞya-te (vޫsya-te) .......................................... 313 313 315 316 319 320 322 323 324 326 330 332 336 III. Middle -ya-presents with fluctuating accentuation ............... ‫ޛ‬dh ‘succeed, be successful, go well’: ߁dhyá-te ................... 3 kӻi (kӻƯ) ‘perish, disappear’: kӻ޳yá-te .................................. chid ‘break, cut off’ : chídyá-te ........................................... jyƗ (jƯ) ‘deprive of, suffer loss, suffer violence’: j޳yá-te ...... tap ‘become hot; suffer; perform austerity’: tápyá-te, tƗpya-te dah ‘burn’: dáhyá-te/(ti) (-dƗhya-te) ...................................... dࠝ (/d‫‘ )ޛ‬crack, split, break, burst’: d޳ryá-te ........................ 362 362 370 373 376 380 390 397 347 350 353 354 359 xvi pac ‘cook’; ‘ripen’: pácyá-te ............................................... pࠝ (p޷r) ‘fill, become/grow full’: p޽ryá-te .......................... bhid ‘split’: bhídyá-te .......................................................... 1 mƯ ‘damage, diminish, violate, perish’: m޳yá-te ................. muc ‘release, become free, escape’: múcyá-te ..................... ric ‘empty; surpass; leave (over)’: rícyá-te .......................... lup ‘damage, rip (off), tear, omit’: lúpyá-te ......................... Ğiӻ ‘leave (over)’: Ğíӻyá-te .................................................... ĞƯ ‘fall’: Ğ޳yá-te ..................................................................... Ğࠝ ‘break (off), split, collapse’: Ğ޳ryá-te ............................... hƗ ‘leave (behind), omit, exclude’: h޳yá-te .......................... 400 406 412 415 420 425 428 431 434 443 448 IV. Unaccented middle -ya-presents ........................................... 1 añc ‘bend’: -acya-te ........................................................... ami ‘grasp; swear, make alliance’: -amya-te ........................ i ‘go’: -Ưya-te ........................................................................ 1 iӻ ‘seek, wish, desire’: iӻya-te ............................................. 2 iӻ ‘send’: -iӻya-te ................................................................ u (3vƗ) ‘weave’: njya-te ........................................................ ukӻ ‘(be)sprinkle’: -ukӻya-te ................................................ ud ‘moisten, wet’: udya-te ................................................... uӻ ‘scorch, burn’: -uӻya-te ................................................... k‫ݻ‬p ‘arrange, fit’: kalpya-te (-k‫ݻ‬pya-te) ................................. krnjҥ ‘burn’ (?) (of milk): krnjҥya-te .................................... cƗy ‘observe, respect’: -cƗyya-te ......................................... chad ‘cover, veil’: chƗdya-te ............................................... jval ‘burn, flame’: -jvƗlya-te ................................................ tࠝ (tޭr) ‘pass; overcome; save’: -tƯrya-te, -tƗrya-te ............... dabh ‘deceive’: dabhya-te ................................................... diĞ ‘point (out), prescribe, teach’: diĞya-te .......................... dih ‘smear’: dihya-te ............................................................ du (dnj) ‘burn’: dnjya-te ........................................................ dhƗv ‘rub’: -dhƗvya-te ......................................................... nam ‘bend, bow’: namyá-te ................................................. nud ‘push’: nudya-te ............................................................ pƯҥ ‘press, squeeze’: pƯҥya-te .............................................. prƯ ‘please’: prƯya-te (priya-te) ............................................. (pluӻ ‘burn’: ploӻya-te) ........................................................ (psƗ ‘chew’: -psƯya-te) ......................................................... 452 452 457 458 458 460 460 460 462 463 464 465 467 467 468 469 472 472 474 474 475 476 477 478 479 481 481 xvii bha(ñ)j ‘defeat, break’: bhajya-te ........................................ bhƗӻ ‘speak’: bhƗӻya-te ....................................................... bh‫ޛ‬j(j) ‘roast, parch’: bh‫ޛ‬j(j)ya-te ........................................ bhra߉Ğ ‘fall, miss’: bhra(߉)Ğya-te ...................................... mƯv ‘move, impel’: -mƯvya-te ............................................... muӻ ‘steal, rob’: muӻya-te ................................................... m‫ޛ‬t ‘destroy’: -m‫ޛ‬tya-te ....................................................... m‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘forget’: m‫ޛ‬ӻya-te ......................................................... yat ‘be/put in place’: -yƗtya-te ............................................. yabh ‘fuck, copulate’: yabhya-te, yƯyapsya-te ...................... 2 yƗ (Ư) ‘implore, request’: Ưya-te ........................................... raj ‘colour, become red’: rajya-te, lajja-te ........................... ribh ‘creak, rasp (?); sing’: ribhya-te ................................... ruc ‘shine, glow’: rocya-te .................................................. (vip ‘tremble’: vepya-te) ...................................................... viӻ ‘be active’: viӻya-te ........................................................ v‫ޛ‬h (b‫ޛ‬h) ‘tear (off)’: -v‫ޛ‬hya-te (-b‫ޛ‬hya-te) .......................... vlƯ (plƯ, blƯ) ‘oppress; collapse’: vlƯya-te (-plƯya-te) .............. ĞlƗgh ‘laud, brag’: ĞlƗghya-te .............................................. 2 sidh ‘repel’: -sidhya-te ....................................................... 2 snj ‘generate, bear, beget’: snjya-te ...................................... 2 s‫‘ ޛ‬stretch’: -sriya-te, -sƗrya-te ........................................... styƗ ‘become coagulated, stiff’: -styƗya-te .......................... sthƗ ‘stand’: sthƯya-te, sthƗpya-te ......................................... sphƗ ‘fatten, swell; prosper’: -sphƗya-te (sphƯya-te) ............ sm‫‘ ޛ‬remember’: smarya-te ................................................. hi(ӛ)s ‘injure, harm’: -hiӛsyamƗna- .................................. 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 487 488 488 494 497 498 499 499 500 501 503 507 507 508 510 511 512 514 515 516 V. Active -ya-presents ................................................................. as ‘throw, shoot’: ás(i)ya-ti/te ................................................ Ɨr ‘recognize, treat as an Ɨrya’: (-)Ɨrya-ti ........................... 2 iӻ ‘send, dispatch, impel’: íӻya-ti/(te) ................................... Ưrӻ ‘be/become angry’: ޳rӻya-ti ............................................ uc ‘be/become accustomed to, take pleasure’: -ucya-ti ....... kup ‘be/become angry, quake’: kupya-ti ............................. k‫ޛ‬Ğ ‘be/become lean’: k߁Ğya-ti ............................................. krudh ‘be/become angry’: krúdhya-ti/(te) ............................. kӻƗ ‘burn’: kӻޫya-ti ............................................................. kӻudh ‘be/become hungry’: kӻúdhya-ti ............................... 517 517 522 523 527 528 530 531 531 532 534 xviii (gƗ ‘sing’: gޫya-ti/te) ............................................................ g‫ޛ‬dh ‘be/become greedy, eager, hanker’: g߁dhya-ti ............ glƗ ‘be/become weary, relax’: glޫya-ti ................................ jas ‘disappear, get lost’: -jasya-ti ........................................ jࠝ ‘grow old, decay, age, wear (out)’: j޽rya-ti, j޳rya-ti/(te) .... 2 tan(i) (stan(i)) ‘thunder’: tanya-ti ......................................... tami ‘be/become exhausted, out of breath’: tƗmya-ti/(te) ...... tuӻ ‘be satisfied, be pleased’: tuӻya-ti .................................. t‫ޛ‬p ‘be/become satisfied, pleased, satiated’: t߁pya-ti/(te) ....... t‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘be/become thirsty, thirst’: t߁ӻya-ti ................................. tࠝ (t޷r) ‘surpass, overcome’: tnjrya-ti ................................... dami ‘control, restrain (oneself)’: dޫmya-ti ......................... das ‘waste, become exhausted’: dásya-ti ............................. 1 dƯ ‘fly’: d޳ya-ti/(te) ................................................................ dƯv ‘play’: d޳vya-ti/te ............................................................. duӻ ‘spoil’: duӻya-ti, dnjӻya-te .............................................. d‫ޛ‬p ‘be/become bewildered, mad, ignorant’: d߁pya-ti ......... d‫ޛ‬h ‘be/become firm’: d߁hya-ti/(te) ....................................... druh ‘deceive, be/become deceitful’: drúhya-ti .................. dhyƗ ‘think of, meditate, contemplate’: dhyޫya-ti/(te) .......... dhvaӛs ‘become ruined, corrupted’: -dhvasya-ti ................ 1 naĞ ‘perish, disappear’: náĞya-ti/(te) .................................... 2 naĞ (aĞ) ‘reach’: -áĞyant- (/-aĞ[nu]vant-) .......................... nah (nadh) ‘tie, bind’: náhya-ti/te ........................................ n‫ޛ‬t ‘dance’: n߁tya-ti/(te) ......................................................... paĞ ‘see’: páĞya-ti/te ............................................................. 1 pƗ ‘protect’: *pޫya-ti (?) .................................................... pis ‘prosper’: písya-ti ........................................................... 2 pƯ (pƯy) ‘blame, revile, scorn, speak evil’: p޳ya-ti ............... puӻ ‘prosper; (make prosper)’: púӻya-ti/(te) .......................... 2 pnj ‘stink, rot, be/become putrid’: p޽ya-ti ........................... (praj(j) ‘end, stop’ (of web warp): -p‫ޛ‬j(y)a-ti/(te)) ................ pruӻ ‘sprinkle, spurt’: -pruӻya-ti ......................................... (bh‫ޛ‬j(j) ‘roast’: bh‫ޛ‬j(j)yéyuҽ) ............................................. mƗd ‘be/become drunk, intoxicated; inebriate’: mޫdya-ti ... muh ‘be/become confused, err’: múhya-ti ........................... m‫ޛ‬c ‘be/become hurt, damaged’: -m‫ޛ‬cya-ti ......................... (m‫ޛ‬t (mrit, mlit) ‘damage, destroy’: -mrityét, -mrityeyuҽ) med ‘be/become fat’: médya-ti ............................................ 535 535 536 536 538 541 543 544 545 548 549 550 551 554 556 560 562 563 564 565 568 569 570 572 578 580 583 584 584 586 590 592 594 594 595 596 597 598 599 xix mlƗ ‘wither, relax’: mlޫya-ti ................................................ yas ‘be/become heated, boil’: -yásya-ti ............................... yudh ‘fight’: yúdhya-ti/te ...................................................... ran(i) (raӟ(i)) ‘rejoice’: ráӟya-ti ............................................ randh ‘be/become subject’: rádhya-ti/(te) ............................. (ras: -rasya-) ....................................................................... 2 rƗ ‘bark’: rޫya-ti ................................................................ riӻ ‘be hurt, injured; injure’: ríӻya-ti/(te) ............................... rup ‘suffer (stomach) pain’: rúpya-ti ................................... lubh ‘be/become disturbed, confused’: lúbhya-ti ................ 2 vƗ ‘wane, fade, vanish’: vޫya-ti/(te) ..................................... 1 vƗ ‘blow’: vƗya-ti/te (/ vޫti etc.) .......................................... vyadh ‘pierce, shoot’: vídhya-ti/(te) ....................................... Ğami ‘be/become extinguished, appeased’: Ğޫmya-ti/(te) ....... ĞVmya-ti ‘prepare for sacrifice’ ..................................... Ğuc ‘(flame up); suffer, pain’: Ğúcya-ti ................................ Ğu(n)dh ‘become pure, clean’: Ğudhya-ti/te, Ğodhya-te .......... Ğuӻ ‘be/become dry, dry (up)’: Ğúӻya-ti/(te) ........................... ĞyƗ ‘congeal, coagulate, freeze’: Ğyޫya-ti ............................ Ğrami ‘become weary; toil’: Ğrޫmya-ti ................................. ĞrƗ ‘become ready’: Ğrޫya-ti ............................................... Ğliӻ (Ğriӻ) ‘adhere, stick, clasp, embrace’: Ğlíӻya-ti/(te) .......... ĞvƗ (Ğnj) ‘swell’: -Ğnjya-ti ...................................................... sƗdh / 1sidh ‘succeed, be successful’: sídhya-ti ................... sƯv ‘sew, stitch’: s޳vya-ti/(te) .................................................. stƗ (tƗ) ‘steal, act secretly’: *(s)tޫya-ti ................................ srƯv (ĞrƯv) ‘be aborted’: srƯvya-ti .......................................... svid ‘sweat’: svidya-ti .......................................................... hari (2h‫‘ )ޛ‬enjoy; wish’: hárya-ti/(te) .................................... h‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘be/become excited’: h‫ޛ‬ӻya-ti ....................................... 599 600 601 604 606 608 608 609 612 612 613 615 616 618 624 629 630 634 636 638 641 642 645 646 648 649 650 652 652 659 VI. Cyáti presents ........................................................................ chƗ ‘cut [skin], flay’: -ch(i)yá-ti ........................................... 2 dƗ ‘bind, tie’: -d(i)yá-ti 3/4 dƗ (/ 1/2day) ‘destroy, cut (in pieces)’: -dyá-ti/(te) .............. ĞƗ ‘sharpen, hone’: (-)Ğ(i)yá-ti/(te) (-s(i)ya-ti) ........................... sƗ (si) ‘bind’: -s(i)yá-ti/(te) ..................................................... 661 661 663 675 677 xx PART C. A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF -YA-PRESENTS I. Morphophonological classes of -ya-stems ............................... I.1. Roots from which middle -ya-presents are derived ............ I.2. Roots from which active -ya-presents are derived ............. I.3. Remarks on phonological types of the root structures in -ya-presents ..................................................................... II. Semantics of -ya-presents ....................................................... II.1. Passive -yá-presents .......................................................... II.1.1. A synopsis ................................................................ II.1.2. Semantics of -yá-passives ........................................ II.1.2.1. Passives derived from primary verbs ............... II.1.2.2. Passives derived from causatives ..................... II.1.2.3. Passives derived from desideratives ................ II.1.2.4. Passives derived from denominatives and quasi-denominatives .......................................... II.1.3. Syntax of passive constructions, objecthood and transitivity ......................................................... II.1.3.1. Passives of ‘two pattern’ verbs ........................ II.1.3.2. Passivization test and transitivity of compounds II.1.3.3. Other non-direct accusative objects ................. II.2. Non-passive middle -ya-presents with stable (root) accentuation ........................................................ II.2.1. A synopsis ................................................................ II.2.2. Semantics of middle ҽ-ya-presents ........................... II.2.3. Non-passive -ya-presents with suffix accentuation: the type mriyáte ............................................................. II.3. Middle -ya-presents with fluctuating accentuation ........... II.3.1. A synopsis ................................................................ II.3.2. Accentual patterning of ҽ-yá-presents ...................... II.3.2.1. General rule ..................................................... II.3.2.2. Exceptions ....................................................... II.3.2.3. Semantically motivated accent shifts ............... II.3.2.4. History of the problem ..................................... II.3.3. Semantics of ҽ-yá-presents ....................................... II.3.4. Remarks on the syntax of ҽ-yá-presents ................... II.3.5. Paradigmatic features ............................................... II.3.6. Phonological similarity ............................................ II.3.7. Accent fluctuation in a diachronic perspective ........ 683 683 687 688 691 691 691 695 695 696 699 701 701 701 703 704 705 705 706 707 709 709 710 710 713 715 715 716 718 719 719 720 xxi II.4. Unaccented middle -ya-presents: reconstructing accentuation 721 II.5. Active -ya-presents ........................................................... 723 II.6. The type syáti .................................................................... 725 III. Transitivity alternations and paradigmatic oppositions within the system of -ya-presents ....................................... 726 III.1. Transitive counterparts of -ya-passives ........................... 726 III.2. Transitive-causative counterparts of middle non-passive -ya-presents ........................................................................ 727 III.3. Transitive-causative counterparts of active intransitive -ya-presents ........................................................................ 729 III.4. -yá-passives corresponding to transitive ҽ-ya-presents .... 730 IV. Remarks on paradigmatic properties of -ya-presents ............ 732 IV.1. The defective paradigm of -yá-passives in early Vedic 732 IV.2. Non-passive -ya-presents: paradigm and nominal derivatives ........................................................................... 735 V. -ya-passives and other passive formations ............................. 738 V.1. -yá-passives and other presents in the passive usage ........ 738 V.2. -ya-presents and associated aorists ................................... 740 V.2.1. Middle -ya-presents, -i-aorists and sigmatic aorists 740 V.2.2. Active -ya-presents and thematic aorists .................. 744 V.3. Perfects and statives in the passive usage ......................... 744 V.4. Middle futures in the passive usage .................................. 745 VI. Diathesis fluctuations in -ya-presents ................................... 746 VI.1. Active forms in the paradigm of middle -ya-presents ..... 746 (1) Forms with unmotivated diathesis change .................... 747 (2) Secondary transitives .................................................... 748 VI.2. Middle forms in the paradigm of active -ya-presents ...... 748 VI.2.1. Functional opposition ............................................. 748 VI.2.2. Semantic analogy .................................................... 749 VII. Vedic -ya-presents in a diachronic perspective .................... 751 VII.1. Vedic -ya-presents: main developments within the historical period .................................................................................. 751 VII.2. Remarks on the origin and genesis of -ya-presents ........ 758 VII.2.1. Possible sources of the present suffix -ya- ............ 758 VII.2.2. The original accentuation of (middle) -ya-presents 759 VII.2.3. Evidence for heterogeneous origin of -ya-presents 761 VII.2.4. Remarks on possible sources of the Vedic -ya-presents 763 xxii APPENDICES I. Post-Vedic -ya-presents: a selection ........................................ Ưkӻ ‘perceive, look’: Ưkӻya-te ................................................ kal ‘drive’: -kƗlya-te ............................................................ kӻal ‘wash’: -kӻƗlyamƗna- .................................................. kӻip ‘throw’: kӻipya-te ......................................................... cint ‘think, consider’: cintya-te ............................................ cud ‘impel’: codya-te ‘be prescribed, enjoined’ .................. ji ‘defeat, win, overpower’: -jƯya-te ..................................... dh‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘dare’: -dh‫ޛ‬ӻyamƗӟa- ................................................. (bhƯ ‘fear’: bhƯya-te) ............................................................ bhnj ‘become’: -bhnjya-te, -bhnjya-ti ...................................... bhram ‘wander, move (chaotically), err’: bhrƗmya-te/(ti) .... mnƗ ‘mention’: -mnƗya-te ................................................... rakӻ ‘protect’: rakӻya-te ...................................................... ram ‘come to peace, stop; be satisfied’: ramya-te ............... riph ‘snarl’: riphya-te .......................................................... ruj ‘hurt’: -rujya-te .............................................................. lakӻ ‘mark, indicate, designate’: lakӻya-te ........................... likh ‘scratch, scrape’: -likhya-te .......................................... vadh (badh) ‘slay, kill’: vadhya-te ...................................... viĞ ‘enter’: -veĞya-te ............................................................. v‫ޛ‬ӻ ‘rain’: -v‫ޛ‬ӻya-te .............................................................. Ğak ‘be able to (do)’: Ğakya-te .............................................. Ğap ‘curse’: Ğapya-te ............................................................ ĞƗs ‘order’: ĞƗsya-te, Ğiӻya-te ................................................ snƗ ‘bathe’: snƗya-te ............................................................ snih ‘stick, be sticky’: snihya-ti/(te) ...................................... sraӛs ‘fall asunder, break down’: -srasya-te ....................... II. Vedic quasi-denominatives and their passives ....................... III. -yá-passives and other formations attested in the passive usage: a synopsis .............................................................................. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Texts ........................................................................................ II. Secondary literature ................................................................ Abbreviations .............................................................................. 767 767 768 768 769 770 770 770 771 771 772 773 775 775 777 777 778 778 779 779 780 780 780 781 781 782 782 783 785 797 801 825 923 xxiii INDICES Index verborum ........................................................................... Index locorum ............................................................................. Index rerum ................................................................................. 929 951 990