Euryale (plant)
| Euryale | |
|---|---|
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| Flowering Euryale ferox cultivated at the Kodai Hasu no Sato park in Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Order: | Nymphaeales |
| Family: | Nymphaeaceae |
| Genus: | Euryale Salisb. |
| Species | |
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Extant species:[1]
Fossil species:
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Euryale is a genus of flowering plants of the family Nymphaeaceae.[1]
Description[edit]
Vegetative characteristics[edit]
Euryale is an annual or perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herb with erect, unbranched rhizomes.[8] The adaxial leaf surface is green, and features prickles at the veins. The abaxial leaf surface is violet and displays prominent, prickly venation.[9]
Generative characteristics[edit]
The pedunculate, 5 cm wide flowers have prickly peduncles and sepals.[10] The stigma has 8-9 stigmatic rays. The prickly fruit bears black,[9] smooth, arillate,[8] globose, 6-10 mm wide seeds.[10]
Taxonomy[edit]
Publication[edit]
It was published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805.[1]
Species[edit]
It has one extant species:[1]
- Euryale ferox Salisb.
And several fossil species:
- †Euryale yunnanensis Y. Huang & Z. Zhou[2]
- †Euryale nodulosa C. & E. M. Reid[3]
- †Euryale europaea C. A. Weber[4]
- †Euryale lissa Reid[5]
- †Euryale akashiensis Miki[6]
- †Euryale sukaczevii Dorof.[2]
- †Euryale tenuicostata Dorof.[2]
- †Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid.[7]
Cytology[edit]
The chromosome count of Euryale ferox is 2n = 58.[11]
Ecology[edit]
Habitat[edit]
It occurs in ponds, lakes,[12] rice fields, and marshes.[9]
Distribution[edit]
Euryale is found in the area that stretches from Northern India to the Russian Far East and extends into temperate East Asia.[1] Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was likely dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.[13]
Conservation[edit]
The IUCN conservation status of Euryale ferox is least concern (LC).[12]
Fossil record[edit]
Euryale seeds and prickles are well preserved in the fossil record.[14] Today, Euryale only occurs in the region spanning from Northern India to the Russian Far East, and extends to temperate East Asia.[1] But in the Pliocene period it also occurred in central Europe.[15]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Euryale Salisb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Huang, Y., Ji, X., Su, T., Wang, L., Deng, C., Li, W., ... & Zhou, Z. (2015). "Fossil seeds of Euryale (Nymphaeaceae) indicate a lake or swamp environment in the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin of southwestern China." Science Bulletin, 60(20), 1768-1777.
- ^ a b Martinetto, E. (1998). "East Asian elements in the Plio-Pleistocene floras of Italy." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Floristic Character Diversity of East Asian Plants (pp. 71-87). Berlin, Germany: Springer‐Verlag.
- ^ a b Weber, C. A. (1907). "22. C. A. Weber: Euryale europaea nov. sp. foss." Berichte Der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 150–157.
- ^ a b Goren-Inbar, N., Melamed, Y., Zohar, I., Akhilesh, K., & Pappu, S. (2014). "Beneath still waters–multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian." Internet Archaeol, 37(10.11141).
- ^ a b Tanai, T. (1961). "Neogene floral change of Japan." Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, 11, 119-398.
- ^ a b Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid. [family NYMPHAEACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000659202
- ^ a b Euryale in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112398
- ^ a b c Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." pp.45-46. Deutschland: Henkel.
- ^ a b Euryale ferox in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007078
- ^ Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Yin, Y., Liu, A., Zhu, Y., ... & Li, L. (2022). "The adaptive evolution of Euryale ferox to the aquatic environment through paleo‐hexaploidization." The Plant Journal, 110(3), 627-645.
- ^ a b Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en. Accessed on 27 January 2024.
- ^ Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023). "First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
- ^ Villaret-von Rochow, M. (1958). Stacheln von Euryale sp. im norddeutschen Pleistozän : ein neues Interglazialfossil. Veröffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich, 34. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-308097
- ^ Kirchheimer, F. (1956). "Die Laubgewächse der Braunkohlenzeit." pp. 619-622.