University of Belgrade, Faculty of M ining and Geology,
Department of Mining, Belgrade
Technical university of Kosice, BERG faculty.
Institute of Geotourism, Kosice
MINING IN THE CENTRAL EUROPE
THROUGH HISTORY
Editors:
prof. Jacek Engel
prof. Miloš Grujić
prof. Pavol Rybar
Belgrade - Kosice
2010
f fhc
l-^ uropc rhroiii^Ji H i s t o r v
31
HUMAN CAPITAL AND SERBIAN MINING:
H ISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
G ordana G arić Petrović, M adeta P etrovič
H istojy histitute, Belgrade, Serbia
The term h u m an c a p it a l, a lt h o u g h d e f i n e d a s e a r ly a s 1 8 * c e n tu r y b y A d a m S m ith ,
attracted sig n ific a n t a tt e n ti o n o f s c i e n ti s ts , p r i m a r i ly e c o n o m is ts , o n ly in th e m id 20" century, w h e r e a s a t th e o n s e t o f th e n e w m ill e n n iu m it b e c a m e th e ce n tra l
subject o f th e g lo b a l d e b a te
on
th e
f a c to r s
o f e c o n o m ic
g r o w th a n d re la te d
phenomena an d u p h e a v a ls in c o n t e m p o r a r y s o c ie tie s .
New econom ic a n d s o c ia l th e o r ie s a s c r ib e p a r t ic u l a r p r o m in e n c e to th e p o te n tia l o f
eveiy in d iv id u al, a n d p e r c e i v e th e i r k n o w le d g e , s k ills a n d e x p e r ie n c e n o t o n ly as
the basis fo r p e rs o n a l a d v a n c e m e n t a n d e c o n o m ic p r o s p e r ity b u t a ls o as th e b asis
for a general a d v a n c e m e n t o f th e s o c ie ty a n d c o u n try ' w h e r e th e y live.^
Human cap ital, a n d its r o le in e c o n o m i c d e v e lo p m e n t o f c e r ta in fie ld s , u se d to be
an exclusive re s e a r c h
s u b j e c t o f th e h is to r i a n s d e a lin g w ith th e m o d e rn age.
However, a n u m b e r o f h is to r i c a l p h e n o m e n a , I p r im a r ily r e f e r h e re to th e on es
related to e c o n o m y a n d m i g r a t io n s o f p o p u la t io n m a y b e p r o p e r ly o b s e rv e d o n ly if
human capital is ta k e n in to c o n s i d e r a t io n . T h e y d e f in ite ly in c lu d e th e h isto ric a l
development o f m in in g a n d m i n in g - r e la t e d m e ta llu r g y .
fhe estab lish m en ts o f th e n e w s i lv e r m in e in N o r th e r n B r ita in in 1133 a n d a n o th e r
one in 1170 n e a r F r e ib e r g , in S a x o n y , m a r k e d th e o u tb r e a k o f a n o th e r e p o c h in the
history' o f E u ro p e a n m in in g ." It a n n o u n c e d th e m ig r a tio n o f S a x o n m in e rs th at
initiated the d e v e lo p m e n t o f m i n in g in th e o r e - f o r m in g r e g io n s in th e C e n tra l an d
'W h -E a s te ra E u ro p e . T h e d ir e c ti o n o f s u c h m ig r a tio n s w a s n o t c o n d itio n e d b y the
‘- e l o f ec o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f c e r t a in a r e a s , a s it is th e c a s e to d a y , b u t by th e
^
Keeiey, Human capital; H ow what you know shapes your life, O EC D . 2007, 3; Dictionary o f
A (k C Black; L ondon, 2 0 0 6 . 93 , 215.
Blanchard, Mining. M etallurgy and M inting in the M iddle A ges. vol. 2, Afro-European
^-Premacy, 1125-1225. Stuttgart ; Stainer, 2 0 0 1 , 687; The Cam bridge Econom ic History o f Europe.
2, Trade and Industry in the M iddle A g es, ed. M. M. Postan and E. Miller. C am bndge Universilv
1 Ш .6 9 9 .
32
G. Garić Pcfrovič, К
Pelrović, шИ п а и Cufyifal ancJ Srrhtan Ми,ц
ric h n e s s o f n a tu ra l re s o u rc e s .'' T h e ir s c o p e w a s r e la tiv e ly s m a ll a n d in clu d ed only,
n a rro w c ir c le o f p o p u la tio n th a t p u rs u e d th e s a m e p r o f e s s i o n a n d o w n e d specif,^
s p e c ia liz e d k n o w le d g e . G r o u p s o f sk ilfu l m in e rs a n d m in in g e n tr e p re n e u rs carried
w ith th e m s e lv e s , as th e m o s t p re c io u s v a lu e , n e w m in in g m e th o d s a n d technology
th a n k s to w h ic h th e y fo r m e d e th n ic a l a n d p r o f e s s io n a l
p riv ile g e d sta tu s w dthin th e re c e iv in g societies."^
c o m m u n itie s with a
T h e S a x o n m in e rs w h o c a m e to th e re g io n o f S e r b ia e s ta b lis h e d th e ir settlements
an d in itia te d m in in g a c tiv ity in a re g io n w h ic h h a d a lr e a d y b e e n m a rk e d by a longla s tin g m in in g tra d itio n . T h e lo c a litie s lik e R u d n a g la v a in E a s te r n S erb ia and
P rlju s a - M a li S tu ra c o n R u d n ik M o u n ta in , h a d th e c o n tin u ity o f m in in g activity
th a t w 'ent b a c k to th e p re h is to r ic a n d a n c ie n t p e r io d .“ R o m a n P ro v in c e o f Upper
M e s ia th a t s tre tc h e d o v e r a g re a t p a rt o f to d a y 's S e rb ia w a s w id e ly -k n o w n as the
m in in g p ro v in c e . T h e tra c e s o f th e R o m a n m in in g a n d m e ta llu rg ic a l activ ity are
still v isib le on K o s m a j, A v a la , R u d n ik , K o p a o n ik , in E a s te r n Serbia.^’ B a se d on the
u p -to -d a te re s e a rc h e s , th e e x a c t r e la tio n b e tw e e n th e n u m b e r o f n e w ly opened
m in e s a n d th e a n c ie n t m in e s w h e re S a x o n s r e s u m e d th e p ro d u c tio n c a n n o t be
■ ' New emigration flows, emerged in a process linked to economic development, bring people from
countries in the earliest stages o f industrialization to post-industrial societies. See D.S. .Massey. J. Arango,
G. Hugo. A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegiino. J. E. Taylor. Worlds in motion: understanding international migration
at the end o f millennium, Oxford University Press. 2005, 2; T. Hammar, K. Tomas. Why do People Go or
Stay, International Migration. Immobility and Development, Berg, 1997. I.
Medie\ al mining community was generally a sort of state within a state, witli its own laws and regulations.
Tlie first code o f which we have direct e\'idence is for Trent. The most influential codes were Iglau codes
\4hich left their trace on mining communities in Germany. Hungary, Transylvania and Venetian Republic. See
Tire Cambridge Economic Historv' o f Europe, vol. 2. 713. 715-716.
The Charter on Saxon miners’ pri\fleges in Serbia has not survived. From the later .sources we can conclude
that the Saxon incomers enjoyed personal freedoms and freedom of confession, as well as tire right to search
for ore deposits and extract the ore. Town organization o f the Saxon type was present in minimg settlements
such as Bi-sko\o. No\'o Brdo. Srebrenica Fojnica and 01o\o. See P.T.vk, .До каз Caca n ycnon Б р ск ов а
тСаро срп к о р>ардств о, лагр:оеБ В \ к воа з а
1>'жибна Нвои ;даС Прометј, 2002. 29-31.
Tire mine Rudna Glava in the \ icinity o f Majdanpek dates back to the early stage o f Gradac phase of
Vinca culture. This archaeo-nretallurgical locality is one o f the most importarrt vantage points o f lire llrcoiy
according to which the primary' metallurgy o f the South-Eastern Europe stemmed from the autochthonous
basis o f the early Eneolithic period. See .Б .1онва
.вћно
А е р т а х о ч у р м ш к а и с иа з ш т а
- ш к с и а к т е г о р и ја
т р у и х кл д о б а р .
С аоп ш тењ а 37-3S (2005-2006): 212.
,At mountain Rudnik, during the prehestoric age, the first core to he extracted was rock-ciystal. and
afterwards oxide and sulfide copper ores. Ore deposits at the locality o f Prljusa - Mali Sturac are a unique
occurance in prehestoric mining, since we find extraction o f both metal and non-metal raw material at one
locality. See .Б оЈв ап и.ћ
у р ш љП а
- Main турШац, рПа и с т о р и с к ру О и к б а к р а u огкрс
к р и с т а ш а н Р у б и к,
бЗор ни к раовд Н ар онд г .мајезу у ачЧк у 18 (1988):
5-12: .Б Јов ан и ћ. Д
Ми н ћ. .Д М р к об,р ад
енци пСом с т а р о г р у да р с т е а u е м п ш у р г и ј е и а .т к ч нОуР
Г ш с н и к CpnCKOi
ар хеол ш к ог урдш тв а 4 (1987); 49.
‘ S. Dusanic. Roman mining in Ulyricnm: HisioricaJ aspects. Dali' Adriatieo al Danubio-L'lllinco nellco
intemazionale, Cividale del Fnuli, 25-27 seUembre 2003, Pisa; EdiaoW
d o n ly ,
c a rr ie d
n o lo g v
\^ ith 'a
-pvolatoi) d e te rm in e d , to r all m e d i e \a l m in e s in the lerritory o f contempv^rarN
wore lo c a te d o n th e o re d e p o s its th at had b een w id ely -k n o w n and exploited
in the ancient p e rio d . In a d d itio n , th e u p -t0 4 la te re se a rc h e s have failed to re\eal
|e\el o f d e \e l o p m e n t o f m in in g a n d m e tallu rg y in M ed iev al Serbia prior to the
fir^t half o f the 13 " c e n tu ry a n d th e a m v a l o f S ax o n s.
The
Slavs \\ ho in h a b ite d th e B a lk a n s w ere to c ertain ex ten d know ledgeablc of diegin^
and processing m in e ra ls a n d m etals, prim arily iron, and such know ledge was
undoubtedly im prox e d to a c e rta in d e g re e in the co u rse o f many centuries.^ The unique
growth of this e c o n o m ic fie ld w as in itia te d only by estab lish m en t o f the first Saxon
mining settlem ents a n d o^xening o f new . that is. resto ratio n o f old. mining depxxsiis,
whemas it reached its c lim a x in th e first h a lf o f the 15^‘ century w hen the great pan of
sil\er in W estem E iiropx' o rig in a te d fro m th e m in e pits in Serbia and B o sn ia/ The bas<.'
of such dex e lo p m en t re s te d at th e adx a n c e d m in in g teehnologx w hose principles were
introduced in S erb ia by S a x o n s. T h e in c re a se o f prcxiuction m ade the local fx^pul.ition
more fam iliar w itii th e n e c e ssa ry ' m in in g know led g e an d it w as becom ing increasingh
significant w ithin th is e c o n o m ic field , w hile, sim u lta n e o u sly , the p iw e s s o f slavioaiion
of the originally e th n ic a lly
p u re c o m m u n ity o f G e rm a n settlers w as in progress:
whereas in the late M id d le A g e s a n d th ro u g h o u t the p eriixi o f the O ttom an domin.itioii
(he word Saxon Ix x 'am e th e s y n o n y m fo r a m in er. ''
The pen etratio n
developed
o f th e
m e d ie x a l
O tto m a n s
S e r b ia n
in to
m in in g
th e
in to
S o u th -E a s te rn
th e
m a jo r
E u ro p e turned the
O tto m an
m ining
.uxl
(' ImpKOBuh. Р уид и u pyi\)p cK u niKvnH^iL
e'rapv'' е р п с к о p\ lapci
b o . 50.
t'rap o с р п с к о py 'UiperBO. IS
The .silver exports from Serbian and Bosnian m ines pro\id ed the mamsi.w oi Ти ^лмп s'.’o oi
.''lipplies in the late I4‘*4'entiir\ and during ihe first h alf o f the 15 ' eem in \. l\'s.inka kov.KO\re Ke ie
was the tlrst scholar to point out the sig n ifiea n ee o f the output o f the.se mme.v for the TTnoiv.m nxusei
ofpreeious metals in her work P a n s la Sarhla <7 la Pasait' >fh\lii'va!(s:
*4:*h's .O'' t J а . е х с ' '..
Aimales. Heonomies. S o cieles. C iv ilisa tio n s. \o l. 15. no, 2
248 Г55 Aeeoiding to the tmde.'gs
of her latest re.seareh during eei tain d ecad es o f the fifteenth eentury, the annual output ot sioei .ir.d
wld in Serbian and Bosnian m ines could not h.w e been below thirtx tons, гД KoBaMeHuh Komh.
OmcKo cpcnpo It n a m o v capoi'uKi]] п / у о и i \ l \
Х \' auwsK laipona w ^.'р.и е beoipwi
ик еј р о т е И m ic im y r . llo im t'a i: 1 Ipanoe uuma pen.
1U0(>, |(ч^;
v .to.v'..
' P. l i \ K. А п т и ч ко u с .и њ г и с к о H iicjch c,
t^luntttUHithti cf\'o/4i, Chapo е р п е к о p\ iapciH(>. I IS;
lilrttt, I t s
p*YCa u\ »ic
o
loopmiK pa ioH.i H ioam o.iou iK or im evu rxia 41
BU 'O .ff .Mvwh
itHidest estimates o f 10 and 8.5 lt>ns are g i\e n b\ Sm ia C iik oxie (S. r'nkoMO. Uw' rioduvUou oi
f'Bld. SiKer and Copper m the Central P ails o f the Balkans from the l.'th to the iMh Ceniuw. 1
metals m the age o f expansum ; p ap eis o f the W i t h Iniernaiional ("onress of the Ih.stor. Sciences. vO
Hornianii K ellenhen/. Stiiiigail: Klell (foita. P>Sl, 5.V) and I. Blanchard d Blancluud.
^It'hillutyY atul M iming in th r M u U I y .Agtw. \o l, 3. (AuUinumg Afro 1ч и о |ч \\п v^upumucN,
StuUgarl; Stainer, 2 0 0 5 . 102 П f o r ouifnit o f Balka n m ines duung the Ottoman
Miiiphoy, Silver PritJin'liint in Rnm elia \a i\n \h n y
um (
(
^itonian Repart i .'•< '• C tC . Si.v
j'n!sduingen39(P)80): 7 5 0 0 4 .
b h\K.
(\jCit ii w non Р р а к(н и п
Chapo epncKo p\ laperuo. 29
G. G a r i ć P e t r o v i č , V’. P e l r o v i ć , И и п ш п C a p i t o l a n d
34
Ser bi an
m e t a ll u r g i c a l p r o d u c t io n in th e B a lk a n s w h o s e im p o r t to W e s te rn Europe
d is c o n t i n u e d a lo n g w ith th e p r e c i o u s m e ta ls tra d in g .^ ^ T h e d e p le tio n o f the old j!"*
m in e s a n d e x c lu s io n o f B o s n ia a n d S e r b ia f r o m th e W e s t E u r o p e a n p recio u s rnet^
m a r k e t w a s o v e r c o m e b y th e in tr o d u c tio n o f th e n e w te c h n o l o g y fo r processin
p o ly - m e t a ll ic a n d lo w - g r a d e - s i lv e r o r e s k n o w n a s Saigerprozess^"
A lo n g w ith th e new ' b o o m in th e C e n tr a l E u r o p e a n m e t a ll u r g y , a f t e r th e initial wap
d r iv e n c r i s is , n o t o n ly d id th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f o ld m i n in g c e n tr e s in Serbia агкј
o th e r E u r o p e a n r e g io n s o f th e O tto m a n E m p ir e c o n ti n u e , b u t a n u m b e r of ч е п
m in e s ,
lik e
M a jd a n p e k ,
K u č a jn a
and
B ah,
in
th e
S a n ja k
o f S m ederevo, or
Ć e lu s n i c a . in th e B e r k o v ic a K a d ilu k , a n d M o d a v a in R o m a n i a w e re established.
A t th e s a m e tim e , th e k n o w le d g e o f S e rb ia n m in e r s b e c a m e h ig h ly v a lu e d in mine':
a c r o s s th e O tto m a n E m p ir e . T h e r e f o r e , th e R u m e lia n m in e r s re s u m e d th e operation
o f th e s i lv e r m in e in th e r e m o te S h ir v a n , A z e rb a ija n .'"^
D u r in g th e O tto m a n c o n q u e s ts , S e rb ia n m in e r s a n d m e ta llu r g is ts fell am ong the
m ost
s k ilf u l
and
m o s t e x p e r ie n c e d
m in e rs
o f th e
p e r io d .
T h e ir sh afts were
s o m e tim e s u p to 1 9 0 m e te r s d e e p a n d h a d th e d r a in a g e f a c ilitie s a n d ventilation
s y s te m s . T h e y a p p lie d a n a u th e n tic m e th o d b y w h ic h th e r o c k s w e re w arm ed by
fire a n d r a p id ly c o o le d b y w a te r, w h ic h m a d e th e m c ra c k . G o ld w a s se p a ra te d from
s ilv e r , w ith th e h e lp o f a c i d s . T h e s ig n ific a n t e v id e n c e o n m e ta llu rg ic a l skill is the
c o m p o s itio n o f th e s la g f r o m th e o re d e p o s it n e a r J a n je v o a n d N o v o B rd o th at does
n o t c o n ta in le a d a n d p r e c io u s m e ta ls , a lth o u g h th e g r e a t q u a n titie s o f le a d o re with
a d m ix tu r e s o f g o ld a n d s ilv e r w e re p ro c e s s e d th e re . A c c o r d in g to V a s ilije Simic.
w 'et s e p a r a tio n o f o re s w a s fo r th e firs t tim e a p p lie d in th e S e rb ia n o re deposits
p r o b a b ly in th e e a rly 15* c e n tu ry '.'^ T h e w a te ф o w 'e r w a s a ls o u se d fo r orec r u s h in g , ir o n - f o r g in g , a n d b e ll o w ’s b lo w in g .'^
‘ During the reign o f sultan .Mehrned the government brought in restrictions on transportation and
exchange o f specie by merchants and other private individuals. In the same lim e exports ol specie and
output o f silver m ines u'ere prohibited. See S. Pamuk. A M onetary H istory o f the Ottoman Empire
London; Cambridge U niversity Press, 2000, 44-45.
I. Blanchard, Mining, M etallurgy and Minting in the M iddle Ages, vol. 3. 972. 1071
(7 KaTHh, сИ т о р и ј а pyoapcm ea u Menuuypruje y О а сим к о м ц а р е т в
у (na у ј е м ж Ј П
е с Ом е р е в с к о е с а п и а к а ) .
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University o f Belgrade. 20(Ј5, 47.
'^4hid.(A.
C. и Ћ р к о в и ћ ,
Ј^ибаоцк,т иовцЈ, уд х о в п и ц : р Ду ш т в а с р е О /п о а е ко
а н о . ' Е с и ка п .
HcoipiU
ESquilibrium, 1 9 9 7 ,7 6 .
V. Sim ić, h lo risk i razvoj na<eg rudarstva, Beograd; Savct /а energetiku i ekstraktivnu indust n)i;
V lade FNRJ, 1 9 5 1 ,4 2 -4 4 .
The remains of hydrotcchnical structures, which consist o f a net o f vads and pipc-im cs, lone
fifty kilom etres, are situated in the vicinity o f Plana, the most important m ining region on Kopaonil^
Mountain. S ee B. С и м и ћ ,
аи ,л П с р е О њ е а ко в н о н а с е љ pyckipcKe n/nwpeOe,
Е т н о г р са к ф о г и п с
1m y ia C M 1 4 -6 (1 9 5 5 -1 9 5 7 ): 114-115.
ш
flit' C e n t r a l E u r o p e t h r o u g h H is to r y '
35
Xhe skill o f S e rb ia n m in e r s b e c a m e p r o m in e n t a n d in g re a t d e m a n d th ro u g h o u t
Europe due to w h ic h th e A r a g o n r u l e r s , o n th e o c c a s io n o f th e a tte m p t at im p ro v in g
the mining a c tiv ity in th e i r K in g d o m , b e in g s h o r t o f th e ir o w n p ro fe ssio n a ls, w ere
nianv tim es o n th e lo o k o u t f o r s k ilfu l o r e - e x p e r ts a n d sm e lte rs fro m S erb ia and
Bosnia. R eliab le e v id e n c e s u g g e s ts th a t u p o n su c h c a ll f o u r re s id e n ts o f N o v o B rdo
embarked to S o u th e r n I ta ly in 1397.^^
However, the d e m a n d s f o r p ro f e s s io n a l la b o u r fo rc e w e re n o t still satisfied, therefore,
in 1452, A lfonso V se n t a re q u e s t to th e K in g S te fa n T o m a s o f B o sn ia and, three years
later, Serbian D e sp o t D ju ra d j B ra n k o v ić , a s k in g fo r sk ilfu l m in ers and sm elters.'^ It
was noted that A lfo n s o 's s u c c e s s o r F e rd in a n d I m o re th a n o n o n e o ccasio n w rote to the
two noblemen fro m N o v o B rd o , a d e p t in m a tte rs re g a rd in g m in in g w ork, inviting them
to Southern Italy. T h e y c h o s e n o t to a c c e p t th e s e in v ita tio n s in fear o f losing their
property at N o v o B rd o d u e to th a t. O n e o f th e m , Iv a n o r Jo v a n G ru b in ic, called Lapor,
is mentioned in a fe w s u r v iv in g d o c u m e n ts , w h ic h te stify to h is rath er developed
business relations e v e n w ith M u s lim s . A s a co m es o f T re p c a , he w as a lease-holder of
tolls in Serbia an d B o s n ia to g e th e r w ith th e T u r k A y a s fr o m D im itrovica."^
Regarding the fa c t th a t th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f S e r b ia n m in in g w a s a c c o m p a n ie d byactive p a rtic ip a tio n o f R a g u s a n s in th e tr a n s a c tio n s re la te d to n o t o n ly m etals
trading but in v e s tin g in m i n in g a n d m e ta llu r g ic a l p ro d u c tio n in th e in lan d o f the
Balkan P e n in su la a s w e ll, m a n y o f th e m b e c a m e e x c e lle n t m in in g an d sm elting
connoisseurs. T h e y w e r e p r i m a r i ly m e d ia to r s in f in d in g a n d e n g a g e m e n t o f m iners
but som etim es th e y w o u ld a ls o b e e m p l o y e d a s m in in g e x p e rts by fo re ig n rulers.
Thus, the B e n e d ic tin e B la s i u s D a lm a t ic u s f r o m D u b r o v n ik o ffe re d to a Saxon
prince to free h is tin m in e o f w a te r b y a m a c h in e w h ic h e m p lo y e d w e ig h ts an d not
man, horse o r w in d p o w e r.^ ^
S ic i li a n K in g F e r d in a n d I e n g a g e d in 1473 the
Ragu.san m a s te r M a r in D jo r d j ij e to w h o m , to g e t h e r w ith F ra n z M ic h a e lis, goes
much cred it fo r e s t a b li s h m e n t a n d a r r a n g e m e n t o f th e s ilv e r m in e s in C a la b ria ."
,
Along w ith th e ra p id te c h n o l o g ic a l a d v a n c e m e n t, m a r k e d b y th e m a s siv e use o f
Saiserprozess in C e n tr a l E u r o p e a n d p r o d u c t io n o f iro n in th e E n g lis h an d D u tch
blast fu rnaces, th e c o n q u e s t o f n o n - E u r o p e a n te r r ito r ie s b y tw o e m e rg in g em p ires,
‘Spain and R u s s ia , w a s
in itia te d .
N ew
te r r ito r ie s w ith
th e th e n im m e a su ra b le
resources sto o d a s b o th a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r e s ta b lis h in g g ro w in g e c o n o m ie s and a
М.
Д и н ,ћ /7?
с р п с ке и с т о р ц ј е с р е О њ е г в е к а ,
lin m h , op. cit. (n. 17), 4 8 1 -4 8 2 ; М .
а з и аздв љ с у и б е н и к а , I9 7 J , 189; М . С п р с м и ћ ,
'^Р^,ш с н о г
В е ог р с ч : B q u ilib riu m , 2 003, 469.
u А р а го и ц и
C u p cM u h , Ду б р о в н и к
Збо р м и к Ф и л о з о с ф к о г - аф к у л т е т а у B eorpieiy 15-1 (1
М. Д и н и ћ, о р . cil. (n. 17), 6 7 7 -6 7 8 .
В и р к о в и ћ,
Р а б о т п и ц и , в о ји ц и , ду х о в и ц и : р Д у ш т в а с р с д љ о в е к о б и
1997, 76.
^ ‘Simić, Istoriski razvoj našeg rudarstva, 45.
: (1442-1495), лагорсБ;
Ђ у р а ђ BpanKoeuh u кр п Ђ А ф ло и с
985); 139.
о г В с п ка н ,
B eotptcc
G. G a r i ć P c f r o v ić , V. P e l r o v i ć , H u m a n Capilai o n d Serhian Mini
Зо
c h a lle n g e u n d e r th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a r k e d b y th e d e f i c ie n c y o f p ro p e r tcchnologj^^
a n d p e o p le w h o k n e w h o w to a p p ly th e m . I v a n - th e - T e r r ib l e w a s th e first who irie^
to a ttr a c t f o r e ig n e x p e r ts a n d m in e r s f o r th e p u ip o s e o f s t im u la t in g th e developmcnj
o f R u s s ia n m in in g a n d ir o n - p r o d u c tio n .
T h e aiT ival o f E n g lis h m in e rs a n d G e rm a n m a s te r s f o r ir o n - p r o c e s s in g to Russi a
th e m id - 1 6 * c e n tu r y in d ic a te d th e o n s e t o f th e n e w e p o c h d u r in g w h ic h th e leading
ro le in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m e ta llu r g y w o u ld b e ta k e n o v e r b y f o r e ig n e rs and the
S tr o g a n o v family.^*^ U n til th e f ir s t m in in g s c h o o ls w e r e o p e n e d in th e beginning of
th e ru le o f P e te r th e G re a t, th e R u s s ia n m in in g p r o d u c tio n p r im a r ily relied on
h ig h ly s k ille d w o rk e rs f r o m d if f e r e n t E u r o p e a n m in in g r e g i o n s . E x p a n s i o n on the
new
te r r ito r ie s o f S ib e r ia a n d o p e n in g o f n u m e r o u s
new
m in e s w e re almost
im p o s s ib le w ith o u t im m ig r a tio n o f e x p e r t la b o u r f o r c e th r o u g h o u t all 18* century.
F o r e ig n e r s w e re u s e d , e s s e n tia lly , to f u r n is h c o m m e r c ia l c a p a c ity , te ch n ical and
o th e r s k ills w h ic h n a tiv e p o p u la tio n w a s u n a b le to p r o v id e .
D u r in g th e p e rio d o f th e o p e n in g o f p r o m in e n t T u la ir o n a n d s te e l p la tits (16321 6 6 7 )“^, P r in c e S te f a n M ilo r a d o v ić , S e rb ia n b y o r ig in , v is ite d
S e rb ia on two
o c c a s io n s , s e a r c h in g f o r m in e r s w h o h a d m a s te r e d th e s k ill o f o b ta in in g g o ld and
silver.On
th e o c c a s io n o f h is se c o n d v is it h e w a s s ta y in g in th e Studenica
m o n a s te ry th a t is lo c a te d o n th e tr ib u ta ry o f th e r iv e r I b a r a ls o c a lle d S tudenica."
P la n a is s itu a te d in th e v ic in ity o f th is m o n a s te ry . It is th e m a jo r o r e - f o r m in g area
Hans Stitte brought German craftsmen for iron manufacturing to R ussia in 1554. The Stroganovs
received rights to extract iron and other ore in Siberia in 1774. See The C am bridge Econom ic History
o f Europe, vol. 5, The Econom ic Organization o f Early Modern Europe, ed. E. E. Rich and C. H.
W ilson, Cambridge U niversity Press, 1977, 502.
The first school for education o f hom e m ining experts was opened in 1702 by Peter the Great. Tw o
years prior to that, he started a reform in the field o f m ining by creating ‘И р и к а з р у д о к о п и и х д с л ”.
Sec .К Н. Т р у б е ц к о и , Т. В. Г л е м б о ц к а л ,
300 гп ле аи днм и с т р а т и в н уо м у п р а ве лт и о copubiM
део мл в Pocciiu,
В е с т н и к О Г Г Г Г Н Р А Н 13/3(2000): 3-5.
R. Bartlett, Human Capital: the Settlement o f Foreign in Russia 1762-1804, C am bridge University
Press, 1979, 15.
Their founder was the Dutch merchant Vinius. See K). Г . Г а т и н с к и , M. A. Bи ш н e в c к a^,
Г о р н о д о б г в а т ц а л ompacлb Poccuii: om nepebixр у д о нз а
т г { е в do с о в р е пм и о п и ду с т р и (к 300ет ил к) г о р и о - г е о л г и ч в с к о п ус.л жб и ) ,
В е ст н и к О Г Т Н Р А Н 13/3(2000): 5.
in 1667 Russian Emperor A lexei M ikhailovich sent a request to the D uke o f S axon y asking for skilful
miners. During few next years the Emperors deputies were on the look ou t for m ining professionals
from various regions o f Europe and Asia. One o f them engaged som e experts from Saxon y in 1671.
A m ong them were one smelter and one silver-ore-expert. In 1674 the D uke o f S axon y promised to
send to Russia mathematicians, mining experts, artists and scholars. For foreign experts in Russia see
A. C. М у л к ж и н Ђ
Hpi Ђзд
и но ст ра нц в б Ђ
Ђв
М о с ко в с ко е г о с у да р с ш б о ,
С . П е т е р б у р п Ј 1909.
С . иД м и т р и ј е в и ћ ,
Гр а ђ а за с р п с к у и с т о р и ју из р у с к и х а р х и в а u б и бил о т
ека.
С и ом еи н к А КС
5 3 ( 1922): 142- 144.
For m ining in this region see V. B ogosavljević-P etrović, C o n ,in „ i,v o f M c ia llu rg v in ihc //’«'
Valley, M etalurgija - Journal o f M etallurgy. V ol. 12, N o.2-3 (2006): 129-144,
TV.
Mviins
r/ u’ C t ' n t m l E u r o p e t h r o u g h H i s t o t y
.37
of the K op ao n ik re g io n w h e re p o w d e r e d g o ld , o rd in a ry sliv e r, argentum tie glamtp
load, copper an d iro n w e re p r o d u c e d , w h ic h is e v id e n c e d by 2 7 0 0 m in in g pits and
iho rem nants o f 4 5 le a d , 2 9 iro n a n d 4 c o p p e r sm eltin g -fiirn aces."^ It is unknow n
whether the m in e rs w’h o n e g o tia te d w ith M ilo ra d o v ić , and w h o w ere w illing to leave
for Russia, did so, b u t it g o e s w ith o u t sa y in g th at this w as the last tim e that som ebody
interested in th e sk ills o f th e m in e rs fro m th is region. Political, econom ical and
technological sta g n a tio n o f th e O tto m a n E m p ire reflected on the state o f Serbian
mining. A fter the w a r d e v a s ta tio n s an d d ep o p u la tio n , effectu ated during the G reat
Turkish W ar, tiie m in in g in th e te irito ry o f th e th en S erbia, that had already been
drastically legging b e h in d th e m o st p ro s p e ro u s states, d id n o t m anage to recover all
until Serbia g ain ed
in d e p e n d e n c e
in
th e
19* cen tu ry ,
w hen
the
im petus for
development o f m in in g w a s p ro v id e d , o n c e ag a in , by the ex p erts from Saxony and its
famous Freiberg M in in g A cadem y.'^^
LITERATURE
[1] Roger B a rtle tt, H u m a n C a p ita l: the S e ttle m e n t o f F oreign in R ussia 1762-
1804, C a m b rid g e L In iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 7 9 .
[2] Ian B la n c h a rd , M in in g , M e ta llu rg y a n d M in tin g in the M iddle A ges, vol. 2.
28
A fro -E u ro p ean S u p r e m a c y , 1 1 2 5 -1 2 2 5 , S tu ttg a rt: S ta in e r 2 0 0 1 .
[3] Ian B la n c h a rd , M in in g , M e ta llu rg y a n d M in tin g in the M id d le A ges, vol. 3.
C ontinuing A f r o - E u r o p e a n S u p r e m a c y , 1 2 5 0 -1 4 5 0 , S tu ttg a rt: S tain er, 2005.
[4] V era B o g o s a v lje v ić - P e tr o v ić , C o n tin u ity o f M eta llu rg y in the Ibar Valley,
M etalu rg ija - J o u r n a l o f M e ta llu r g y , V o l. 12, N o .2 -3 (2 0 0 6 ); 129-144.
<h ttp ://m e ta lu rg ija .o rg .rs /m jQ m /v o ll2 /N Q % 2 0 2 - 3 /5 B Q g o s a v lje v ic .p d f>
[5] The C am bridge E c o n o m ic H isto ry o f E u ro p e, v o l. 2 , T ra d e a n d th e In d u stry in
the M id d le A g e s , e d . M . M . P o s ta n a n d E . M ille r, C a m b rid g e U n iv e rsity
Press, 1987.
[6] Ћ е C am bridge E c o n o m ic H isto ry o f E u ro p e,
v o l. 5, T h e E c o n o m ic
O rg an izatio n o f E a r ly M o d e r n E u r o p e , e d . E . E . R ic h a n d C. H . W ilso n ,
C am b rid g e U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 7 7 .
[7] Sima C irk o v ić , T h e P r o d u c tio n o f G old, S ilv e r a n d C o p p er in the Central
Parts o f the B a lk a n s fr o m th e 13th to th e 16rh C entury, P re c io s m etals in the
Р е ј о и за ц и ј а u к а р а к т е р и с т и к а с р е д њ е в е к о б н е р у д а р с к
е а т ед лн о с т и
у а с ти о б л
В е с и к З а в о д а з а г с о л о т к а и г с ои ф з и м к а и с т р а ж и в а њ а
I IP С р бм је 15 (1958): 361.
AVork on revival o f Serbian m inin g w as initiated in the year o f 1834, when the first contact was
made between Freiberg and Serbia. It w as then that Baron Herder, on the request of Prince Milos,
B.
,ићмС
,а к и оа по Р
presented the manner in w hich the m ines should be reconstructed and suggested the most needed
^’^pcrts. During the fo llo w in g year, he traveled across Serbia and made an extensive report on mining
resources and the con d ition o l’ m ines in Serbia. For this topic see V. Sim ic, Sciksonski rudari i
'^^darska akademija u E rajhergu ii ru darstvu Srbije, Rudarski glasnik 3 (1965): 85-94.
Cl. (Giinc р 1 П\)\Д
'S
.
a g e o f e x p a n s i o n : p a p e r s o f th e X \ ’Ith I n te r n a tio n a l C’o n re s s o f the ,цј Ц ^
S c ie n c e s , e d . H e r m a n n K e lle n b e n z , S tu ttg a r t: K le tt-U o tia , 1081, 4 i _(^9 '
(S )
Р а б о т и и и и , воЈи и , ду х о в и т ји : Др у к о п в о
С п м а Ћи р ко в и ћ,
с р с д њ о в е к о в и о г Бс п к а н а ,
[9 ]
Б е о г р а д : E q u ilib r iu m . 1097.
С и м а Ћ и р к о в и ћ , Д е с а н к а К о в а ч е в п ћ-К о ји ћ , Р у ж а Ћу
р уда р сг т о ,
к,
С т а р о п к ср
Б е о г р а д : В \ к о в а з а д у ж б и н а , Н о в и С а д : П р о м с т е ј , 20
б и б ли о т е к а ,
02.
Г р а ђ а з а с р п с к у и с т о р и ју и з р у с к и х архива u
[ 10] С т е в а н Д и м и т р п ј е в и ћ .
С п о м е н и к С К А 5 3 (1 9 2 2 ) .
[ 1 1 ] S lo b o d a n D u Š a n ić . R o m a n fn in in g in lU yricu m : H isto ric a l aspects, Dali'
A d r ia t ie o al D a n u b io - L 'll li r ic o n e ll'e ta g r e c a e r o m a n a , A tti d el convegno
in te r n a z i o n a le , C iv id a le d e l F riu li, 2 5 -2 7 s e tte m b r e 2 0 0 3 , P isa : E dizione
E le t tr o n i c a , str. 2 4 7 - 2 7 0 .
И з с р п с к е п с т о р и је с р е д њ е г в е к а ,
[1 2 ] М и х а п л о Д и н и ћ ,
Б е о г р а д : Equilibrium,
2003.
оГ р и о д б Е г в а Ј О т а м о т р а с . њ Pocciiu:
o m n ep eb ix р у д о з и а т ц е б d o с о в р е м е н и о и и д у с т р г ш (к
г е о ло г и ч е с к о и с л у ж б и ).
В е с т н н к О Г Г Г Г Н Р А Н 1 3 /3 (2 0 0 0 ).
[1 3 ] К ). Г . Г а т и н с к и и . Н . A . В п ш н е в с к а л ,
О З -е т лп к) -оирг
< h ttp ://\v \v \v .$ c g i$ .r u /r u s s ia n /c p l2 5 l/h d g g g m s /3 -2 0 0 0 /g a tin s k v .h tm # b e g in >
А р е х о м е т а лу р ш к а п а ла з т и т а - н о в а к а т е г о р и ј а
[1 4 ] Б о р и с л а в Ј о в а н о в и ћ .
к у лт у р и и х д о б а р а ,
С а о п ш т е њ а 3 7 -3 8 (2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 6 ) ; 2 1 1 -2 1 6 .
П р љ у ш а - M a n i U lm yp a if, П р а и с т о р и с к и р у д н и к
[ 15] Б о р и с л а в Ј о в а н о в и ћ ,
б а к р а u г о р с к о г кр п с т а ч а n a Р у дн и ку ,
З б о р н и к р а д о в а Н а р о д н о г м у з е ја у
Ч а ч к у 18 ( 1 9 8 8 ) : 5 -1 2 .
[1 6 ] С р ђ а н К а т и ћ ,
И с т о р и ј а р у д а р с т в а u м е т а ул р г п ј е у О с м а и с к о м iiapctmy
(и а п р и м е р у с м е д е р е в с к о г с а н џ а к а ) ,
U n p u b lis h e d P h .D . T h e s is , U n iv ersity
o f B e lg r a d e , 2 0 0 5 .
[1 7 ] B r ia n K e e le y , H u m a n ca p ita l: H o w w h a t xou kn o w sh a p es y o u r life, O E C D ,
2007.
[1 8 ] D e sa n k a K o va cevic, D a n s la S erb ie e t la B o sn ie m ed ieva les: les m in es d 'o r et
d 'a rg e n t, A n n a le s . E c o n o m ie s , S o c ie te s , C iv ilis a tio n s , vol. 15, no. 2 (I 9 6 0 ) ;
2 4 8 -2 5 8 .
[ 19] D e s a n k a K o v a č e v ić - K o jić , L es metaiLX p re c ie u x de S erb ie et Ic m arche
eiiro p e e n , З б о р н и к р а д о в а В и з а н т о л о ш к о г и н с т и т у т а 41 (2 0 0 4 ):
19 1 -2 0 2 .
С р п с к о с р е б р о u з ла т о у е в р о п с к о ј
[2 0 ] Д е с а н к а К о в а ч е в и ћ - К о ј и ћ ,
и р о г г з в о д њ и (X IV -X V в и ј е к ) ,
Е в р о п а и С р б и , Бе о г р а д : И с т о р и јс к и
и н с т и т у т , Н о в и С а д : П р а в о с л а в н а р е ч , 199 6 , 1 6 5 -1 7 3 .
[2 1 ] A . С . М у л к ж и н Ђ
С . П е т е р б у р г г 1909.
H pi
Ђ дз г ш о с т р а т \ е в Ђ Ђ в М о с к о в с к о е г о с у д а р с т в о ,
[2 2 ] R h o a d s M u r p h e y , S ilv e r P ro d u ctio n in R u m elia A c c o rd in g to an O jficial
O tto m a n R e p o rt C irca 1600, S u d o s t- F o r s c h u n g e n 3 9 (1 9 8 0 ) : 7 5 - l( ) 4 .
[2 3 ] S ev k et Pam uk, A M onetary History o f the Ottom an E m pire, London;
^ те
m th e C e n tr a ! E u r o p e r n ro u g h H i n o n
39
C a m b rid g e U n iv e r s ity P r e s s . 2fKXj.
2Д^ ^ a s ilije S im ic . I s i o n s k i ra z v o j n a š e g ru d a rs tv a . B eo g rad : S av ei za e n erg etik u i
e k s tr a k liv n u in d u s tr i ju V la d e P v R J . 1951.
‘25 ]В а с и л и ј е С п м п ћ . П л а н а , с р е д њ е в е к о в н о н а с е љ е р у
Г дасн н к Е тн о г р а ф с ко г Г
дар ске п ри вреде.
1н с т н т у т а С А Н 4 -6 (1 9 5 5 -1 9 5 '^ r. 105-122.
^26] В а с и д и ј е С и м и ћ . Р е ј о н н а а ц н ј а и к а р а к т е р и с т и к а
дед атн о сти % о б д а с т и К о п а о н и ка , В есн и к Зав ода за ге
г е о ф и з и ч к а и с т р а ж и в а њ а H P С р б и ј е 15 (1 9 5 8 ): 3 5 7 -3 9 3
ср е л њ е в е ко в н е р ул арске
о л о ш ка и
.
2г '^ј V a s ilije S im ić . S a k s o n s k i r u d a r i i r u d a r s k a a k a d e m ija u F ra jb e rg u u ru d arstv u
S rb ije , R u d a r s k i g la s n ik 3 (1 9 6 5 ) : 8 5 -9 6 .
'28] М о м ч и д о С п р е м и ћ , Д е с п о т Ђ у р а ђ рБ а н к о в и ћ и ла р к
З б о р н и к Ф и л о з о ф с к о г ф а к у л т е т а у Бе о г р а д у
U9] М о м ч и д о C n p eM v th ,
за и з д а в а њ е у ц б е н и к а . 1971.
> .Ано слф .Арагон иск.
15-1 (1 9 8 5 ): 127-143.
Д у б / 70€г н г /к
u А р а го н и и
: (1 4 4 2 -1 4 9 5 ). Б е о г р а л : З а в о д
[30] К . Н . Т р у б е ц к о и , Т . В . Г д e м б o u к a ^ . 3 0 0 л е т а д м
уп равден и и з
ropubisf д е д о м в Р о с с и и , В е с т н н к О Г Г Г Г Н Р А Н 13/3(2000).
и н и с тр а ти в н о м у
<http://\v\4vv .s c g i s .r u / r u s s ia n /c p l 25 l/h dgggm s/3-2< X X )/m ining.htm ~bocin>
Vladeta Petrović
Gordana Garić Petrović